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AMERICAN YEW Taxus canadensisNeedles flat and pointed. Fruit fleshy,cup-like, red; pulp edible; seedspoisonous. Low shrub, usually less than1 meter high (rarely tree-like and upto 2 meters high). Cool, moist woods.Rare.
COMMON JUNIPER Juniperus communisNeedles ~-sided, in whorls of 3. Fruitberry-like, bluish, used for flavoring.Common form usually less than 1 meterhigh and known as Ground Juniper (var.depressa). Tree form rare. Dry pastures,open rocky woods, roadside banks.Common .
JUNIPER
SHRUBSNEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES
YEW
35
SHRUBSOPPOSITE COMPOUND LEAVES
36
COMMON ELDER Sambucus canadensisLeaves with 5-11 leaflets. Fruit (flowers)in f1attish or broadly rounded clusters.Berry-like fruit purple-black, bitter-tasting, used in wine, jelly, etc. Newgrowth scarcely woody. Moist thickets, wetwoods, swamps, meadows, roadsides.Common.
RED-BERRIED ELDER Sambucus pubensLeaves with 5-7 leaflets. Fruit (flowers)in cone-shaped clusters. Berry-like fruitred (rarely whitish or yellow), unpalatable.Woods, hillsides. Rare.
WEEPING FORSYTHIA Forsythia suspensaLeaves with 2 leaflets, or 3-lobed, orunlobed (often all on the same plant).Fruit elongate capsules . A sprawling shrubwith bright yellow flowers appearingbefore the leaves. The only Forsythia withbranches completely hollow between thenodes. Not the most commonly plantedForsythia. Rare escape.
FORSYTHIA
(PRINTS FULL SIZE)
COMMON ELDER
ELDER
RED-BERRIED ELDER
SHRUBSOPPOSITE LOBED LEAVES
Note: Maples generally have much longer leafstalks than the following two maple-like Viburnums.
MAPLELEAF VIBURNUM Viburnum acerifo/iumLeaves 3-lobed (occasional leaf unlobed).Leafstalks hairy, glandless. Berry-likefruit purple-black or red, unpalatable .Dry or rocky woods. Common.
CRANBERRY VIBURNUM Viburnum opu/usincludinq V. trilobum
Leaves 3-lobed (some leaves unlobed).Leafstalks hairless and with glands.Berry-like fruit red, with tart flavor,used in preserves and jelly. Cool woods,moist thickets , shores, roadsides.Uncommon.
SIBERIAN MAPLE Acer ginna/aLeaves 3-lobed .(occasional leaf unlobe_d)with central lobe much lengthened. MapleW2 maturing in late summer or earlya . 'umn. Sometimes a small tree. Roadsides, woods, thickets. Uncommon escape.
MOUNTAIN MAPLE Acer spicatumLeaves 3-5 lobed. Sometimes a small tree.Introduced at a single site in Concord.See p. 19.
WEEPING FORSYTHIA Forsythia suspensaLeaves sometimes 3-lobed, but also maybe unlobed or compound (3 leaflets). Rare escape.
MAPLELEAF VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
CRANBERRY VIBURNUM
COMMON SNOWBERRY Symphoricarpos a/bus
Leaves sometimes irregularly round-lobedbut usually are unlobed. Berry-likefruit white. Rare escape. See p. 42.
(pRINTS 2/3 SIZE)
SNOWBERRY FORSYTHIA SIBERIAN MAPLE
37
LEAVES OFTEN 3 OR MORE AT A NODE
SHRUBSOPPOSITE WHORLED LEAVES
SHE E P LAU REL Kalmia angustifoliaLeaves 2-6 cm. long. untoothed,evergreen. Fruit globular capsules.Small shrub up to about 1 meter high.Mostly acid soils in the open (scrubwoods, old fields. bogs, etc.). Common.
BUTTON BUS H Cephalanthus occidentalisLeaves 6-15 cm. long. untoothed.Fruit (flowers) in dense, sphericalheads. Large spreading shrub.Riverbanks, pond shores, swamps. Common.
SHEEP LAUREL
38
SHRUBBY ST.JOHN'S-WORTHypericum spathulatum
Leaves mostly 3-7 cm. long. untoothed;two larger leaves often with smallerleaves attached at same node. Fruitelongated capsules. Fields, roadsides. Rare escape .
PANICLE HYDRANGEA Hydrangea paniculataToothed leaves, occasionally inwhorls of 3. Rare escape . See p. 46.
MOUNTAIN LAUREL Kalmia latifoliaDark green, leathery-evergreen,untoothed leaves sometimes in whorls,but mostly alternate. See p. 74.
SHRUBBY ST. JOHN 'S-WORT
SHEEP LAUREL
BunoNBUSH
BunONBUSH
BunONBUSH
(PRINTS FULL SIZE)
SHRUBSOPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES
HONEYSUCKLES (IN PART): BERRY-LIKE FRUIT (FLOWERS)IN PAIRS (OR "BERRIES" 2-EYED) AT ENDS OF STALKS."BERRIES" USUALLY RED, BITTER. BUNDLE SCARS 3.
HONEYSUCKLE
HONEYSUCKLE
EUROPEAN FLY
HONEYSUCKLE
MORROW HONEYSUCKLE
(pRINTS FULL SIZE)
[EUROPEAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera xylosteumFlowers g-~. An escape reported fromscattered New England localities, possiblyin our area]
TATARIAN HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera tataricaLeaves hairless beneath. Fruit (flower)stalks somewhat long (1.5-2 em. long) andhairless. Flowers pink or white, notturning yellow. Roadsides, thickets.Uncommon escape.
BELLE HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera XbellaLeaves sparsely hairy or hairless beneath.Fruit (flower) stalks somewhat short (.51.5 em. long) and sparsely hairy or hairless. Flowers pink turning yellow. A hybridbetween preceding and following species.Roadsides, thickets. Uncommon escape.
[MOUNTAIN FLY HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera villosa·Berries· blue; pairs united into g-eyed·berries·. Swamps, bogs. Recorded inSherborn, possibly in our area]
MORROW HONEYSUCKLE Lonicera morrowiLeaves hairy beneath. Fruit (flower) stalkssomewhat short (.5-1.5 em. long) and hairy.Flowers white turning yellow. Roadsides,thickets, low woods. Abundantly naturalized.
2·EYED BERRY BELLE & TATARIAN HONEYSUCKLE
39
SHRUBSOPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVESDOGWOODS (IN PART): MAIN LEAF VEINS REACHING
FORWARD. BERRY-LIKE FRUIT USUALLY WHITE OR BLUE,BITTER. BUNDLE SCARS 3.
FLOWERING DOGWOOD Comus florida"Berries" in a tight bunch, becoming red(occasionally yellow). Flowers with large,petal-like bracts. A large shrub or smalltree. Acidic woods. Uncommon.
GRAY DOGWOOD Comus racemosaFruit (flowers) in more or less cone-like clusters, not flattish or broadlyrounded. Leaves narrow (1-4 em. wide)."Berries" white, usually on red stalks.Thickets, openings. Common.
SILKY DOGWOOD ComusamomumBranchlet pith brown or grayish . Leavesgreen (or rusty with brownish hairs)beneath. "Berries" blue or bluish-white.Form with leaves wedge-based and palebeneath often treated as separate species(C. obliqua) . Damp (occasionally dry)thickets, shores, river meadows. Common.
RED-OSIER DOGWOOD Comus stoloniferaBranchlet pith white. New branchlets andtwigs deep red. Leaves with 5-7 pairs ofmain side veins and pale beneath. "Berries"whitish (occasionally with blue flush).Shores, damp thickets. Uncommon.
GRAY DOGWOOD
FLOWERING DOGWOOD
40
ROUNDLEAF DOGWOOD Comus stoloniferaBranchlet pith white . New branch letsgreenish, usually blotched with purple.Leaves with 6-9 pairs of main side veins,sometimes nearly round. "Berries" lightblue (rarely white) . Rich wood borders,thickets in sweet soil. Uncommon.
SILKY, RED-OSIER, & ROUNDLEAF DOGWOOD
GRAY
DOGWOOD
ROUNDLEAFDOGWooD
SHRUBSOPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES
FLOWERING DOGWOOD
SILKY DOGWOOD
(PRINTS FULL SIZE)
41
SHRUBSOPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES
FRINGE-TREE
SNOWBERRY
WITHE ROD Viburnum cassinoidesSometimes with untoothed leaves. Bundlescars ~. See p. 44.
MISCELLANEOUS
PALE LAUREL Kalmia,polifoliaSmall bog shrub. See p. 102.
COMMON SNOWBERRY Symphoricarpos albusLeaves 1-5 em. long, occasionallyirregularly lobed. Berry-like fruitwhite, inedible. Near former dwellingsroasides. Rare escape.
EUROPEAN PRIVET Ligustrum vulgareLeaves 3-6 em. long. Berry-like fruitblack, 6-8 mm. long, somewhat poisonous. Often planted for hedges. Sometimes escapes to thickets and roadsides.
COMMON LI LAC Syringa vulgarisLeaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowersin cone-shaped clusters. Fruit elongatecapsules. Near former dwellings, roadsides. Uncommon escape.
WHITE FRINGE-TREE Chionanthus virginicusLeaves §-20 em. long. Berry-like fruitpurple or dark blue, 1-1.8 em. long;edibility unknown. Large shrub or smalltree. Thickets, roadsides. Rare escape.
SHRUBSOPPOSITE UNTOOTHED LEAVES
ULAC
WlTHEROD
SNOWBERRY FRINGE·TflEE
(pRINTS FULL SIZE)
PRIVET
43
SHRUBSOPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVESVIBURNUMS (IN
IIBERRIES II •
CLUSTERS.
PART): FRUIT CLUSTERS OF I-SEEDEDFLOWERS 5-PETALED, FORMING BROAD
NORTHERN ARROWWOOD Viburnum recognitumLeaf teeth large. Main side veins prominent,running directly to leaf edge. 'Berries'blue, dry and ·puckery·. Damp thickets,borders of woods (occasionally in woods).Common.
HOBBLE BUSH Viburnum alnifoliumLeaves large (10-20 em. long) and nearlyas wide as long, fine-toothed. Fruit ·(flower) clusters essentially stalkless.'Berries' red turning nearly to black,edible when thoroughly ripe. Woods. Rare.
NANNYBERRY Viburnum lentagoLeafstalks warty-edged. Leaves sharplyfine-toothed. Fruit (flower) clustersessentially stalkless. 'Berries' .darkblue, edible. Occasionally a small tree.Borders of woods, moist thickets, roadsides.Uncommon.
WITHE ROD Viburnum cassinoidesOften toothed and untoothed leaves onsame plant. Leaf teeth not sharp or large.Fruit (flower) clusters on stalks.'Berries' turning dark blue, covered withbloom, edible when fUlly ripe. Thickets,swamps, borders of woods. Common.
ARROWWOOD
HOBBLEBUSH
NANNYBERRY
44
VIBURNUM FLOWERS WITHEROD
••ANNYBERRY
SHRUBSOPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES
WI~EROD
HOBBLEBUSH
(pRINTS FUll. SIZE)
ARROWWOOD
45
SHRUBSOPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES
BUSH·HONEYSUCKLE
BUSH·HONEYSUCKLE
HYDRANGEA
CAPSULE
(pRINTS
FULL SIZE)
BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE
[MOCK-ORANGES Philade lphus spp.Leaves coarse-toothed, with main veinsreaching strongly towards tip. Fruita 4-valved capsule. A few species mightescape in our area though none are yetrecorded; often persistent near oldhouse sites.]
COMMON BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE Diervilla loniceraLeaves with long-tapered tips. Fruit(flowers) mostly in 3's. Fruit long-pointed capsules . Low shrub up to1 meter high. Dry, open woods, roadsides .Uncommon.
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: FRUIT CAPSULE-LIKE. OPPOSINGLEAF SCARS CONNECTED BY LINES.
PANICLE HYDRANGEAHydrangea paniculata
Leaves hairy on veins beneath.Flowers in showy, cone-shaped clustersappearing in late summer. Fruit smallcapsules . Sometimes a small tree. Wetwoods . Rare escape .
46
SHRUBSOPPOSITE TOOTHED LEAVES
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIES: FRUIT IF BERRY-LIKE, NOTI-SEEDED. OPPOSING LEAF SCARS NOT CONNECTED BYLINES.
COMMON BUCKTHORN Rhamnus catharticaLeaves essentially but not quite opposite;main veins reaching strongly forward. "Berries"black, 3-4 seeded, nauseous and purgative.Often a small tree. Naturalized in thicketsand roadsides. Common.
WINGED EUONYMUS Euonymus alatusTwigs and branchlets usually with corkywings. Leafstalks very short (1-3 mm.long). Fruit orange and red on longstalks, somewhat poisonous. Roadsides,woods. An occasional escape.
EUROPEAN EUONYMUS Euonymus europaeusLeafstalks 6-12 mm. long. Leaves hairless.Fruit fleshy, pink to red, 4-lobed, on along stalk, somewhat poisonous. Flowersusually in clusters of 3-5. Sometimes asmall tree. Roadsides, waste places. Anoccasional escape.
WEEPING FORSYTHIA Forsythia suspensaUsually also with some 3-lobed and3-compound leaves. Fruit elongatecapsules. Rare escape. See p. 36.
COMMON BUCKTHORN
WINGED EUONYMUS
PURPLE-OSIER WILLOW Salix purpureaUsually with alternate leaves at leaston sprout growth. Buds with singlescale. Occasional escape. See p. 64.
(pRINTS
FUll. SIZE)
EUROPEAN EUONYMUS
47