SHOTS WHEELER TO MORGAN The Final Eight Tests of the ...€¦ · civilian, in Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the final eight nuclear tests in the PLUMBBOB atmospheric weapons testing series.The

DNA 6007F

SHOTSWHEELER TO MORGAN

The Final Eight Tests of thePLUMBBOB Series

6 SEPTEMBER - 7 OCTOBER 1957

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons TestsNuclear Test Personnel Review

llili bookbelongs t6Preoared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency b&?~ :

DASIACfor the Department of Defense

Do not remove this book from DASIAC

Destroy this report when it is no longerneeded. Do not return to sender.

PLEASE NOTIFY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY,ATTN: STTI, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20305, IFYOUR ADDRESS IS INCORRECT, IF YOU WISH TOBE DELETED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION LIST, ORIF THE ADDRESSEE IS NO LONGER EMPLOYED BYYOUR ORGANIZATION.

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (when D&s Entered)

REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. REPORT NUMBER 2. COVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER

DNA 6007F1. TITLE (md Subtltle) 5. TYPE O F REPORT 6 PERIOD CO V E RED

SHOTS WHEELER TO MORGAN,The Final Eight Tests of The PLUMBBOB Series,6 September - 7 October 1957

/F i n a l R e p o r t6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

1 JRB 2-816-03-423-007. AUTHOR(e) 10. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(a)

Jeannie MassieJean Ponton DNA 001-79-C-0473

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

JRB Associates8400 Westpark DriveMcLean, VA 22102

I!. CONTROL-ING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

DirectorDefense Nuclear AgencyWashington, DC 20305

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA 6 WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Subtask U99QAXMK506-08

12. REPORT DATE

30 September 198113. NUMBER OF PAGES146

74. MONITORING AGENCY NAME 6 AODRESS(If dlffarenf from Controllfn# Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of thfa report)

UNCLASSIFIED15% DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADlNG

SCHEDULE1 N/A Since UNCLASSIFIED

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Rapport)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abatrsct entered in Block 20, If dlfhrent from Report)

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.This work sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS CodeB350079464 U99QAXMK50608 H2590D.

9 . KEY WORDS (Contlnum on r.%wl.. aIda If nec...uy md ldentlfy by block number)WHEELER WHITNEY Nevada Test Organization AFSWCLAPLACE CHARLESTON Nevada Test SiteFIZEAU MORGAN Nuclear TestsNEWTON Ionizing Radiation Atmospheric Nuclear TestsRAINIER Exercise Desert Rock AFSWP

Za A8sTRACTfZmtf-m ~r.rrrVmidbIfv rrd tdmttffy by block number)

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military andcivilian, in Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, the final eight nuclear tests in thePLUMBBOB atmospheric weapons testing series. The tests were conducted between6 September and 7 October 1957 and involved participants from Exercise DesertRock VII and VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and various AEC test groups. This volume aladescribes the radiological safety criteria and procedures in effect at ShotsWHEELER to MORGAN.

DD ,I”,““, 1473 EDlTiDW OF ( MOW 65 15 08SOLETE UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (llhm Data Entered)

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Rhm Data Enlend)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued)

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Lt. Col. H. L. Reese, USAF,under whom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research andediting contribution of numerous reviewers in the military services andother organizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGElWhen Data Entered)

PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Government, throughthe Manhattan Engineeer District and its successor agency, theAtomic Energy Commission (AEC), conducted approximately 235atmospheric nuclear weapons tests at sites in the southwesternU.S. and in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In all, an esti-mated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD) personnel, bothmilitary and civilian, were present at the tests. Approximately90,000 of these participants were present at weapons testsconducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) ,* northwest of Las Vegas,Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test,the Center for Disease Control+ noted a possible leukemia clusteramong a group of soldiers present at Shot SMOKY, one nuclear testof Operation PLUMBBOB. Since that initial report by the Centerfor Disease Control, the Veterans Administration has received anumber of claims for medical benefits from former military per-sonnel who believe their health may have been adversely affectedby participation in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests andconsequent exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation.

.

In late 1977, the Department of Defense began a study toprovide data to both the Center for Disease Control and VeteransAdministration on potential exposures to ionizing radiation among

*Formerly called the Nevada Proving Ground, the name of the testrange was changed to the Nevada Test Site in 1955.

+Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,formerly the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

1

the atmospheric testing veterans. The Department of Defenseresponded by organizing an effort to:

0 Identify Department of Defense personnel who hadtaken part in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerningparticipation by DOD personnel in the atmosphericnuclear weapons tests.

This report on the last eight PLUMBBOB shots is based on thehistorical record of military and technical documents associatedwith each of the nuclear weapons test events. These reportsprovide a public record of the activities and associatedpotential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel, for use inongoing public health research and policy analysis.

--.‘\ Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DOD-;involvement during Shots WHEELER to MORGAN were found in theDefense Nuclear Agency Technical Library, the National FederalArchives Record Center, the Department of Energy NevadaOperations Office, and the Los Alamos National Laboratorv.* Incertain cases, the surviving historical documentation addressestest specifications and technical information, rather thanpersonnel data critical to the study undertaken bv the Departmentof Defense. Moreover, these documents sometimes have revealedinconsistencies in vital facts, such as the number of DODparticipants in a certain pro-ject at a given shot or theirlocations and assignments at a given time. These inconsistenciesin data usuallv occur between two or more documents but occasion-ally appear within the same document. Efforts have been made toresolve these inconsistencies wherever possible or to bring themto the attention of the reader. In addition to these inconsis-tencies in information, the documents describing test organi-zation projects do not always distinguish between projects thatwere only planned and those that were actuallv conducted.

*Formerly the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL)

2

This report discusses only those projects verified by docu-mentation as having been conducted.

For several of the Exercise Desert Rock and test organi-zation projects discussed in this volume, the only documentsavailable are the Sixth Army Desert Rock operation orders, theannexes to the Test Director's "Operation Plan CTDN-22," and AirForce air mission summary reports. These sources detail theplans developed by DOD and AEC personnel prior to OperationPLUMBBOB; they do not necessarily describe operations as theywere actually conducted at the NTS. Although some of the after-action documents summarize the projects performed during theoperation, they do not always supply shot-specific information.In the absence of shot-specific after-action reports, pro,jectsare described according to the,way they were planned. Becauseaccomplishment of PLUMBBOB objectives required detailed planningand adherence to operations orders, plans and operations ordersshould provide a reasonably accurate account of personnelactivities. The references indicate whether the description ofactivities is based on the annexes, operation orders, air missionsummary reports, or after-action reports.

CONTENTS OF PLUMBBOB REPORTS

This volume details participation bv DOD personnel in thelast eight Operation PLUMBBOB events. Seven other publicationsaddress DOD activities during the operation:

Series volume: PLUMBBOB Series, 1957

Multi-shot volume: Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, theFirst Four Tests of the PLUMBBOBSeries

Shot volume: Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series

Shot volume: Shot HOOD, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series

0 Multi-shot volume: Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,the Mid-series PLUMBBOB Tests

0 Shot volume: Shot SMOKY, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series

l Shot volume: Shot GALILEO, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series.

These volumes have been designed for use with one another.The series volume provides information common to the PLUMBBOBshots, such as historical background, organizational relation-ships, and radiation-safety procedures. In addition, that volumecontains a bibliography of works consulted in the preparation ofall Operation PLUMBBOB reports.

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in ShotsPRISCILLA, HOOD, SMOKY, and GALILEO. These volumes have beenbound separately because the shots included substantial numbersof Desert Rock participants. Each multi-shot volume combinesshot-specific descriptions for several nuclear events. The shotand multi-shot volumes list the sources referenced in each text.Descriptions of activities concerning any particular PLUMBBOBshot, whether the event is addressed in a single- or in a multi-shot volume, may be supplemented by the general organizationaland radiological safety information in the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolume.

The information in these reports is supplemented by theReference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes.This report summarizes information on the physical processes andcharacteristics of a nuclear detonation, radiation physics,radiation health concepts, exposure criteria, and measurementtechniques. It also lists acronyms and a glossary of terms usedin the DOD reports addressing test events in the continental U.S.

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

P R E F A C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.1 Department of Defense Participation in Nevada TestOrganization Activities at the Last EightPLUMBBOB Events . l 13

1.2 Exercise Desert RoAk'V;I aAd'V;I; icii;iiils*aE Eh;?Last Eight PLUMBBOB Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.3 Dosimetrg for PLUMBBOB Participants . . . . . . . . 19

Shot WHEELER Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2 SHOT WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Opera-tions at Shot WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, andSupport Activities at Shot WHEELER. . . . . . . . . 23

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects TestGroup Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participationin Universitv of California RadiationLaboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . 25

2.2.3 Department of Defense OperationalTraining Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons CenterActivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WHEELER. . . . . . . . 28

Shot LAPLACE Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3 S H O T L A P L A C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Opera-tions at Shot LAPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, andSupport Activities at Shot LAPL4CE. . . . . . . . . 36

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page-

3.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects TestGroup Pro.jects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participationin Los Alamos Scientific LaboratoryTestGroupPro.jects............. 39

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participationin Civil Effects Test Group Projects . . . . 39

3.2.4 Department of Defense OperationalTraining Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


3.3 Radiation Protection at Shot LAPLACE. . . . . . . . 42

Shot FIZEAU Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4 SHOT FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operationsat Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, and Sup-port Activities at Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . 50

4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects TestGroup Pro,jects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

4.2.2 Department of Defense Participationin Los Alamos Scientific LaboratoryTestGroupProjects............. 5 2


4.2.4 Department of Defense OperationalTrainingPro,jects.............. 5 4

4.2.5 Air Force Special Weapons Center4ctivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.3 Radiation Protection at Shot FIZEAU . . . . . . . . 57

Shot NEWTON Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

5 S H O T N E W T O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

5.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Opera-tions at Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, and Sup-port Activities at Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . 65

6


Chapter Page


5.2.2 Department of Defense Participationin Los Alamos Scientific LaboratorvTest Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


5.2.4 Department of Defense OperationalTraining Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67


5.3 Radiation Protection at Shot NEWTON . . . . . . . . 70

Shot RAINIER Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

6 SHOT RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.1 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, and Sup-port Activities at Shot RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . 76


6.1.2 Department of Defense Participationin University of California Radiation Labor-atory Test Group Projects. . . . . . . . . . 78


6.2 Radiation Protection at Shot RAINIER. . . . . . . . 79

Shot WHITNEY Svnopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

7 SHOT WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

7.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operationsat Shot WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

7.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, and SupportActivities at Shot WHITNEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . 83


7.2.2 Department of Defense Participationin University of California Radia-tion Laboratory Test Group Projects. . . . . 85


Chapter Page

7.2.3 Department of Defense Participationin Civil Effects Test Group Projects. . . . 85

7.2.4 Department of Defense OperationalT r a i n i n g p r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B6


7.3 Radiation Protection at Shot WHITNEY. . . . . . . . 89

ShotCHARLESTONSvnopsis.................. 9 4

8 SHOT CHARLESTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8.1 Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Operationsat Shot CH4RLESTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

8.2 Department of Defense Participation inTest Group, Operational Training, and SupportActivities at Shot CHARLESTON . . . . . . . . . . . 95


8.2.2 Department of Defense Participation inUniversitv of California Radiation Labora-tory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . . . . 98


8.2.4 Department of Defense OperationalTraining Pro.ject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.2.5 4ir Force Special Weapons CenterActivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

8.3 Radiation Protection at Shot CHARLESTON . . . . . . 102

Shot MORGAN Svnopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

9 SHOT MORGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

9.1 Department of Defense Participation in Test Groupand Support Activities at Shot MORGAN . . . . . . . 107


9.1.2 Department of Defense Participation inUniversity of California RadiationLaboratory Test Group Projects . . . . . . . 109

9.1.3 Department of Defense Participation inCivil Effects Test Group Pro.jects. . . . . . 110


8


Chapter Page

9.2 Radiation Protection at Shot MORGAN . . . . . . . . 111

REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

l-l

2-1

2-2

3-l

3-2

4-l

4-2

5-l

5-2

7-l

7-2

8-l

8-2

9-l

9-2

Location of the Final Eight PLUMBBOB Shots at theNevada Test Site in Relation to Other Shots in thePLUMBBOB Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot WHEELER, 6 September 1957,Mid-time 0652. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot WHEELER. . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot LAPLACE, 8 September 1957,Mid-time 0712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot LAPLACE. . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot FIZEAU, 14 September 1957,Mid-time 1118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot FIZEAU . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot NEWTON, 16 September 1957,Mid-time 0812. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot NEWTON . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot WHITNEY, 23 September 1957,Mid-time 0725. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot WHITNEY. . . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot CHARLESTON, 28 September 1957,Mid-time 0716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot CHARLESTON . . . . . . . .

Initial Survey for Shot MORGAN, 7 October 1957, Mid-time0545 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsequent Surveys for Shot MORGAN . . . . . . . . . .

15

30

31

45

46

59

60

73

74

91

92

104

105

114

115

9

LIST OF TABLES

Table

l-l

2-l

3-l

4-l

5-l

6-1

7-1

8-1

9-l

Summary of the Final Eight PLUMBBOB Shots. . . . . . .

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot WHEELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot LAPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Pro.jects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot FIZEAU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Pro,jects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot NEWTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot RAINIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot WHITNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Pro,jects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot CHARLESTON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test Group Projects with Department of Defense Parti-cipation, Shot MORGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

14

23

37

50

65

77

84

96

108

10

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AECAFBAFSWCAFSWPBJYCBRCETGDODEG and GFCDALASLNT0NTSREECoR/hUCRLUSAFUTM

Atomic Energy CommissionAir Force BaseAir Force Special Weapons CenterArmed Forces Special Weapons Pro,jectBuster-Jangle "Y"Chemical, Biological, RadiologicalCivil Effects Test GroupDepartment of DefenseEdgerton, Germeshausen, and GrierFederal Civil Defense AdministrationLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryNevada Test OrganizationNevada Test SiteReynolds Electrical and Engineering Cc>mpanyRoentgen per hourUniversity of California Radiation LaboratoryUnited States Air ForceUniversal Transverse Mercator

11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shots WHEELER, LAPLACE, FIZEAU, NEWTON, RAINIER, WHITNEY,CHARLESTON, and MORGAN were tests of nuclear devices conductedbetween 6 September and 7 October 1957 at the Nevada Test Site,the Atomic Energy Commission continental nuclear test sitelocated northwest of Las Vegas. These shots were the last eighttest events of Operation PLUMBBOB, a series of 24 nuclear weaponstests and six safety experiments performed between 24 April and 7October 1957 (40).*

The nuclear devices were sponsored, designed, and built byAEC laboratories. The Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL)was responsible for the LA PLACE, FIZEAU, and NEWTON devices,while the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL)was responsible for the WHEELER, RAINIER, WHITNEY, CHARLESTON,and MORGAN devices. The primary ob,jective of these nuclear testswas to evaluate the nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, andradiation phenomena produced by the devices. To fulfill thisobjective, LASL and UCRL test groups conducted scientificexperiments to measure the physical characteristics of thedetonations. The Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP)Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group conducted effectsprojects to evaluate the utility of the devices for militaryapplications and to investigate additional requirements forfuture nuclear weapons development (37). The Federal CivilDefense Administration (FCDA) Civil Effects Test Group (CETG)conducted projects to assess the effects of nuclear detonationson civilian structures, products, and food supplies and toevaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans (22).

* All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically andnumbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. Thenumber cited in the text is the number of the source documentin the Reference List.

12

A number of other activities related to the conditions andphenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also conducted atthese eight events. The Department of Defense conductedoperational training projects to indoctrinate personnel in theeffects of nuclear detonations and to test equipment. The armedservices also fielded projects to evaluate military equipment andtactics and to indoctrinate troops in weapons effects as part ofExercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the Army technical testing andtraining program at Operation PLUMBBOB.

Table l-l presents a summary of the last eight tests ofOperation PLUMBBOB (29). The table provides such information asthe dates of shots, the UTM coordinates* of the points ofdetonation, the heights of burst,+ and the explosive yields.Figure l-l displays a map of the NTS in 1957, indicating thelocation of each PLLJMBBOB test and highlighting the shotsdiscussed in this volume.

1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN NEVADA TESTORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES AT THE LAST EIGHT PLUMBBOB EVENTS

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established forplanning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclearweapons tests during Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities wereunder the control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager assisted bvthe Test Director. The NT0 consisted of personnel from the AEC,the DOD, and the FCDA. These personnel were assigned to four NT0

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in thisreport. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-westaxis, and the second three refer to a point on a north--southaxis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of anarea 100 meters square.

'Vertical distances are given in feet. Altitudes are measuredfrom mean sea level, while heights are measured from the groundsurface. Yucca Flat, the area of the NTS where all of the finaleight shots but RAINIER were tested, is about 4,000 feet abovemean sea level.

13

Table l-l: SUMMARY OF THE FINAL EIGHT PLUMBBOB SHOTS

EELL ziziEE YY 55zz 22 PP33 66 %%

U C R LU C R L U C R LU C R L U C R LU C R L

08/08/5708/08/57 cW15157cW15157 ce/lO/Rce/lO/R

09/23/R09/23/R 09/28/5709/28/57 10/0715710/07157

053053 o600o600 05m05m

WCW57 07125157 CBlCW57I I

I Actual Date I m/06/57 09114157 1 Q9/16/57 1 m/19/57

I L o c a l T i m e

I N T S L o c a t t o nI

Area 9I

Area 7N T S L o c a t t o nI

Area 9 Area 7 Area 3I

Area 7I

Area 12 Area 2 Area 9 Area 9

794104 B52100 852100

Tower B a l l o o n B a l l o o n

500 1.500 500

1 9 1 2 8

I UTM CoordinatesI

652100I

861047UTM Coordinates I 652100

I TypeType I1 Balloon ( BalloonB a l l o o n B a l l o o n TowerI

B a l l o o nI

T u n n e l

I Hetght of Burst (Feet) I %Xl I 750750 - 8 9 9

1 Actual Yield (Ktlotons) 1 .197 I 11

14

r----- ---_ r- ----I

I I I

R A I N I E R ~-@ I ISMOKY

PN

WILSON WHEELERHOOD CHARLESTONOWENS MORGAN

0

Ki lometers Rock

Camp Mercury

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF THE FINAL EIGHT PLUMBBOB SHOTSAT THE NEVADA TEST SITE IN RELATION TO OTHERSHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES

1 5

test groups: the AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group,the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and the FCDA CivilEffects Test Group. In addition to the projects of the testgrows, the DOD conducted the operational training pro.jects andsupport activities.

Overall, the largest area of DOD participation in the NT0was in the Weapons Effects Test Group projects, designed to studyyield and weapons effects characteristics in order to understandthe militarily useful effects of nuclear weapons for offensiveand defensive deployment (28). Personnel from DOD agencies andthe armed services participated in the experiments conducted bvLASL, UCRL, and CETG, but participation was limited. Most DODparticipation in these experiments was provided by the Air ForceSpecial Weapons Command (AFSWC) 4926th Test Squadron [Sampling)in LASL and UCRL radiochemistry cloud-sampling projects (26).

The DOD operational training pro;jects, designed to testservice tactics and equipment and to instruct military personnelin nuclear detonation effects, were conducted at all but ShotsRAINIER and MORGAN. Most of the projects were conducted inaircraft by pilots from the Air Force Tactical Air Command orStrategic Air Command (27).

The Air Force Special Weapons Center, at Kirtland Air ForceBase (AFB), New Mexico, exercised operational control of allmilitary aircraft flying over the area of the NTS during PLUMBBOBand provided air support to the NT0 and its projects, in additionto conducting some test activities of its own. AFSWC wascomposed of units from the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), includingthe 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) and the 4935th Air BaseSquadron. These units operated out of Indian Springs AFB,

16

30 kilometers* south of Camp Mercury, and were supported by the4900th Air Base Group stationed at Kirtland AFB. AFSWC air andground personnel provided air support to NT0 projects, conductingcloud-sampling and cloud-tracking missions, and providingcourier, aerial survey, and transportation services (26; 30; 56;61).

The Radiological Safety Division of Reynolds Electrical andEngineering Company (REECo), augmented by 38 personnel from the1st Radiological Safety Support Unit, Fort McClellan, Alabama,conducted radiation protection procedures established by the NT0(601 l These safety procedures, detailed in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume, were designed to minimize exposure to ionizingradiation by limiting radiation exposures to no more than threeroentgens of whole-body gamma radiation for any 13-week periodand five roentgens annually. Unless approved by the Test Managerin advance, access to radiation areas by AFSWP project partici-pants was not allowed until the Test Manager declared the areaopen for recovery operations. Personnel were not permitted intoareas of ten roentgens per hour (R/h) or greater unless they hadreceived special permission from the Test Director (37; 60).Pro.iect participants recovering test instruments from radioactiveareas were accompanied by radiological safety monitors whosurveyed the radiation intensitv in the recovery area andinformed the project managers of the radiological conditions. Tomonitor cumulative exposures, project personnel were issued filmbadges. After the film badges were collected, developed, andevaluated, any individuals whose accumulated dose approached orexceeded the established limits were not permitted further accessto the forward area. Personnel decontamination procedures wereimplemented, and emergency evacuation plans were prepared for thetest events (60).

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metricunits. The metric conversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28feet; 1 meter = 1.09 yards; 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles.

17

The radiation protection procedures for AFSWC included thesame exposure limits for aircrews and ground-crew personnel asthose established for the NT0 personnel, with the exception ofcloud sampler pilots. These AFSWC personnel were authorized bythe Test Manager to receive a maximum of 7.5 roentgens of gammaradiation annually. Decontamination, including removal ofanticontamination clothing and showers, was required of allaircrew members after each project mission, regardless of theexposure received on the flight. Aircraft were decontaminated bvwashing or were isolated until radiation intensities had decayedto acceptable levels (1; 30; 43).

1.2 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII ACTIVITIES AT THE LASTEIGHT PLUMBBOB EVENTS

The operations of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, theArmy testing and training program conducted during the PLUMBBOBshots, were not as extensive during Shots WHEELER through MORGANas during the first PLUMBBOB events. Desert Rock activities werebasically concluded by mid-September 1957, before the end ofOperation PLUMBBOB. Most Desert Rock participants in ShotsWHEELER through MORGAN took part in two technical serviceprojects. In addition to these participants, Camp Desert Rocktroops provided communication, transportation, traffic control,and radiological monitoring for the Desert Rock projects. Forexample, soldiers from the 50th Chemical Service Platoon providedradiological safety monitoring for Desert Rock personnel in thetest area until mid-September 1957, when the platoon returned toits home station. AFSWP and the 1st Radiological Safety SupportUnit probably provided radiological monitoring for Desert Rocktroops as needed thereafter (33; 53).

Radiation protection procedures for Exercise Desert Rock,like those for the NTO, are detailed in the Operation PLUMBBOBvolume. Procedures were designed to minimize potential exposure

18

to ionizing radiation while allowing participants to accomplishtheir objectives. Desert Rock personnel were limited to fiveroentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during anv six-monthperiod. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise DesertRock included provisions for (32; 33):

a Maintaining minimum safe distances from nucleardetonations

0 Enforcing protective procedures for personnelobserving the detonations

0 Controlling access to radiation areas

0 Film-badging and monitoring the cumulative exposuresof Desert Rock personnel

0 Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leavingthe shot area after each detonation

0 Preparing emergency evacuation plans for personnelin the forward area.

1.3 DOSIMETRY FOR PLUMBBOB PARTICIPANTS

For Operation PLUMBBOB, REECo maintained cumulative exposurelists of NT0 and AFSWC personnel. The lists provided the shot-specific dosimetry information described in the radiologicalsafety sections of the following chapters. For example, listswere developed that showed the personnel who had, during a shot-specific period, exceeded a cumulative dose of two roentgens. Afew surviving disposition forms, specifying personnel exposuresexceeding three roentgens, indicate that Exercise Desert Rocksimilarly monitored cumulative exposures. Personnel whoseexposures reached five roentgens were prohibited from furtherentry into the shot area. The Operation PLUMBBOB volumesummarizes dosimetry totals and overexposure information forPLUMBBOB participants.

19

SHOT WHEELER SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 6 September 1957, 0545 hoursYIELD: 0.197 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot)

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedby these nuclear devices(3) To evaluate the ability of militarypersonnel and equipment to locate and detectnuclear detonations.

At shot-time, the temperature was 15'C, andsurface winds were calm. Winds were 11 knotsfrom the east-southeast at 10,000 feet and 17knots from the east-southeast at 15,000 feet.

Radiation Data: The initial survey, mid-time of 0652 hours,determined that radiation intensities greaterthan 0.1 R/h were limited to within about 750meters from ground zero except to the north,where the residual radiation field from aprevious shot was encountered.

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project, Air Force SpecialWeapons Center and other Air Force personnel,University of California Radiation Laboratory,other contractors.

20

CHAPTER 2

SHOT WHEELER

Shot WHEELER, the seventeenth nuclear weapons test ofOperation PLUMBBOB, was detonated at 0545 hours Pacific DaylightTime on 6 September 1957. The device, which had a yield of0.197 kiloton, was suspended from a balloon and fired 500 feetabove the ground in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloudtop reached 17,000 feet and traveled west-northwest (29).

2.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT WHEELER

Two technical service projects were conducted at ShotWHEELER: Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, and Project 50.8, Detectionof Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout. These two projectsinvolved 128 Desert Rock participants. In addition, 12 DesertRock support troops witnessed the detonation from a location nearNews Nob, approximately 21 kilometers south of ground zero. The12 observers probably returned to Camp Desert Rock after thedetonation (33).

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by a detachmentfrom the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, Fort

Monmouth, New Jersey; personnel from Fort Meade, Maryland; andpersonnel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The project had twopurposes: to test the capacity of Army radar equipment indetecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactivecloud, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Partic-ipants were divided into a radar section and two falloutprediction teams. The radar section detected and tracked thecloud, recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise

21

of the cloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition,the radar section collected data to evaluate the capability ofradar equipment in cloud detection. Three radar sets were used:one about 180 kilometers southeast of ground zero at BoulderCity, Nevada, and the other two about 13 kilometers west ofground zero at UTM coordinates 766106. All three sets weremanned at the time of the detonation (19; 32; 52).

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data totest an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratoriestechnique for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout teamconsisted of personnel from the Meteorological Division, ArmySignal Research and Development Laboratories. This team operatedout of an M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype andrecording equipment necessary for obtaining meteorological datafor plotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of thedetonation, was located next to the weather station at CampMercury. A second fallout prediction team, with personnel fromthe Army Electronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, operated nearAlamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point.Project activities involved an estimated 23 DOD personnel (19;32; 52).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supportedby the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. Theproject, which involved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, wasdesigned to determine how well equipment found in a typical Armyunit could (57; 58; 59):

0 Determine the location, height of burst, and yield ofa detonation

0 Track targets and guided missiles through a radioactivecloud or fireball.

During the detonation, personnel operated three radar sets about20 kilometers from ground zero and a fourth radar set approxi-mately 70 kilometers from ground zero. In addition, participants

22

manned a project control point southeast of ground zero, at UTMcoordinates 832962 (32).

2.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT WHEELER

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities,Department of Defense personnel took part in other testactivities during Shot WHEELER that required them to enter theforward area. Table 2-l identifies the test group projectsinvolving DOD participants. The Air Force also sponsored oneoperational training project. In addition to the test groupprojects and the operational training project, support activitiesaccounted for a number of DOD participants. The Air ForceSpecial Weapons Center supported one test group project and flewroutine air missions for the Test Manager.

Table 2-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT WHEELER

I IProject Title Participants

EstimatedI IDODPersonnel

Weapons Effects Test Group

6 4 Accuracy and Rellablllty of the Short-basellne NAROL AK Force Cambndge Research Center *System

91 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP. EG and G 1 2

I University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group I

21 2 RadIochemIstry Sampltng University of Callfornla Radlatlon Laboratory; 4926thTest Squadron (Samplmgl, Air Force SpecialW e a p o n s C e n t e r

8

* Unknown

2.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects duringShot WHEELER. In identifying these projects, table 2-1 lists the

23

estimated numbers of DOD personnel. These estimates, as well asDOD personnel estimates in the project tables of the followingchapters, reflect the minimum number of project participants inan experiment as given in the schedule of events for the shot orin the weapons test reports.

Project 6.4, Accuracy of the Reliability of the Short-baseline NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation(LORAN) system in an inverse fashion to determine the electro-magnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order to detect theposition and measure the yield of that burst. The Indirect BombDamage Assessment NAROL system tested in this operation consistedof nets located in Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; andRapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net had two unmanned slavestations and one manned station (34).

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored by AFSWP toprovide the following support services:

0 Technical photographic support of the military effectsprogram

0 Documentation of the overall military effects program andproduction of an effects motion picture

0 Documentation of the detonation for release through theJoint Office of Test Information and for historicalpurposes

a General photographic support to Department of Defenseprojects.

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography stationat the BJY from five hours before to 30 minutes after thedetonation (10). In addition, Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier(EG and G) personnel provided technical photographic support toAFSWP and the AFC, operating camera stations to record fireballand cloud growth. After the detonation, three EG and Gparticipants spent about 90 minutes in the shot area recoveringfilm from the stations. Although Project 9.1 also included

24

aerial photography at other shots, no data are availableconcerning an air photographic mission at WHEELER (10; 24).

2.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory Test Group Projects

Of the ten projects conducted by the University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory Test Group at WHEELER, onlyProject 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD participants,as shown in table 2-l. The project required cloud sampling,discussed in section 2.2.4.

2.2.3 Department of Defense Operational Training Project

The one operational training project conducted by the AirForce at Shot WHEELER was Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions.This project was designed to train Air National Guard units incloud sampling. Two F-33A aircraft, each with a crew of two fromthe Wisconsin Air National Guard, participated in the activity(27). It is probable that the project involved cloud samplingand was conducted in conjunction with UCRL Project 21.2,Radiochemistry Sampling.

2.2.4 Air Force Special Weapons Center Activities

Air Force Special Weapons Center support to the Test Managerand the test groups at Shot WHEELER consisted of cloud-samplingand sample courier missions in support of Project 21.2, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Six F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples ofthe cloud for Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57sampler control aircraft, manned by a pilot and a UCRL scientific

25

advisor, also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling) flew all seven aircraft (1; 2).

The B-57 sampler control aircraft, which guided the sixsampler aircraft through the missions, left Indian Springs AFB at0445 hours, one hour before the detonation. The aircraft reachedan altitude of 35,000 feet and began a right-hand holding patternabout 50 nautical miles east of ground zero at 0550 hours (1; 2).

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0605hours, 15 minutes after the sampler control aircraft began itsorbit, the first F-84 entered the vicinity of the burst at 35,000feet and established visual contact with the control aircraft.After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to viewthe cloud from all sides. The scientific advisor in the B-57then directed the samplers to penetrate the cloud at the altitudenecessary to acquire the samples. The first F-84 left the area35 minutes later, landing at Indian Springs AFB at 0645 hours.The remaining five F-84 samplers followed the pattern set by thefirst sampler and entered the area of the cloud at altitudes of35,000 feet at ten-minute intervals, between 0615 hours and 0655hours. Each aircraft followed the same procedures as the firstF-84, and remained in the area collecting samples for about 30minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFRat 0735 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0725hours, after the six sampler aircraft had collected cloudsamples, and landed at Indian Springs at 0736 hours (1; 2).

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the stripfarthest from base operations. There, ground personnel usedlong-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metal

containers to be sent by courier to UCRL. With the missioncomplete, the aircraft and the pilots were decontaminated, asdescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 2).

26

Courier Missions

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the couriersample return missions. Two C-47 aircraft, each with a minimumcrew of three, flew samples out of Indian Springs AFB to UCRL foranalysis (1; 2).

Cloud Tracking

Five minutes after the WHEELER detonation, two B-25 air-craft, each with an estimated crew of four, left Indian SpringsAFB and flew over and beyond the NTS at 15,000 feet. The purposeof the mission was to determine the direction the cloud traveledand to keep the airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to thetest projects (1; 2).

Security Sweep

The evening before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, withat least two people aboard, left the airstrip near Camp Mercuryand flew a security sweep mission over the NTS to ensure that nounauthorized personnel remained in the shot area (1; 2).

Helicopter Surveys

Ninety minutes after the detonation, one H-21 helicopter,with two AFSWC crewmen and two radiological safety monitors, leftthe airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew a survey mission over theWHEELER shot area and other designated points to record radiationintensities. The survey took an estimated 40 minutes. Crewmembers wore anticontamination clothing and respirators duringthe flight. After the mission, the helicopter returned to thehelicopter area at Camp Mercury, where aircraft and crew weremonitored and decontaminated as required. Subsequent surveyswere canceled, as discussed in section 2.3. A survey to assessdetonation damage, planned for about two hours after the shot,was also canceled (1; 2; 44).

27

2.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WHEELER

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that individuals would avoidunnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishingtheir missions. Some of the procedures described in theOperation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabled theNevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness of itsradiation protection programs. The available informationincludes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and someNT0 personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures anddosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel aredescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

Film badge records turned in on the WHEELER shot-dayindicate that four Desert Rock participants reached or exceededtwo roentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. Three of thesepersonnel were from the 232nd Signal Company and had film badgereadings of 4.35, 9.5, and 10.2 roentgens. The latter tworeadings, which exceeded the Desert Rock limit of five roentgens,represented the greatest exposures for any Operation PLUMBBOBparticipants. The fourth individual, a member of the Desert RockInstructor Group, received two roentgens, according to a filmbadge worn over a four-day period. The shots with which thisexposure and the others are associated are not known (39; 44; 54;60).

On 5 and 6 September 1957, including the 6 Septemberdetonation of WHEELER, the NT0 Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued516 film badges and 272 pocket dosimeters (60). One DODparticipant, from the Ballistic Research Laboratories, received acumulative gamma exposure of 2.12 roentgens. The Desert RockRadiological Safety Officer, listed among the NT0 participants,received a cumulative gamma exposure of 2.23 roentgens. It isnot known why he wore an NT0 film badge in addition to his Desert

28

Rock film badge. If no duplication occurred, his cumulativeexposure was 6.9 roentgens, in excess of the five roentgen limit(39; 44; 60).

Logistics

For Shot WHEELER, the General Supply Section issuedprotective supplies to 613 personnel. These supplies consistedof coveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other protectiveequipment (44; 60).

Monitoring Procedures and Support

Five minutes after the detonation, a total of 11 monitorstraveling in eight vehicles proceeded into the shot area andperformed the initial ground radiological survey of the shotarea. The survey took about an hour to complete. Resurveys weremade about six hours after the detonation and again on 7, 8, and9 September (44; 60).

The initial aerial survey team, consisting of two radio-logical monitors and two AFSWC crewmen, departed from the ControlPoint helicopter pad at 0715 hours, 90 minutes after the deto-nation. The highest radiation intensity in the shot area was4.8 R/h, encountered 25 feet above ground zero about two hoursafter the detonation. Outside the shot area, the highestintensity was 7.5 R/h, detected 25 feet above the ground zero ofShot GALILEO, fired five days earlier. Aerial resurveys werecanceled for Shot WHEELER because ground resurveys suppliedsufficient information (44; 60).

Plotting and Briefing

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 2-1shows a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 0652hours. Figure 2-2 presents copies of the isointensity maps

29

.

MetersI

0 1000

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.

..

Stake Lmes

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

- - - - - - 0 lR/h

-.-.w.- lOR/h

Figure 2-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WHEELER,6 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0662

30

MetersI ,

0 1000

6 September 1957, Mid-Time. 1206

MetersI 1 t0 1000

8 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0804

Meters1 1 10 loo0


.

Meters1 ,0 1000

9 September 1957, M&Time. 0845

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R!h

---go- 0 lFi/h

-.-.-.a lOR/h

Figure 2-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT WHEELER

31

developed from 6 to 9 September. Most of the radiation field,except for within about one kilometer of ground zero, wasresidual from Shot SMOKY, fired on 31 August (60).

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited RadiologicalExclusion Areas, described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume. ThePlotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas. During the period of 5 and6 September, access permits were issued to 443 individualsinvolved in 26 projects (60).

Decontamination Activities

During the period covering Shot WHEELER, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 58 vehicles (60). Inaddition, personnel decontaminated the area within a go-meterradius of the WHEELER balloon site in Area 9, contaminated byradioactive fallout from Shot SMOKY. Decontamination operationsbegan on 3 September 1957, as participants scraped the surfacesoil with a bulldozer, removed contaminated soil from the area bytrucks, and backfilled the area with uncontaminated soil.Radiation readings were taken after each phase of activity todetermine its effectiveness (60).

32

SHOT LAPLACE SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

Radiation Data:

Participants:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 8 September 1957, 0600 hoursYIELD: 1 kilotonHEIGHT OF BURST: 750 feet (balloon shot)

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedby these nuclear devices(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclearradiation for civil defense purposes.

At shot-time, the temperature was 19"C, andsurface winds were calm. Winds were ten knotsfrom the west-northwest at 10,000 feet and fourknots from the east-southeast at 20,000 feet.

The initial survey, mid-time of 0712 hours,determined that radiation intensities greaterthan 0.1 R/h were confined to within 950 metersof ground zero.

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project, Air Force SpecialWeapons Center and other Air Force personnel,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Federal CivilDefense Administration, other contractors.

33

CHAPTER 3

SHOT LAPLACE

Shot LAPLACE was conducted with a yield of one kiloton at0600 hours Pacific Daylight Time on S September 1957. The devicewas suspended from a balloon and fired 750 feet above the groundin Area 7 of the Nevada Test Site. The top of the cloud result-ing from the detonation reached a height of 20,000 feet (29).

3.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS ATSHOT LAPLACE

Two technical service projects were conducted at ShotLAPLACE: 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detectionand Cloud Tracking Systems, and 50.8, Detection of Atomic Hurstand Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved an estimated128 Desert Rock participants. In addition, seven Desert Rocksupport troops witnessed the detonation from a location near NewsNob, 16 kilometers south of ground zero. The seven observersprobably returned to Camp Desert Rock following the detonationwithout going into the forward testing area (33).

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded bv a detachmentfrom the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, FortMonmouth, New Jersey; personnel from Fort Meade, Maryland; andpersonnel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona. The project had twopurposes: to test the capacity of Army radar equipment indetecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactivecloud, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Theactivities involved an estimated 23 DOD participants, who weredivided into a radar section and two fallout prediction teams.The radar section detected and tracked the nuclear cloud,

34

recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of thecloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, theradar section collected data to determine the use of radar equip-ment in cloud detection. Four radar sets were used: one wasabout 180 kilometers southeast of ground zero, one wasapproximately 90 kilometers south of ground zero at Angel's Peak,and two were about 12 kilometers west of ground zero, at UTMcoordinates 766106. The 865th Aircraft Control and WarningSquadron operated the Angel's Peak radar unit. All sets weremanned at the time of the detonation (19; 32; 52).

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data totest a Signal Research and Development Laboratory technique forpredicting fallout patterns. The team included personnel fromthe Meteorological Division, Army Signal Research and DevelopmentLaboratories. This team operated out of an M-109 mobile van,which contained the teletype and recording equipment necessaryfor obtaining meteorological data for plotting fallout. Themobile van, manned at the time of the detonation, was next to theweather station at Camp Mercury. A second fallout predictionteam, with personnel from the Army Electronic Proving Ground,Fort Huachuca, operated near Alamo, Nevada, 92 kilometersnortheast of the Control Point (19; 39; 52).

During the shot, a DOD civilian, while obtainingmeteorological data about 18 kilometers from ground zero, mayhave developed mild conjunctivitis from the flash. He wasexamined by the Deputy Surgeon of Field Command, who found noevidence of retinal injury.

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supportedby the 495th Antiaircraft Missile Battalion. The project, whichinvolved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, was designed to

35

determine how well equipment found in a tvpical Army unit could(32; 39; 57-60):

0 Determine the location, height of burst, and yield ofa nuclear detonation

0 Track targets and guided missiles through a radioactivecloud or fireball.

Personnel operated radar sets about 70, 19, and 17 kilometersfrom the NTS. In addition, participants manned a project controlpoint southeast of ground zero, at LJTM coordinates 832962(11; 57-59).

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOTLAPLACE

In addition to participating in Exercise Desert Rockactivities, Department of Defense personnel took part in othertest activities during Shot LAPLACE that required them to enterthe forward area. Table 3-1, given on the next page, identifiesthe test group projects involving DOD participants. The AirForce also sponsored one operational training project at theshot. In addition to the test group projects and the operationaltraining pro.ject, AFSWC and other support activities accountedfor a number of other DOD participants. The Air Force SpecialWeapons Center supported LASL Project 11.2 and flew four routineair missions for the Test Manager.


The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projectsduring Shot LAPLACE.

Pro,ject 2.0, Neutron and Gamma Radiation from Shot LAPLACE,was fielded by personnel from the Naval Radiological DefenseLaboratory, the Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, and other

36

PLUMBBOB participants outside of the Weapons Effects Test Group.The personnel fielding this project included the same individualsparticipating in Projects 2.2, 2.3, and 2.10 at other shots, plusother members of the Program 2 staff (11; 21). The primaryobjective of this project was to obtain information correlatingneutron-flux with radioactivity induced in surface soils. ShotLAPLACE was chosen for this activity because it was to be anevent of reasonably predictable neutron flux (11; 21).

Table 3-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT LAPLACE

Project Title


Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

Neutron and Gamma Radlatlon from Shot LAPLACE Naval Radlologlcal Defense Laboratory;Army Chemical Warfare Laboratones

6

Accuracy and Rellablllty of the Short-basellne NAROL Air Force Cambndge Research Center *

System

S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP; EC and G 8

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group

1 1 2 RadiochemIstry Sampling L o s Alamos Sclentlflc Labora tory , 4926 th Tes t Squadron 7(Sampling). Air Force Special Weapons Center

I Civil Effects Test Group

3 9 1 Radiation Measurements Utlllzlng the Air ForceChemical Doslmeters

Air Force School of Aviation Medlclne 24

+ Unknown

Personnel placed neutron detectors, film badges, survevmeters, and dosimeters in a line extending 90 to 2,740 metersfrom ground zero. They attached the neutron detectors to a cableat go-meter intervals from about 90 to 1,000 meters from groundzero. One hour after the detonation, three Project 2.10

37

personnel recovered the neutron detectors by towing the cable onwhich the detectors were attached out of the radiation field.Three Project 2.3 participants entered the shot area two, three,four, seven, eight, 14, and 15 hours after the detonation tomonitor instruments 730 meters northwest of ground zero (11; 21;45).

Another part of the studv involved using chemical dosimetersto measure gamma radiation from the detonation. This experiment,discussed in section 3.2.3, was performed by personnel from theCivil Effects Test Group in conjunction with Project 39.1,Radiation Measurements Utilizing the Air Force ChemicalDosimeters.

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN)system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom the nuclear burst in order to determine the position andmeasure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb DamageAssessment NAROL system had nets in Albuquerque, New Mexico;Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net con-sisted of two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34).


0 Technical photographic support of the militaryeffects program

0 Documentation of the overall military effectsprogram and production of an effects motion picture

0 Documentation of the detonation for release throughthe Joint Office of Test Information and forhistorical purposes

0 General photographic support to Department ofDefense projects.

Eight personnel established and then manned a photography stationat UTM coordinates 852975 from five hours before to 30 minutes

38

after the detonation (11). In addition, EG and G personnelprovided technical photographic support to AFSWP and the AEC,operating camera stations to record fireball and cloud growth.After the detonation, EG and G participants entered the shot areato recover the film (11; 24).

3.2.2 Department of Defense Participation in Los AlamosScientific Laboratory Test Group Projects

Of the ten projects conducted bv the LASL Test Group atLAPLACE, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, had DODpersonnel participation. The project involved cloud-samplingmissions, discussed in section 3.2.5.

3.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil EffectsTest Group Projects

The CETG conducted six projects at LAPLACE. Among thesesix, only Project 39.1, Radiation Measurements Utilizing the AirForce Chemical Dosimeters, involved DOD personnel. The objectiveof this project was to use film dosimetry techniques,particularly chemical dosimeters, to measure initial gammaradiation from a nuclear detonation. An estimated 24 militarypersonnel from the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine,Randolph AFB, Texas, performed pre- and postshot exposureanalvses (55). DOD personnel of Projects 2.3 and 2.10 placeddosimeters on the project's recovery cable in the forward areaand helped retrieve the instruments after the detonation. ThreeProject 39.1 personnel recovered chemical dosimeters one hourafter the shot from stations 270 to 1,830 meters from ground zero(11; 45; 55).


The one operational training project conducted by the AirForce at Shot LAPLACE was Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination

39

(Early Cloud Penetration). Sponsored by the Air Defense Command,the project was to enable Air Defense Command aircrews to witnessa nuclear detonation and to penetrate its cloud. One T-33aircraft, with a crew of two, flew a left-hand pattern at 25,000feet heading inbound so as to be approximately ten nautical milesnorth of ground zero at the time of the detonation (3; 27). Theaircraft penetrated the cloud after given clearance by thesampler control aircraft, discussed in section 3.2.5.

In addition, two F-84 aircraft from Project 53.9,Photographic Reconnaissance Training, were scheduled toparticipate at LAPLACE. The aircraft, which were from theTennessee National Guard, did not, however, take part asscheduled (3; 27).


AFSWC support at Shot LAPLACE consisted of cloud-samplingand sample courier missions in support of the LASL test groupproject, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerialsurveys (3).

Cloud Sampling

Five F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samplesof the nuclear cloud for LASL Project 11.2, RadiochemistrySampling. A B-57 sampler control aircraft, manned by a pilot anda LASL scientific advisor, also participated. Pilots of the4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew all six aircraft (1; 3; 61).

The sampler control aircraft, which guided the other fivesampler aircraft through their missions, left Indian Springs AFBat 0510 hours, 50 minutes before the detonation. The aircraftreached an altitude of 35,000 feet and began an orbit pattern at0525 hours. After the detonation, the control aircraft left itsorbit to view the cloud (3).

40

The five sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0615, thefirst F-84 sampler aircraft entered the area of the cloud at35,000 feet and established visual contact with the B-57 samplercontrol aircraft. The scientific advisor in the B-57 thendirected the sampler to penetrate the cloud at the altitudenecessary to acquire the samples. The F-84 left the area at 0650hours and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0655 hours. The nexttwo F-84 samplers followed the first sampler aircraft and enteredthe area of the cloud at altitudes of 35,000 feet at 0630 hoursand 0645 hours. The last two aircraft entered the area at 0700hours. All four aircraft followed the same procedures as did thefirst F-84, and remained in the area of the cloud for about 35minutes. The last two F-84 samplers landed at Indian Springs AFBat 0740 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0730hours, after the sampler aircraft had completed their missions,and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0741 hours (1; 3; 61).

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the stripfarthest from base operations. There, ground personnel usedlong-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metalcontainers to be sent by courier aircraft to LASL. With themission complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated asdescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 3; 61).

Courier Missions

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB flew the couriersample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft flew samples out ofIndian Springs AFB to LASL for analysis (1; 3; 61).

Cloud Tracking

At 0535 hours, one B-25 (serial number 118) left IndianSprings AFB and orbited at 15,000 feet over Mormon Mesa, 150kilometers east of the NTS. The purpose of the mission was todetermine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep the

41

airways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects. Inaddition to the B-25, a B-50 aircraft was scheduled for cloudtracking, but the Test Manager canceled its mission prior totakeoff (1; 3; 61).

Security Sweep

The evening before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft, withat least two personnel aboard, left the airstrip near CampMercury and flew a survey mission over the NTS to ensure that thearea was clear of unauthorized personnel (1; 3; 61).

Helicopter Surveys

After the detonation, one H-21 helicopter, with an AFSWCcrew of two and at least two REECo monitors, left the airstripnear Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over the area toassess detonation damage. Crew members wore anticontaminationclothing and respirators during the flight. Following themission, the H-21 returned to the helicopter area, and aircraftand crew were monitored and decontaminated as required. Theinitial aerial radiological survey team, with an AFSWC crew oftwo and two REECo monitors, departed from the Control Pointhelicopter pad at 0733 hours, about 90 minutes after thedetonation. After completing the mission, the team returned tothe Control Point helicopter pad (1; 3; 45).

3.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT LAPLACE

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that individuals would avoidunnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation while accomplishingtheir missions. Records that enabled the Nevada Test Organ-ization to evaluate the effectiveness of its radiation protectionprograms include isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, andsome NT0 personnel dosimetry information. The Operation PLUMBBOB

42

volume provides a description of radiological safety proceduresand presents total dosimetry information for Desert Rock andAFSWC participants.

Dosimetry Records

From 7 to 12 September 1957, including the 8 Septemberdetonation of LAPLACE, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued1,289 film badges and 392 pocket dosimeters (60). A film badgeturned in after Shot LAPLACE indicates that one Desert Rockparticipant from the 232nd Signal Company exceeded threeroentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. The exposure recordedwas, however, accumulated during previous shots. Six NTO/DODpersonnel, four of whom were from the 1st Radiological SafetySupport Unit and two from the Ballistic Research Laboratories,received cumulative gamma exposures greater than two roentgens,ranging from 2.03 to 3.07 roentgens (39). Another participantlisted in the NT0 dosimetry records was from the Desert RockInstructor Group, who received 2.43 roentgens. it is not knownwhy he wore an NT0 film badge in addition to his Desert Rock filmbadges. If no duplication occurred, his cumulative gammaexposure was 5.63 roentgens, which exceeded the five roentgensauthorized for Desert Rock personnel (39; 54).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing andequipment to 1,153 LAPLACE personnel. These supplies includedcoveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60).


About one hour after the detonation, 12 monitors travelingin eight vehicles entered the shot area to perform the initialground survey. The survey took about 90 minutes to complete.Resurveys were made later on shot-day and again on 9, 10, 11, and13 September (45; 60).

43

The initial aerial survey team, consisting of an AFSWC crewof two and two REECo monitors, departed by helicopter from theControl Point helicopter pad at 0733 hours, about 90 minutesafter the detonation. The highest radiation intensity was 23R/h, encountered 50 feet above ground zero of the most recentsafety shot, COULOMB B. An intensity of 22 R/h was encounteredin the LAPLACE shot area (45; 60).


Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 3-1presents a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of0712 hours. Figure 3-2 shows the data resulting from theresurveys performed from 8 to 11 September (60).

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclu-sion Areas, identified in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume. ThePlotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas. During the period 7 through12 September, access permits were issued to 631 personnelinvolved in 60 pro.jects (60).


During the period covering Shot LAPLACE, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 28 vehicles (60).

44

Stake Lines

Meters . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/hI J1000 - - - - - -0 0 1Rlh

-.-.-.- lOR/h

..

..

...

.

Figure 3-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT LAPLACE,8 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0712

45

I0 1000


PN

1.0 R/h

MetersI 1 I

0 1000

10 September 1957, Mid-Time 0554

Meters1 I 1

0 1000


Ph

Meters

0 1000


Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

- - - - - - 0 . 1 R / h

-.-.-.- 1ORih

Figure 3-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT LAPLACE

46

SHOT FIZEAU SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 14 September 1957, 0945 hoursYIELD: 11 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot)

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedby these nuclear devices(3) To evaluate the capability of militarypersonnel and equipment to detect nucleardetonations(4) To evaluate the effects of nuclearradiation for civil defense purposes.

At shot-time, the temperature was 25'C, and thesurface winds were calm. Winds were four knotsfrom the east-southeast at 10,000 feet, 15 knotsfrom the east-southeast at 20,000 feet, 34 knotsfrom the east-southeast at 30,000 feet, and 12knots from the south-southwest at 40,000 feet(cloud top height).

Radiation Data: The initial survey, mid-time of 1118 hours,determined that radiation intensities of 1.0 R/hand greater were limited to within 950 meters ofground zero to the east through southwest andwithin 1,800 meters to the northeast and west.Most of the falllout was in the northwesternquadrant.

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project, Air Force SpecialWeapons Center and other Air Force personnel,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Federal CivilDefense Administration, other contractors.

47

CHAPTER 4

SHOT FIZEAU

Shot FIZEAU was detonated with a yield of 11 kilotons at0945 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 14 September 1957. Thedevice was positioned on top of a 500-foot steel tower in Area 3of the Nevada Test Site. The fallout pattern both onsite andoffsite extended to the northwest of ground zero (29).

4.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT FIZEAU

Two technical service projects were conducted at ShotFIZEAU: Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Svtems, and Project 50.8, Detectionof Atomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved _an estimated 133 Desert Rock participants. In addition, ten CampDesert Rock personnel witnessed the detonation from a locationnear News Nob, ten kilometers south of ground zero. The tenobservers probably returned to Camp Desert Rock following thedetonation (33).

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Svstems, was fielded by the ArmySignal Research and Development Laboratories. The pro,ject, whichinvolved an estimated 28 DOD personnel, had two purposes:to test the capacity of Armv radar equipment in detecting thenuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive cloud, and toexamine Armv fallout prediction methods. Project participantswere divided into a radar section and two fallout predictionteams. The radar section detected and tracked the nuclear cloud,recorded fireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of thecloud, the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, theradar section collected data to determine the use of radar equip-ment in cloud detection. Four radar sets were used: one was

48

about 170 kilometers south of ground zero near Boulder City,Nevada; one was about 50 kilometers from ground zero, at Angel'sPeak; one was about 13 kilometers from ground zero; and one wasapproximatelv 12 kilometers from ground zero on the ridge betweenYucca Lake and Frenchman Flat. All sets were manned at the timeof the detonation. The personnel at the Angel's Peak locationwere from the 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron.

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data totest an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories tech-nique for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout teamconsisted of personnel from the Meteorological Division, 4rmySignal Research and Development Laboratories. This team operatedout of an M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype andrecording equipment necessary for obtaining meteorological datafor plotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of thedetonation, was next to the weather station at Camp Mercury. Asecond fallout prediction team, with personnel from the ArmyElectronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated nearAlamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19;52).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supportedby the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. Theproject, which involved an estimated 105 DOD personnel, wasdesigned to determine the capability of Army equipment indetermining the location, height of burst, and yield of a nucleardetonation, and in tracking targets and guided missiles through aradioactive cloud or fireball. The Army installed radar-trackingequipment about 70 kilometers, 20 kilometers, and ten kilometersfrom ground zero. Project personnel monitored the radar setsfrom a few hours before the shot through shot-time. In addition,participants manned a project control point southeast of groundzero near Yucca Lake, at UTM coordinates 885895(13; 57-59).

49

4.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ATSHOT FIZEAU

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities,Department of Defense personnel took part in other testactivities during Shot FIZEAU that required them to enter theforward area. Table 4-1 identifies the test group projectsinvolving DOD participants. The Air Force also sponsored twooperational training projects. In addition to the test group andthe operational training projects, support activities accountedfor a number of DOD participants. The Air Force Special WeaponsCenter supported one test group project and four routine missionsfor the Test Manager.

Table 4-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT FIZEAU

ProJect Title Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel


6 4 Accuracy and Relrabrlrty of the Short-baselrne NAROL As Force Cambndge Research Center *

System

6 5 Effects of Nuclear Detonatrons on Nuke Hercules Whrte Sands Mrsstle Range, Bell Telephone *Labora tones

9 1 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP; Mrlrtary Arr Transport Service 1 5

Los Alamos Sctentific Laboratory Test Group

11 2 Radrochemrstry Sampltng Los Alamos Screntrfrc Laboratory, 4926th Test Squadron 1 0(Samplmg), Arr Force Specral Weapons Center

CIVII Effects Test Group

39 la G a m m a Dosrmetry b y F i l m - b a d g e T e c h n i q u e s E G a n d G

39 5 Radratron D o s r m e t r y f o r H u m a n E x p o s u r e s Arr Force School of Avratron Medrcrne, Oak RrdgeNatronal L a b o r a t o r y . E G a n d G , G e n e r a l Electric C o m p a n y

396 Brologrcal Effects of Nuclear Radratron on the Arr Force School of Avratron MedrcmeMonkey

*

1 7

2 4

w U n k n o w n

50

4.2.1 AFSWP Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Pro,jects

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projectsduring Shot FIZEAU. Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of theShort-baseline NAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navi-gation (LORAN) system in an inverse fashion to detect theelectromagnetic pulse from the nuclear burst in order todetermine the position and measure the vield of the burst. TheIndirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system had nets located inAlbuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, SouthDakota. Each NAROL net consisted of two unmanned slave stationsand one manned station (34).

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on NikeHercules, was fielded by the White Sands Missile Range, NewMexico, with assistance from Bell Telephone Laboratoriesof Whippany, New Jersey. The principal objective was toinvestigate the effects of nuclear radiation on the operationaland structural characteristics of components, materials, andelectronic systems of the Nike Hercules guided-missile system.Project personnel installed standard vacuum-tube and experimentaltransistorized versions of the guidance system at three siteslocated 180 meters, 410 meters, and 670 meters from ground zero.At shot-time, participants manned a radar station ten kilometersfrom ground zero. After the detonation, personnel recovered dataand equipment at the exposure sites (25).


l Technical photographic support of the militaryeffects program


l Documentation of the detonation for release throughthe Joint Office of Test Information and forhistorical purposes

51

0 General photographic support of Department ofDefense projects.

Nine personnel established and then manned a photography stationat UTM coordinates 844920 from five hours before to 30 minutesafter the detonation (13). Two or three photographers also tookpictures from an RC-47, operated by a pilot and two or threecrewmen from the Military Air Transport Service. The aircraftflew a holding pattern inbound at 90 degrees (4; 13). Thephotography may have been performed by AFSWP personnel, but docu-mentation concerning personnel is not available. In addition, EGand G operated camera stations in support of AFSWP and AECactivities (24). One unmanned station was near the ControlPoint, and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometersfrom ground zero (13).


Of the ten projects conducted by the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory Test Group at Shot FIZEAU, only Project 11.2, Radio-chemistry Sampling, had DOD participation, as shown in table 4-l.The project involved cloud-sampling missions, discussed insection 4.2.5.


The Civil Effects Test Group conducted nine projects atFIZEAU. Of these, three involved DOD participation, as shown intable 4-1.

Project 39.la, Gamma Dosimetry by Film-badge Techniques, wasconducted by personnel from EG and G and probably from the DOD.The objective was to obtain information on integrated gamma doseat various points along the ground. The day before the

52

detonation, EG and G participants placed film badges on stakes at183-meter intervals from 730 to 1,460 meters from ground zero.Personnel recovered the badges about one hour after the shot (55).

Project 39.5, Radiation Dosimetry for Human Exposures, wasfielded by personnel from the Air Force School of AviationMedicine, as well as participants from the Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory, EG and G, and General Electric Company. Theobjective was to make shielding and scatter measurementssimulating the effects from the detonations at Hiroshima andNagasaki. To achieve this objective, personnel constructed twolight frame houses 910 meters from ground zero and installeddosimeters attached to a cable inside. Other structures andequipment with neutron and gamma-measuring instruments attachedwere placed in other parts of the forward area, probably in thevicinity of the houses. Instrumentation was arrayed from 920 to945 meters south of ground zero. Five minutes after thedetonation, 17 participants recovered instruments in the shotarea (35). In addition, three participants assisted by Project39.1 participants recovered gamma instruments near ground zeroone hour after the shot (13; 35).

Project 39.6, Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation on theMonkey, was fielded by 24 personnel from the RadiobiologicalLaboratory, Air Force School of Aviation Medicine. The objectivewas to correlate neutron and gamma measurements made on monkeyswith the biological effects of the exposure. From 2345 hours onthe day before the detonation to 0030 hours on shot-day, sevenpersonnel placed the monkeys and two types of dosimeters atstations between 1.3 and 1.5 kilometers from ground zero. Twohours after the detonation, seven participants began recoveringthe monkeys and instruments (13). The monkeys were taken to theRadiobiological Laboratory for observation (13; 41; 42).

53

Twenty-one personnel also took part in a subproject ofProject 39.6. Between 1730 and 1830 hours on the night beforethe detonation, they entered the shot area to place burros inshelters 1,280 to 1,510 meters south-southeast of ground zero.They left the area by 2100 hours. One hour after the detonation,21 participants reentered the shot area to recover the burrosfrom the shelters, a procedure taking about three hours (13; 41;42).

4.2.4 Department of Defense Operational Training Projects

The Air Force conducted two operational training projects atShot FIZEAU:

0 Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions

0 Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (EarlyCloud Penetration).

The primary objective of these projects was to indoctrinate AirForce personnel.

Project 53.1, Aerial Sampling Missions, was designed totrain Air National Guard units in cloud sampling. This projectwas probably conducted in con,junction with LASL Project 11.2.

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetra-tion), was designed to enable Air Defense Command aircrews towitness a nuclear detonation and to penetrate its cloud. SixT-33 aircraft, each with two crewmen, flew holding patterns at30,000 feet heading inbound at shot-time. The aircraft werethen located about ten nautical miles north of ground zero (4;27). The T-33s required clearance from the sampler controlaircraft, discussed in section 4.2.5, before penetrating thecloud (4; 27).

54


AFSWC support at Shot FIZEAU consisted of cloud-sampling andsample courier missions in support of the LASL project, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Two B-57B aircraft, with two crewmen each, and four F-84Gaircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples of the cloud forLASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 samplercontrol aircraft, with a pilot and a LASL scientific advisor,also participated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling)flew the seven aircraft (1; 4; 61).

The sampler control aircraft, which guided the five sampleraircraft through their missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 0615hours and reached an altitude of 30,000 feet. At shot-time, theaircraft was in a right-hand holding pattern 50 nautical miles

east of ground zero. The B-57 control aircraft ended its orbitafter the sampler aircraft completed their missions and landed atIndian Springs at 0911 hours (1; 4; 61).

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. Over an hourafter the control aircraft began its orbit, the first B-57Bsampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the burst at 30,000 feetand established visual contact with the sampler control aircraft.The scientific advisor then directed the samplers to penetratethe cloud at the altitude necessary to acquire samples. Thefirst B-57B left the area 35 minutes later and proceeded toIndian Springs AFB. The four F-84G samplers and the secondB-57B followed the pattern established by the first sampleraircraft. The F-84Gs, proceeding two at a time, entered the areaof the cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet. The second B-57Bentered the area 15 minutes after the last two F-84Gs entered.Each aircraft remained in the cloud area for 35 minutes and thenbegan its return to base (1; 4; 61).

55

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the stripfarthest from base operations. There, ground personnel usedlong-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metalcontainers to be sent by courier to the laboratory. With themission complete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated asdescribed in chapter 3 of the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 4; 61).

Courier Missions


Cloud Tracking

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-25, one B-29, andone B-50 aircraft left Indian Springs AFB to conduct cloudtracking. The aircraft orbited over Mormon Mesa, about 150kilometers east of the NTS, at altitudes of 15,000, 22,000, and25,000 feet, respectively. The purpose of the mission was todetermine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep theairways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects (1;4; 61).

Security Sweep

Before the detonation, one L-20 and one Bonanza aircraft,each with at least two participants aboard, left the airstripnear Camp Mercury and flew a mission over the NTS to ensure thatno unauthorized personnel were in the shot area (1; 4; 61).

Helicopter Surveys

After the detonation, two H-21 helicopters, each with anAFSWC crew of two and at least two REECo monitors, left theairstrip near Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over theFIZEAU shot area to assess and record radiation intensities.

56

Another H-21, with an AFSWC crew of two and one REECo monitor,made a damage assessment survey of electrical poles along Mercuryhighway. An H-21 photography mission was canceled prior totakeoff because it was not needed. After the mission, the heli-copters returned to the helicopter area, where aircraft and crewwere monitored and decontaminated as required (1; 4; 47; 61).

4.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT FIZEAU

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation whileaccomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures describedin the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabledthe Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness ofits radiation protection programs. The available informationincludes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and someNT0 personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures anddosimetry information for Desert Rock and AFSWC personnel aredescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

On 13 and 14 September 1957, including the 14 Septemberdetonation of FIZEAU, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 376film badges and 170 pocket dosimeters (60). A film badge turnedin on the day of detonation indicates that one Desert Rockparticipant from the 50th Chemical Platoon exceeded threeroentgens of cumulative gamma exposure. The exposure recordedwas, however, accumulated during previous shots. The REECoOnsite Support Report indicates that seven NTO/DOD personnel,four of whom were from the 1st Radiological Safety Support Unitand three from AFSWC, received gamma exposures greater than tworoentgens. Five of these personnel had exposures over threeroentgens, ranging from 3.45 to 4.92 roentgens (47). The mostsignificant exposure was during the initial aerial survey,

57

discussed below, at which three personnel exceeded the NT0 limitof three roentgens for 13 weeks. In separate discussions ofapparently the same incident, the source documents attributeoverexposure to the pilot's failure to heed the monitor's

ield or to improper miss

the

instruction to leave the radiation fplanning (43; 47; 54).

ion

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing andequipment to 251 FIZEAU participants. These supplies includedcoveralls, shoe covers, repirators, and other items (60).


Five minutes after the detonation, 12 monitors traveling i1eight vehicles entered the shot area to conduct the initialground survey. The survey took about 2 l/2 hours to complete.Resurveys were made later that day and again on 15, 16, 17, and19 September (60).

The initial aerial survey team, consisting of two AFSWCcrewmen and at least two REECo monitors, departed by helicopterfrom the Control Point helicopter pad at 1050 hours, about onehour after the detonation. The highest reading was 500 R/h,encountered 150 feet above ground zero at 1116 hours. An aerialsurvey team, with two AFSWC crewmen and at least two REEComonitors, resurveyed the area around ground zero on 15 and 16September. The maximum intensity was 20 R/h, detected 500 feetabove ground zero on 16 September, two days after the detonation(60) l


Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 4-lshows a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 4-2 shows

58

Meters . . . . . . . . .I I0 1000

e----w

-.-.-.-

’ \i ,**i\:i\I ..\I .

..0 ..I I. I1 I.I 1.I I. I’ I.1 I.I I.I 1

Stake Lmes

0 01 Rlh

0 1 Rib

1 OR/h

Figure 4-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT FIZEAU,14 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 1118

59

14 September 1957, Mid-Time: 1557 15 September 1957, Mid-Time: 0625

Meters1 1 10 loo0

16 September 1957, Mid-Time 0947

Stake Lanes

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h

I----- 0 lR,/h

-.-.-.- 1 OR/h

Figure 4-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT FIZEAU

6 0

copies of the resurveys performed from 14 to 16 September (60).The last resurvey presented includes a contribution in thenortheast corner from Shot NEWTON, fired on 16 September.

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited RadiologicalExclusion Areas, discussed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired to enter these areas. During the period 13 and 14 Sep-tember, access permits were issued to 140 individuals involved in17 projects (60).


During the period covering Shot FIZEAU, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 82 vehicles (60).

61

SHOT NEWTON SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 16 September 1957, 0550 hoursYIELD: 12 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot)

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedby these nuclear devices(3) To evaluate military equipment formonitoring nuclear events(4) To evaluate the effects of nuclearradiation for civil defense purposes.

At shot-time, the temperature was 13'C, andsurface winds were calm. Winds were 17 knotsfrom the south-southwest at 10,000 feet, 28knots from the west-southwest at 20,000 feet,and 71 knots from the west at 30,000 feet.

Radiation Data: At the time of the initial survey, mid-time of0812 hours, radiation intensities exceeding 1.0R/h were confined to within 900 meters of groundzero.

Participants: Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project, Air Force SpecialWeapons Center and other Air Force personnel,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Federal CivilDefense Administration, other contractors.

62

CHAPTER 5

SHOT NEWTON

Shot NEWTON was detonated with a vield of 12 kilotons at0550 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 16 September 1957. Thedevice was suspended from a balloon and fired 1,500 feet abovethe ground in Area 7 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top roseto 32,000 feet and traveled northeast. Most onsite radiation wasneutron induced activity around ground zero (29).

5.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT NEWTON

Two technical service projects were conducted at ShotNEWTON: 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detectionand Cloud Tracking Systems, and 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burstand Radioactive Fallout. These projects involved an estimated 78Desert Rock personnel.

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by a detachmentfrom the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories. Theproject was designed to test the capacity of Army radar equipmentin detecting the nuclear detonation and tracking the radioactivecloud and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. The 28project participants were divided into a radar section and twofallout prediction teams (19; 52).

The radar section detected and tracked the cloud, recordedfireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the cloud,the height of burst, and the vield. In addition, the radarsection collected data to determine the use of radar equipment incloud detection. Three radar sets were used: one was about 170kilometers south of ground zero at Boulder City, Nevada; a second

63

was approximatelv 60 kilometers south of ground zero at Angel'sPeak; and a third was approximately 25 kilometers from groundzero on the ridge between Yucca Lake and Frenchman Lake. Allthree sets were manned at the time of detonation. Personnel fromthe 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron operated the setat Angel's Peak (19; 52).

One of the fallout prediction teams used upper wind data totest an Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories techni-que for predicting fallout patterns. The fallout team consistedof personnel from the Meteorological Division, Army SignalResearch and Development Laboratories. The team operated out ofan M-109 mobile van, which contained the teletype and recordingequipment necessary for obtaining meteorological data forplotting fallout. The mobile van, manned at the time of thedetonation, was next to the weather station at Camp Mercury. Asecond fallout prediction team, with personnel from the ArmyElectronic Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated nearAlamo, Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19;52).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was conducted by the Army Air Defense Board, supportedbv the 495th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion. Thepurpose of the project, which involved an estimated 50 DODpersonnel, was to determine how well equipment found in a typicalArmy unit could determine the location, height of burst, andyield of a nuclear detonation, and track targets and guidedmissiles through a radioactive cloud or fireball. From a fewhours before the detonation through the detonation, Armypersonnel monitored several different types of radar sets about70, 18, and 17 kilometers from ground zero. In addition,participants at the radar stations operated a B-26 aircraft byremote control, placing it within the shot area at the time ofthe detonation. The NEWTON detonation destroved the B-26.

64

Personnel also manned a project control point southeast of groundzero at Yucca Lake, UTM coordinates 905865 (14; 57-59).

5.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT NEWTON

Besides participating in Exercise Desert Rock activities,Department of Defense personnel took part in other testactivities during Shot NEWTON that required them to enter theforward area. Table 5-1 identifies the test group projectsinvolving DOD participants. The Navy and the Air Force eachconducted one DOD operational training project. In addition tothe test group and the operational training projects, supportactivities accounted for a number of DOD participants. TheAir Force Special Weapons Center supported one test group projectand flew routine air missions for the Test Manager.

Table 5-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT NEWTON

Project Title


Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

6 4 Accuracy and Rellabillty of the Short-baselme NAROL AK Force Cambr idge Research Cente r *System

91 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP, Mtlltary Air Transport Service, EG and G 9

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Test Group

112 RadIochemIstry Sampling L o s Alamos Scientific Labora tory , 4926 th Tes t Squadron 1 2(Sampllngl, Air Force Special Weapons Center

Civil Effects Test Group

37 2 Blophyslcal Aspects of Fallout Air Force Special Weapons Center 3I

+ Unknown

65


The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects duringShot NEWTON.

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN)svstem in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom the nuclear burst in order to determine the position andmeasure the yield of the burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assess-ment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, NewMexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROLnet had two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34).






Two or three photographers took pictures in the forward area,probably at News Nob or near the Control Point at Yucca Pass.Another two or three photographers took pictures from an RC-47aircraft operated by at least three crewmen from the Military AirTransport Service. In addition, EG and G personnel providedtechnical photography support to AFSWP and the AEC, operatingcamera stations to record fireball and cloud growth (5; 14; 24).

66


Of the 11 projects conducted by the LASL Test Group atNEWTON, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DODpersonnel. The project required AFSWC cloud-sampling missions,discussed in section 5.2.5.


The Civil Effects Test Group conducted four projects atNEWTON. Of these four, one project involved DOD personnel, asshown in table 5.1. Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects ofFallout, required AFSWC support in the form of radio relays.This mission is discussed in section 5.2.5 (38).


Two operational training projects were conducted at ShotNEWTON. The primary objectives of these projects were to testequipment and techniques and to indoctrinate Air Force personnel.

Project 51.3, Navy Heavy Attack Indoctrination (A3D), wasdesigned to enable A3D combat crews to witness a nuclear deto-nation. Conducted by the Navy Pacific Command, the mission wasstaged from San Diego, California, and/or Whidbey Island,Washington. At the time of the detonation, two A3D aircraft,each carrying three or four crewmen, were flying at 30,000 feet.One aircraft was five nautical miles southwest of ground zeroheading north, and the other A3D was five nautical miles south ofground zero heading south. Six A4D aircraft were also plannedfor this project, but they did not arrive at the NTS as scheduledand their participation was canceled (5; 27).

67

Project 53.8, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was designedby the Strategic Air Command to test Indirect Bomb Damage Assess-ment equipment and techniques under simulated bomb and actualburst conditions. Two B-47s with three crewmen aboard orbited ataltitudes between 12,000 and 14,000 feet, east of ground zero.Just before the detonation, the aircraft were 17 nautical milesfrom ground zero heading north. The two aircraft executed abreakaway maneuver at the time of the detonation (5; 27).


AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample couriermissions in support of the LASL test group project, a radio relayfor one CETG project, and cloud-tracking missions, securitysweeps, and helicopter surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Four B-57 aircraft, each with a crew of two, and two T-33s,each with one pilot, collected samples of the cloud for LASLProject 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler controlaircraft, manned by a pilot and a LASL scientific advisor, alsoparticipated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flewthe seven aircraft (1; 5; 61).

The control aircraft, which guided the sampler aircraftthrough the sample missions, left Indian Springs AFB at 0530hours. The control aircraft reached an altitude of 30,000 feetand began a holding pattern 50 nautical miles east of ground zeroat 0545 hours. After the detonation, the control aircraft leftits orbit to view the cloud from all sides (1; 5; 61).

The four B-57 sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At0735, nearly two hours after the control aircraft began itsholding pattern, the first B-57 sampler entered the area of thecloud at 30,000 feet and established visual contact with the

68

sampler control aircraft. The scientific advisor in the controlaircraft then directed the sampler to penetrate the cloud asnecessary to acquire samples. The B-57 sampler left the area 40minutes later, landing at Indian Springs AFB at 0820 hours. Theother three B-57 samplers followed the pattern established by thefirst sampler aircraft and entered the area of the cloud ataltitudes of 30,000 feet at 15-minute intervals between 0755hours and 0820 hours. Each aircraft remained in the areacollecting samples for 35, 40, and 55 minutes. The two T-33samplers also collected samples at 30,000 feet. The controlaircraft ended its orbit at 0910 hours, after the other sampleraircraft had completed their missions, and landed at IndianSprings at 0940 hours (1; 5; 61).

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the stripfarthest from base operations. There, ground personnel usedlong-handled tools to remove the samples and place them in metal

containers to be sent by courier to LASL. With the missioncomplete, both aircraft and pilots were decontaminated, asdescribed in chapter 3 of the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 5;61).

Courier Missions


Radio Relav

AFSWC support for CETG Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects ofFallout, was provided by one C-47, which flew a radio relay. TheC-47 flew a holding pattern at 17,000 feet 20 nautical miles east

of ground zero on a northeast heading at the time of detonation(1; 5; 38; 61).

69

Cloud Tracking

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-25 aircraft leftIndian Springs AFB and flew over the NTS at 15,000 feet. Theobjectives were to determine the direction the cloud traveled a~to keep the airways clear of anv aircraft unrelated to the testprojects. The missions of two additional cloud-tracking air-craft, a B-25 and a B-29, were canceled before takeoff becausethe aircraft were not needed (1; 5; 61).

nd

Security Sweep

Before the detonation, one L-20 and one Bonanza aircraft,each with at least two people aboard, left the airstrip near CampMercury and flew a mission over the NTS to ensure that nounauthorized personnel remained in the shot area (1; 5; 61).

Helicopter Surveys

One hour after the detonation, one H-21 helicopter, with anAFSWC crew of two and at least two REECo monitors, left theairstrip near Camp Mercury to survey and record radiationintensities in Area 7 and other non-test areas of the NTS. Thehelicopter spent about 40 minutes in the test area. Subsequenthelicopter radiological surveys occurred on 17 September.Following the mission, the helicopter returned to the helicopterarea. Aircraft and crew were monitored and decontaminated asrequired (1; 5; 48).

5.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT NEWTON

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. Some of theprocedures described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted inrecords that enabled the Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the

70

effectiveness of its radiation protection programs. The avail-able information includes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitor-ing data, and some NT0 personnel dosimetry data. Radiologicalsafety procedures and dosimetry information for Desert Rock andAFSWC personnel are described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

From 16 to 21 September 1957, including the 8 Septemberdetonation of NEWTON, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 1,049film badges and 299 pocket dosimeters (60). Three NTO/DODpersonnel received cumulative gamma exposures slightly greaterthan two roentgens. The personnel included one cloud-samplingpilot, one participant from AFSWP, and another participant fromthe 1st Radiological Safety and Support Unit (48; 54; 60).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing andequipment to 1,158 NEWTON participants. These supplies includedcoveralls, shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60).


Five minutes after the detonation, 12 monitors traveling ineight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shotarea. The survey took about 2 l/2 hours to complete. Resurveyswere made later on shot-day and again on 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,and 22 September (60).

The initial aerial survey team, with an AFSWC crew of twoand at least two REECo monitors, departed by helicopter from theControl Point helicopter pad at 0845 hours, about 90 minutesafter the detonation. The highest radiation intensityencountered was 20 R/h, measured 200 feet above the FIZEAU groundzero about three hours after the NEWTON detonation. Aerialresurveys were made on 17 September (60).

71


Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 5-lpresents a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 5-2 showscopies of isointensity maps developed from the 16 to 19 Septemberresurveys (60). The open contours reflect the contribution ofthe residual radiation field from Shot FIZEAU, fired on14 September. The residual radiation was dominant except withinabout two kilometers of the NEWTON ground zero.

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited RadiologicalExclusion Areas, described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume. ThePlotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas during the period 15 through21 September. Access permits were issued to 428 individualsinvolved in 57 projects (60).


During the period covering Shot NEWTON, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 55 vehicles and a number ofpersonnel (60).

72

Stake Lines

Meters . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/hI

0 lOCKI - - - - - - OlR/h

-.-.-.- lOR/h

Figure 5-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT NEWTON,16 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0612

7 3

, Mefers ,

0 1OW


Meters \\

0 1000


0 1 0 0 0


.

.\\\ at Ground\\


Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . OOlR/h

- - - - - - 0 . 1 R / h

- . - . - . - l.OR/h

Figure 5-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT NEWON

74

SHOT RAINIER SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: NoneDATE/TIME: 19 September 1957, 1000 hoursYIELD: 1.7 kilotonsDEPTH OF BURST: 899 feet

(1) To determine the feasibility and safety ofa deep underground nuclear detonation(2) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(3) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedby underground nuclear devices.

Weather: Because a cloud did not develop after thedetonation, wind data are not included.

Radiation Data: No fallout resulted from this detonation. Theblast collapsed the tunnel wall, and theradiation was contained in the tunnel.

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air ForceSpecial Weapons Center and other Air Forcepersonnel, University of California RadiationLaboratory, other contractors.

75

CHAPTER 6

SHOT RAINIER

Shot RAINIER was detonated with a yield of 1.7 kilotons at1000 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 19 September 1957. Thedevice was fired 899 feet underground in a sealed tunnel in Area12, a mountainous area in the northwest corner of the Nevada TestSite. The tunnel went in 1,672 feet horizontally from themountain slope, and the burst was as close as 790 feet to thesurface on the slope. RAINIER was the first detonation to becontained underground. There was no flash of light, no wave ofheat, and no cloud following the detonation. The blast collapsedthe tunnel and contained the radiation (29; 60). While testgroup projects were conducted at the shot, there were no ExerciseDesert Rock VII and VIII operations at RAINIER.

6.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ATSHOT RAINIER

Department of Defense personnel took part in a variety oftasks during RAINIER that required them to enter the forwardarea. Table 6-1, on the following page, identifies the testgroup projects involving DOD participation. In addition to thetest group projects, support activities accounted for a number ofDOD participants. The Air Force Special Weapons Center flewroutine air missions for the Test Manager.


The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects duringShot RAINIER, as listed in table 6-l.

76

Table 6-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT RAINIER

project Title


Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

6.4 Accuracy and Rellablllty of the Short-baseline NAROL Air Force CambrIdge Research Center *

System

9 . 1 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y Armed Forces Special Weapons Project;Mtlitary Air Transport Service

9

+ Unknown

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN)system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom the nuclear burst in order to determine the position andmeasure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb DamageAssessment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque,New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. EachNAROL net had two unmanned slave stations and one manned station(34).

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was sponsored AFSWP toprovide the following support services:

0 Technical photographic support of the military-effects program

0 Docymentation of the overall military-effectsprogram and production of an effects motion picture


l General photographic support to Department ofDefense projects.

77

At shot-time, pictures were taken by two or three photographersin the forward area and two or three other photographers from aC-47 aircraft flown by at least three members of the Military AirTransport Service. The C-47 flew a holding pattern 2,000 feetabove the terrain so as to be over surface zero at the time ofthe detonation (6; 16; 24).


Of the nine projects conducted by the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory Test Group and the five projects conducted by theUniversity of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group, onlyUCRL Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, was planned toinclude DOD participants. This project was to involve cloudsampling but was canceled because RAINIER was totally containedunderground.


At Shot RAINIER, AFSWC support to the Test Manager consistedof security sweeps and helicopter surveys (6).

Security Sweep

Prior to the detonation, one Bonanza aircraft with at leasttwo personnel aboard left the airstrip near Camp Mercury and flewa mission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorized personnel

were in the shot area (1; 6).

Helicopter Surveys

After the detonation, one or two H-21 helicopters, each withat least two AFSWC crewmen and a REECo monitor, left the airstripnear Camp Mercury and flew survey missions over the RAINIER testarea to assess detonation damage. Following the mission, the

78

helicopter returned to the helicopter area. Aircraft and crewwere monitored and decontaminated as required (6; 16; 46).

6.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT RAINIER

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation whileaccomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures describedin the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabledthe Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness ofits radiation protection programs. The available informationincludes dosimetry, logistics, and monitoring information.Radiological safety procedures and dosimetry information forAFSWC personnel are described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

For the 19 September 1957 detonation of RAINIER, the Person-nel Dosimetry Branch issued 24 film badges and 12 pocket dosi-meters. Dosimetry records indicate that none of the personnel atthe shot accumulated a gamma exposure exceeding two roentgens(54; 60).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing andequipment to 104 personnel. These supplies included coveralls,shoe covers, respirators, and other items (60).


The initial ground survey team, consisting of ten monitors,left 15 minutes after the detonation to survey the shot area.The survey indicated that there was no increase in alpha, beta,or gamma radiation due to RAINIER because the tunnel hadcontained the radiation. A ground resurvey conducted 90 minutes

79

after the detonation found no increased radiation intensities atthat time (60).

The initial aerial survey team, with at least two AFSWCcrewmen and a REECo monitor, left the helicopter pad after thedetonation to monitor radiation. No radiation was detected andsubsequent aerial surveys were not made (60).


Because the ground surveys showed no increase in radiationintensities, isointensity maps were not plotted for Shot RAINIER.The Plotting and Briefing Branch issued 55 access permitsrequired for entry into radiological exclusion areas (60).


During the period covering Shot RAINIER, personnel of theDecontamination Branch did not decontaminate any vehicles (60).

80

SHOT WHITNEY SYNOPSIS

Ob.jectives:

Weather:

Radiation Data:

Participants:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 23 September 1957, 0530 hoursYIELD: 19 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot)

(1) To evaluate newly designed devices forpossible inclusion in the nuclear arsenal(2) To evaluate the nuclear yield and theblast, thermal, and radiation phenomena producedbv these nuclear devices(3) To evaluate the effects of nuclearradiation for civil defense purposes.

At shot-time, the temperature was 16'C, andsurface winds were calm. Winds were eight knotsfrom the south-southeast at 10,000 feet, eightknots from the east at 20,000 feet, and 11 knotsfrom the east at 30,000 feet.

During the initial survey, mid-time of 0725hours, radiation intensities greater than 1.0R/h were within 700 meters of ground zeroconfined to the north, east, and south butextended offsite to the west.

Exercise Desert Rock troops, Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project, Air Force SpecialWeapons Center and other Air Force personnel,University of California Radiation Laboratory,Federal Civil Defense Administration, othercontractors.

81

CHAPTER 7

SHOT WHITNEY

Shot WHITNEY was detonated with a vield of 19 kilotons at0530 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 23 September 1957. Thedevice was positioned on top of a 500-foot steel tower in Area 2of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose to 30,000 feet andmoved west. The fallout pattern turned to the northwest offsite(29) l

7.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT WHITNEY

An estimated 28 Exercise Desert Rock personnel participatedin one technical service project.

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, was fielded by the ArmySignal Research and Development Laboratories. The project wasto test the capacity of Army radar equipment in detecting thenuclear detonation and tracking the radioactive cloud and toexamine Army fallout prediction methods. The 28 project partic-ipants were divided into a radar section and two falloutprediction teams (19; 52).

The radar section detected and tracked the cloud, recordedfireball growth, and determined the rate of rise of the cloud,the height of burst, and the yield. In addition, the radarsection collected data to determine the use of radar equipment incloud detection. Three radar sets were used: one was about 145kilometers south of ground zero at Boulder City, Nevada, a secondset was about 30 kilometers from ground zero on the ridge betweenYucca Lake and Frenchman Flat, and the third was about 25kilometers from ground zero. All three sets were manned duringthe detonation (19; 52).

82

One fallout prediction team used upper wind data to test anArmy Signal Research and Development Laboratories technique forpredicting fallout patterns. This fallout team was composed ofpersonnel from the Meteorological Division, Army Signal Researchand Development Laboratories. The team operated out of an M-109mobile van, which contained the teletype and recording equipmentnecessary for obtaining meteorological data for plotting fallout.The mobile van, manned at the time of the WHITNEY detonation, wasnext to the weather station at Camp Mercury. A second falloutprediction team, composed of personnel from the Armv ElectronicProving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Arizona, operated near 4lamo,Nevada, 92 kilometers northeast of the Control Point (19, 52).

7.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIP4TION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT WHITNEY

Besides participating in an Exercise Desert Rock project,Department of Defense personnel took part in other testactivities during Shot WHITNEY that required them to enter theforward area. Table 7-1, on the following page, identifies thetest group projects involving DOD participants. The Air Forceconducted two DOD operational training projects. In addition tothe test group and operational training projects, supportactivities accounted for a number of DOD participants at ShotWHITNEY. AFSWC supported one test group project and flewroutine air missions for the Test Manager.


The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted two projects duringShot WHITNEY, as indicated in table 7-l.

83

Table 7-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT WHITNEY

Project Title Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel


1 9 Spec t ra o f Ground Shocks Produced by Nuc lea r Arr Research and Development Command, Ramo- *Detonabons Woolndge Corporabon

91 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP, Mrlrtary Arr Transport Servrce, EG and G 1 5

Umversity of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group

2 1 2 Radrochemrstry Samplrng Unwerscty of Calrfornra Radration Laboratory, 4926thT e s t S q u a d r o n ( S a m p l i n g ) , Arr Force SpecralWeapons Cen te r

1 6


3 7 2 Brophysrcal Aspects of Fallout Arr Force Spec ia l Weapons Cente r 3

39 la Gamma Dosrmetry by Frlm-badge Technrques E G a n d G *

+ U n k n o w n

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by NuclearDetonations, was conducted bv the Air Research and DevelopmentCommand and fielded bv personnel from Ramo-Woolridge Corporation.The project was to measure and analyze the velocity and movementof the ground shock wave produced by a nuclear detonation.Project personnel placed two self-contained, mechanical, reed-type shock gauges inside cylindrical canisters that were fastenedto a concrete anchor block, buried three feet in the ground about180 meters west of ground zero, and surrounded by sandbags. Inrecovering instruments, personnel had difficulty finding thecanisters, which had been moved by the shock wave some ninemeters from their original position (31).


0 Technical photographic support of the militarveffects program

84




Nine personnel established and then manned a photography stationat UTM coordinates 8431022 from five hours before to 30 minutesafter the detonation (12). Two or three photographers also tookpictures from a C-47 aircraft operated bv at least three crewmenfrom the Military Air Transport Service. The C-47 flew aright-hand holding pattern at 8,000 feet, eight nautical milessouth of ground zero at shot-time. In addition, EG and Gpersonnel provided technical photography support to AFSWP and theAEC, operating three camera stations to record fireball and cloudgrowth. One manned camera station was near the Control Point,and two unmanned stations were three to eight kilometers fromground zero (7; 12; 24).


Of the six projects conducted by the University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory Test Group, only Project 21.2,Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel participation, asshown in table 7-l. AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) per-formed cloud-sampling missions required by the project, asdiscussed in section 7.2.5.

7.2.3 Department of Defense ParticTest Group Project

ipation in Civil Effects

Of the four Civil Effects Test Group projects conducted atShot WHITNEY, the two listed in table 7-l involved DOD personnel.Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fallout, required AFSWC

85

support for radio relays, discussed in section 7.2.5. Project39.la, Gamma Dosimetry by Film-badge Techniques, was conducted bypersonnel from EG and G and probably from the DOD. The objectivewas to obtain information on integrated gamma dose at variouspoints along the ground. Two days before the shot, personnelplaced film badges at 228-meter intervals on a stake line 690 to1,600 meters from ground zero. Participants recovered the filmbadges on the morning of shot-day after the detonation (12; 23).


The Air Force conducted two operational training projects,the primary objectives of which were to test equipment andtechniques and to indoctrinate personnel.

Project 53.5, Aircrew Indoctrination (Early Cloud Penetra-tion), was designed to enable Air Defense Command aircrews towitness a nuclear detonation and penetrate its cloud. Two T-33aircraft, each with two crewmen, took off from Indian Springs AirForce Base at 0620 hours and 0720 hours, respectively. Eachaircraft remained in the vicinity of the cloud for 20 minutes,landing at 0705 hours and 0805 hours, respectively (7; 27).

Project 53.8, Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment, was sponsoredby the Strategic Air Command to test Indirect Bomb Damage Assess-ment equipment and techniques under simulated and actual bombconditions. Two B-47s took part at WHITNEY. The aircraftorbited at altitudes of 11,000 to 16,000 feet and were 35nautical miles east of ground zero on a northerly heading justbefore the detonation. At the time of detonation, the twoaircraft executed a breakaway maneuver (7; 27).

86


AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample couriermissions in support of the UCRL test group project, a radio relaymission for CETG, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps,and aerial surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Four F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, and two B-57s, withfive crewmen each, collected samples of the cloud for UCRLProject 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler controlaircraft, with a pilot and a UCRL scientific advisor, alsoparticipated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flewthe seven aircraft (1; 7; 61).

The B-57 sampler control aircraft, which guided the sixsampler aircraft through the sample missions, left Indian SpringsAFB at 0510 hours. The control aircraft reached an altitude of30,000 feet and began a right-hand holding pattern at 0525 hours.After the detonation, the control aircraft left its orbit to viewthe cloud from all sides (1; 7; 61).

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0630, thefirst F-84 sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the burst at30,000 feet and established visual contact with the controlaircraft. The scientific advisor then directed the samplers topenetrate the cloud as necessary to acquire samples. The F-84left the area 35 minutes later and landed at Indian Springs AFBat 0710 hours. The other three F-84 samplers and the two B-57samplers followed the pattern established by the first samplerand entered the area of the cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet atfive- and ten-minute intervals between 0635 hours and 0715 hours.Each aircraft remained in the area collecting samples for 35minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFBat 0755 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0755hours, after the six sampler aircraft completed their missions,and landed at Indian Springs at 0806 hours (1; 7; 61).

87


containers to be sent bv courier to UCRL. With the missioncomplete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated asdescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 7; 61).

Courier Missions

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted thecourier sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft, with aminimum of three personnel each, flew samples out of IndianSprings AFB to UCRL for analyses (1; 7; 61).

Cloud Tracking

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-50 and two B-25aircraft left Indian Springs AFB and flew over the NTS at 25,000and 15,000 feet. One B-25 replaced a B-29 that had beenscheduled for cloud tracking. The purpose of the mission was todetermine the direction the cloud traveled and to keep theairways clear of any aircraft unrelated to the test projects (1;7; 61).

Radio Relay

AFSWC support for Project 37.2, Biophysical Aspects of Fall-out, was provided by one C-47, which flew a radio relay. TheC-47 flew a right-hand holding pattern at 10,000 feet and was 20nautical miles southeast of ground zero at the time of detonation(1; 7; 61).

Security Sweep

Prior to the detonation, two L-20 aircraft, each with atleast two personnel aboard, left the airstrip near Camp Mercuryand flew a mission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorizedpersonnel were in the shot area (1; 7; 61).

88

Helicopter Surveys

After the detonation, two H-21 helicopters, each with anAFSWC crew of two and two REECo monitors, conducted aerialradiological safetv surveys of Area 2 and other non-shot areas.The helicopters surveyed for about 40 minutes, whereupon theyreturned to Camp Mercury. Resurveys took place later onshot-day. Two other H-21 helicopters, each with an AFSWC crew oftwo and REECo radiological safety monitors, conducted a damageassessment survey over the shot area after the detonation.After the mission, the helicopters returned to the helicopterarea at Camp Mercury. The aircraft and crews were monitored anddecontaminated as required (7; 49).

7.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT WHITNEY

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation whileaccomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures describedin the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabledthe Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness ofits radiation protection programs. The available informationincludes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitoring procedures,and some NT0 personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safetyprocedures and dosimetrv information for Desert Rock and AFSWCpersonnel are described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

From 22 to 26 September 1957, including the 23 Septemberdetonation of WHITNEY, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 916film badges and 166 pocket dosimeters (60). Four NTO/DODpersonnel received cumulative gamma exposures slightly greaterthan two roentgens. Two of these personnel were from the 1st

89

Radiological Safety and Support Unit and one each was from theChemical Warfare Laboratories and AFSWC (54; 60).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and suppliesto 480 personnel. These supplies included coveralls, shoecovers, repirators, and other items (60).


Ten minutes after the detonation, 14 monitors traveling ineight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shotarea. The survey took about 90 minutes to complete. Resurveyswere made later on shot-day and again on 24, 25, and 26 September(49; 60).

The initial helicopter survey team, consisting of two AFSWCcrewmen and two radiological monitors, departed from the ControlPoint helicopter pad at 0748 hours, almost 90 minutes after thedetonation. Aerial resurveys were made for Shot WHITNEY later onshot-day. The maximum radiation intensity was 100 R/h,encountered 500 feet above a location about 30 meters east ofground zero, approximately two-and-one-half hours after thedetonation (7; 49; 60).


Using information from the surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 7-lpresents a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of0725 hours, and figure 7-2 shows copies of the iosintensity mapsresulting from resurveys on 23 to 26 September (60).

90

\\

‘. ’‘. ‘\\ \‘\ ‘\

‘\ ‘\ ..‘\ \ .

l \ . �\.. .cc-- . . . .\-Ah

IMeters

10 loo0

Stake Lmes

. . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

- - - - - - OlRlh

-.-.-.- lOR/h

Figure 7-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT WHITNEY,23 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0725

91


25 September 1957, Mid-Time 0633 26 September 1957, Mid-Time 0624

./ *. .. . .I’. - . P

MetersL I I

0 1000

24 September 1957, M&Time. 0635

P

Meters

0 1000

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R./h

- - - - - - 0 lR/h

-.-.-.- 10Rlh

Figure 7-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT WHITNEY

92

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclu-sion Areas, described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume. ThePlotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas. From 22 to 26 September,access permits were issued to a total of 200 individuals involvedin a total of 34 projects (60).


During the period covering Shot WHITNEY, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 28 vehicles (60).

93

SHOT CHARLESTON SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: NoneDATE/TIME: 28 September 1957, 0600 HoursYIELD: 12 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 1,500 feet (balloon shot)


At shot-time, surface winds were calm. Windswere from the south at 20 knots at 10,000 feet,34 knots at 20,000 feet, and 38 knots at 30,000feet.

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, mid-time of 0716hours, radiation intensities greater than 1.0R/h were confined to within 900 meters of groundzero.

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air ForceSpecial Weapons Center and other Air Forcepersonnel, University of CaliforniaRadiation Laboratory, Federal Civil DefenseAdministration, other contractors.

94

CHAPTER 8

SHOT CHARLESTON

Shot CHARLESTON was detonated with a vield of 12 kilotons at0600 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 28 September 1957. Thedevice was suspended from a balloon 1,500 feet above the groundin Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top rose to 32,000feet and traveled north from the point of detonation (29).

8.1 EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS ATSHOT CHARLESTON

According to the Desert Rock Final Report for OperationPLUMBBOB, 28 personnel conducted Project 50.3, Evaluation ofMedium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, atthe time of Shot CHARLESTON. However, the report on Project 50.3does not address radar locations for Shot CHARLESTON. Theschedule of events indicates that a manned station was planned atUTM coordinates 859869, but it is not known if the station wasused (15). Possibly, the 28 personnel were still stationed atCamp Desert Rock following the WHITNEY event but did notparticipate in the project at Shot CHARLESTON (19; 33; 52).

8.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP,OPERATIONAL TRAINING, AND SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ATSHOT CHARLESTON

Department of Defense personnel took part in test activitiesduring CHARLESTON that required them to enter the forward area.Table 8-l identifies the test group projects involving DODparticipants. The Air Force sponsored one operational trainingproject. In addition to test group projects and the operationaltraining project, support activities accounted for a number ofDOD participants. AFSWC personnel supported one test groupproject and flew routine air missions for the Test Manager.

95

Table 8-l: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT CHARLESTON

Project T i t le


Participants

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

1 1 Basrc Arrblast Phenomena Ballrstrc Research Laboratones *

1 9 Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by Nuclear Arr Research and Development Command, Ramo- *

Detonattons Woolndge Corporatton

6 4 Accuracy and Relrabtlrty of the Short-baselrne NAROL Arr Force Cambridge Research Center *

S y s t e m

91 Suppon Photography AFSWP, Mrlrtary Arr Transport Servrce 9

University of California Radiation Laboratory Test Group

21 2 RadIochemIstry Samplrng Universrty of Cakfornra Radration Laboratory, 4926thTest Squadron ISampling). Air Force SpecialWeapons Center

1 0


398 Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms wtth lntttal Bomb Naval Medrcal Research Institute 5Gamma and Neutron Radratron

+ Unknown

96


The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted four projectsduring Shot CHARLESTON, as listed in table 8-1.

Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was designed by theBallistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on overpressureand dynamic pressure values as a function of time and distancefrom ground zero. Performance of various pressure gauges,measurement devices, and measurement techniques was alsoevaluated. To obtain data, project participants installed self-recording pressure time gauges at 12 stations along the main blastline between 335 and 22,240 meters south and southeast of groundzero. Personnel recovered the gauges after the detonation (15;20).

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by NuclearDetonations, was conducted by the Air Research and DevelopmentCommand and personnel from the Ramo-Woolridge Corporation. Theobjective of the project was to measure and analyze the velocityand movement of the ground shock wave produced by the nucleardetonation. Project personnel placed one shock gauge in each ofseven cylindrical canisters that were fastened to concrete anchorblocks, buried three feet in the ground at specific overexposurelevels 335 to 700 meters south of ground zero, and surrounded bysandbags. Personnel later reentered the shot area to remove thesandbags, excavate the cylinders, and remove the gauges (31).

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, used the Long Range Aids to Navigation (LORAN)system in an inverse fashion to detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom the nuclear burst in order to determine the position andmeasure the yield of that burst. The Indirect Bomb Damage Assess-ment NAROL system consisted of nets located in Albuquerque, NewMexico; Vale, Oregon; and Rapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL nethad two unmanned slave stations and one manned station (34).

97






Two or three photographers took pictures in the forward area,probably at News Nob or near the Control Point at Yucca Pass.Another two or three photographers also took pictures from a C-47aircraft operated by at least three members of the Military AirTransport Service. The C-47 flew a right-hand holding pattern at10,000 feet heading east toward ground zero at the time of deto-nation. In addition, EG and G provided technical photographysupport to AFSWP and the AEC, operating five camera stations torecord fireball and cloud growth (8; 15; 24).


Of the ten projects conducted by the University ofCalifornia Radiation Laboratory Test Group, only Project 21.2,Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnel participation, asshown in table 8-l. The AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling)performed the cloud-sampling missions required by this project,as is discussed in section 8.2.5.

8.2.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects TestGroup Projects

The Civil Effects Test Group performed one project at ShotCHARLESTON with DOD involvement, as shown in table 8-l.

98

Project 39.8, Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms with InitialBomb Gamma and Neutron Radiation, was fielded by personnel fromthe Naval Medical Research Institute. The objectives were todetermine the relation of the air exposure or incident dose toabsorbed dose, and to determine the distribution of absorbed dosethrough tissue material equivalent to human tissue. Personnelplaced dosimeters in masonite phantoms, which were placed about140 meters southeast of ground zero. Five minutes after thedetonation, five personnel entered the shot area to recover thephantoms and to place three additional phantoms on a linesoutheast of ground zero (15; 36; 50).


The PLUMBBOB operational summary (27) indicates that the AirForce sponsored one operational training project at ShotCHARLESTON. Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training,was fielded by the Tactical Air Command to indoctrinate AirNational Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units from George AFB,California, in conducting photographic missions over a nucleartarget. Air National Guard Units participated in the project ona rotational basis (27). At Shot CHARLESTON, one T-33 with twocrewmen aboard passed over ground zero ten minutes after thedetonation at an altitude of 10,000 feet to photograph thenuclear target (8; 27).


AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample couriermissions in support of the UCRL test group pro;ject, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Four F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, and two B-57s, withtwo crewmen each, collected samples of the cloud for UCRL Project

9 9

21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. A B-57 sampler control aircraft,which had a pilot and a UCRL scientific advisor, also partici-pated. Pilots of the 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) flew theseven aircraft (1; 8; 61).

The control aircraft, which guided the other six sampleraircraft through the sample missions, left Indian Springs AFB at0540 hours. The aircraft reached an altitude of 30,000 feet andbegan a right-hand pattern at 0555 hours. After the detonation,the control aircraft left its orbit to view the cloud from allsides (1; 8; 61).

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. At 0625hours, the first B-57 sampler aircraft entered the vicinity ofthe burst at 30,000 feet and established visual contact with thesampler control aircraft. The scientific advisor in the controlaircraft then directed the samplers to penetrate the cloud asnecessary to acquire samples. The first B-57 left the area 30minutes later and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0710 hours.The second B-57 and four F-84 samplers followed the patternestablished by the first sampler aircraft. These aircraftentered the area of the cloud at altitudes of 30,000 feet atten-minute intervals between 0635 hours and 0715 hours. Eachaircraft remained in the area collecting samples for 35 to 50minutes. The final sampler aircraft landed at Indian Springs AFBat 0800 hours. The control aircraft ended its pattern at 0840hours, after the six sampler aircraft completed their missions,and landed at Indian Springs at 0805 hours (1; 8; 61).


containers to be sent by courier to UCRL. With the missioncomplete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated asdescribed in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 8; 61).

100

Courier Missions

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland AFB conducted thecourier sample return missions. Three C-47 aircraft, with aminimum of three personnel each, flew samples out of IndianSprings AFB to UCRL for analysis (1; 8; 61).

Cloud Tracking

Five minutes after the detonation, one B-29 with a crew often and one H-25 aircraft with a crew of four left Indian SpringsAFB and flew over and beyond the NTS at 15,000 feet and 25,000feet. The purpose of the mission was to determine the directionthe cloud traveled and to keep the airways clear of any aircraftunrelated to the test pro.jects (1; 8; 61).

Security Sweep

Before the detonation, one L-20 aircraft with at least twopersonnel aboard left the airstrip near Camp Mercury and flew amission over the NTS to ensure that no unauthorized personnelwere in the shot area. The mission of a second L-20 scheduledfor a security sweep was cancelled because the aircraft was notneeded (1; 8).

Helicopter Surveys

After the detonation, one H-19 helicopter, with an AFSWCcrew of two and at least two REECo monitors, conducted aradiological survey over the shot area. Two other H-19 surveymissions were canceled because they were not needed. Followingthe mission, the helicopters returned to the helicopter area.Aircraft and crew were monitored and decontaminated as required(8; 50).

101

8.3 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT CHARLESTON

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation whileaccomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures describedin the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabledthe Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness ofits radiation protection programs. The available informationincludes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and someNT0 personnel dosimetry data. Radiological safety procedures anddosimetry information for AFSWC participants are described in theOperation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetry Records

From 5 to 27 September 1957, including the 28 Septemberdetonation of CHARLESTON, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued4,874 film badges and 187 pocket dosimeters (60). Two AFSWCpersonnel received cumulative gamma exposures greater than tworoentgens; these were 2.01 and 2.55 roentgens (54; 60).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and suppliesto 897 personnel. The supplies included coveralls, shoe covers,respirators, and other items (60).


Five minutes after the detonation, 11 monitors traveling ineight vehicles performed the initial ground survey of the shotarea. The survey took about two hours to complete. Resurveyswere made later on shot-day and again on 29 and 30 September, and1 and 3 October (60).

The initial helicopter survey team, consisting of two AFSWCcrewmen and at least two radiological monitors, departed from the

102

Control Point helicopter pad at 0736 hours, about 90 minutesafter the detonation. The highest radiation intensity was 25R/h, encountered 100 feet above ground zero 14 minutes later.Aerial resurveys were not made for Shot CHARLESTON because thenecessary measurements could be obtained from the groundresurveys (50; 60).


Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 8-lpresents a copy of the initial contour map, and figure 8-2 showscopies of the isointensity maps resulting from resurveys on 28September to 1 October (60).

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited RadiologicalExclusion Areas, described in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume.The Plotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas. From 27 September through 5October, access permits were issued to a total of 454 individualsinvolved in a total of 55 projects (60).


During the period covering Shot CHARLESTON, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 29 vehicles (60).

103

.......

..

. I ’I l **... I..

....

.. P.. N

*.I ..

....

....

..I ......

.

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h

1 MetersI

0 loo0

- - - - - - 0 lR/h

-.m.-.- IORih

10.0 R/h

Figure 8-l: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT CHARLESTON, -28 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0716

104

MetersI 1

0 1000

28 September 1957, Mtd-Time: 1213

. .

PN

MetersI I I0 loo0


Meters1 1 I0 1000


PN

MetersI 1 10 loo0

1 October 1957, Mid-Time: 0644

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . OOlRih

- - - - - - 0 lR/h

-.w.-.- lOR/h

Figure 8-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT CHARLESTON

105

SHOT MORGAN SYNOPSIS

Objectives:

Weather:

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISE: NoneDATE/TIME: 7 October 1957, 0500 hoursYIELD: 8 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (balloon shot)


At shot-time, the temperature was 7'C, andsurface winds were calm. Winds were 12 knotsfrom the west-northwest at 10,000 feet, 30 knotsfrom the west at 20,000 feet, 41 knots from thewest at 30,000 feet, and 48 knots from thewest-southwest at 40,000 feet.

Radiation Data: During the initial survey, mid-time of 0545hours, radiation intensities of 1.0 R/h andgreater were confined to within 950 meters ofground zero.

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, Air ForceSpecial Weapons Center and other Air Forcepersonnel, University of California RadiationLaboratorv, Federal Civil Defense Administra-tion, other contractors.

106

CHAPTER 9

SHOT MORGAN

Shot MORGAN, the twenty-fourth and final nuclear weaponstest of Operation PLUMBBOB, was detonated at 0500 hours PacificDaylight Time on 7 October 1957. The device, which had a yieldof eight kilotons, was suspended from a balloon 500 feet abovethe ground in Area 9 of the Nevada Test Site. The cloud top roseto 40,000 feet and traveled east from the point of detonation.Most of the onsite radiation was from neutron activation of thesoil around ground zero (29).

9.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN TEST GROUP ANDSUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT MORGAN

Department of Defense personnel took part in several testgroups projects conducted at Shot MORGAN. Table 9-1, on thefollowing page, identifies these projects. In addition to theprojects, AFSWC and other support activities accounted for anumber of DOD participants. AFSWC personnel supported one testgroup project and flew routine air missions for the Test Manager.Exercise Desert Rock activities were not conducted at ShotMORGAN.

9.1.1 AFSWP FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS

The Weapons Effects Test Group conducted three projectsduring Shot MORGAN, as indicated in table 9-1.

Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was conducted by theBallistic Research Laboratories to obtain data on overpressureand dynamic pressure values as a function of time and distancefrom ground zero. The performance of various pressure gauges,

107

measurement devices, and measurement techniques was alsoevaluated. To obtain data, personnel placed self-recordingpressure-time gauges at 13 stations along a blast line between90 and 10,660 meters southeast of ground zero. Personnelreentered the area after the shot to recover the gauges (7; 20).

Table 9-1: TEST GROUP PROJECTS WITH DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEPARTICIPATION, SHOT MORGAN

Project Title Partiopants

Estimated

DODPersonnel


1 1 Basic Alrblast Phenomena

6 5 Effects of Nuclear Detonatgons on Nuke Hercules

Ealllsttc Research Laboratones

White Sands Mlsslle R a n g e , B e l l T e l e p h o n eLabora tones

*

1 8

91 S u p p o r t P h o t o g r a p h y AFSWP, Mllltary Air Transport Service, EG and G 1 5

University of Callfornla Radiation Laboratory Test Group

21 2I I Radlochemtstry S a m p l i n g Unlverslty of Callfornla Radlatlon Laboratory, 4926th 8Test Squadron (Samphng), Air Force SpecialW e a p o n s C e n t e r I I

Cwtl Effects Test Group

398 Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms with lnlttal Bomb U S Naval Medlcal Research Institute *Gamma and Neutron Radlatlon

+ Unknown

Project 6.5, Effects of Nuclear Detonations on NikeHercules, was fielded by personnel from White Sands MissileRange, New Mexico, with assistance from Bell TelephoneLaboratories personnel. The principal objective was toinvestigate the effects of radiation produced by a nucleardetonation on the operational and structural characteristics ofcomponents, materials, and systems of the Nike Hercules guided-missile system. To obtain data, personnel installed standardvacuum-tube and experimental transistorized versions of theguidance system at sites 180, 410, and 670 meters from ground

108

zero. From 2000 to 2330 hours on the day before the detonation,five participants checked equipment at the three sites. From2330 hours on the day before the shot to two hours after thedetonation, 18 personnel manned a radar station ten kilometersfrom ground zero, at UTM coordinates 765031 (17; 25).






Nine personnel established and then manned a photography stationat UTM coordinates 843050 from 0001 on shot-day to 0530 (17).Two or three men also took pictures in an L-20 aircraft operatedby at least three members of the Military Air Transport Service.The L-20 flew a right-hand holding pattern heading east towardground zero at 8,500 feet at the time of detonation. Inaddition, EG and G personnel provided technical photographysupport to AFSWP and the AEC, operating camera stations to recordfireball and cloud growth (9; 17; 24).


Of the three projects conducted by the LASL Test Group andthe ten projects conducted by the UCRL Test Group, only UCRLProject 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, involved DOD personnelparticipation. AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron (Sampling) performedthe cloud-sampling missions required by this project, asdiscussed in section 9.1.4.

109

9.1.3 Department of Defense Participation in Civil Effects TestGroup Projects

Of the three CETG projects conducted at Shot MORGAN, oneinvolved DOD personnel, as shown in table 9-1.

Project 39.8, Depth Dose Studies in Phantoms with InitialBomb Gamma and Neutron Radiation, was fielded by the NavalMedical Research Institute. The objectives of the project wereto determine the relation of the air exposure or incident dose toabsorbed dose, and to determine the distribution of absorbed dosethrough tissue material equivalent to human tissue (36).Personnel installed dosimeters in a masonite phantom, which wasthen placed in the shot area. After the detonation, participantsretrieved the phantom and analyzed the radiation exposureobtained (17; 36; 51).


AFSWC support consisted of cloud-sampling and sample couriermissions in support of the UCRL test group project, and cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and aerial surveys.

Cloud Sampling

Six F-84 aircraft, with one pilot each, collected samples ofthe cloud for UCRL Project 21.2, Radio-chemistry Sampling. AB-57 sampler control aircraft, with one pilot and a scientificadvisor from UCRL, also participated. Pilots of the 4926th TestSquadron (Sampling) flew the seven aircraft (1; 9; 61).

Upon landing, each sampler aircraft taxied to the stripfarthest from base operations where ground personnel used long-handled poles to remove the samples and place them in metalcontainers, which were sent by courier to UCRL. With the missioncomplete, the aircraft and pilots were decontaminated asdescribed the Operation PLUMBBOB volume (1; 9; 61).

1 1 0

Courier Missions

The 4900th Air Base Group from Kirtland Air Force Base con-ducted the courier sample returns. Three C-47 aircraft flewsamples out of Indian Springs AFB to UCRL for analysis (1; 9; 61).

Cloud Tracking

One B-25 low-altitude cloud tracker aborted its missionafter the shot because of communications difficulties (1; 9; 61).

Helicopter Survevs

One hour after the detonation, an H-21 helicopter, with anAFSWC crew of two and at least two REECo radiological safetymonitors, conducted an initial radiological survey of Area 9 andother locations. A second H-21 helocipter, with an AFSWC crew oftwo, a REECo radiological monitor, and UCRL project participants,left the Control Point an hour after the detonation to recoverproject equipment east of Area 9. About two hours after theshot, an H-21 helicopter, with an AFSWC crew of two and REECoradiological safety monitors, conducted a bomb damage surveymission of Area 9. Following the mission, the helicoptersreturned to the helicopter area. Aircraft and crew weremonitored and decontaminated as required (9; 51).

9.2 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT MORGAN

The purpose of the radiation protection procedures developedfor Operation PLUMBBOB was to ensure that participants wouldavoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation whileaccomplishing their missions. Some of the procedures describedin the Operation PLUMBBOB volume resulted in records that enabledthe Nevada Test Organization to evaluate the effectiveness ofits radiation protection programs. The available informationincludes NT0 isointensity contour maps, monitoring data, and someNT0 personnel dosimetrg data. Radiological safety procedures and

111

dosimetrv information for AFSWC personnel are described in theOperation PLUMBBOB volume.

Dosimetrv Records

From 6 to 12 October 1957, including the 7 October detona-tlon of MORGAN, the Personnel Dosimetry Branch issued 286 filmbadges and 147 pocket dosimeters (60). The REECo Onsite SupportReport indicates that ten NTO/DOD personnel received cumulativegamma exposures greater than two roentgens, ranging from 2.03 to3.59 roentgens. Among the ten personnel, one was from AFSWP, twowere cloud samplers, and seven were other AFSWC personnel. Threeof the latter group had cumulative exposures over three roentgens(54; 60).

Logistics

The Logistics Branch issued protective clothing and suppliesto 249 personnel. These supplies included coveralls, shoecovers, respirators, and other items (60).


Five minutes after the detonation, seven monitors travelingby vehicle performed the initial ground survey of the shot area.The survey took about one hour to complete. Resurveys were madesix hours after the detonation and again on 8, 9, and 10 October(60).

The initial helicopter survey team, with an AFSWC crew oftwo and at least two REECo monitors, departed from the ControlPoint helicopter pad at 0630 hours, 90 minutes after the detona-tion. Aerial resurveys were not made for Shot MORGAN because theTest Director's radiological safety adviser determined that thenecessary measurements could be obtained from ground resurveys(51; 60). The highest radiation intensity was 75 R/h,encountered 500 feet above ground zero 100 minutes after thedetonation.

112


Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. Figure 9-lshows a copy of the initial contour map, with a mid-time of 0545hours. Figure 9-2 presents copies of the isointensity mapsresulting from resurveys on 7 to 10 October (60).

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological Exclu-sion Areas, defined in the Operation PLUMBBOB volume. ThePlotting and Briefing Branch also issued the access permitsrequired for entry into these areas. From 7 through 9 October,access permits were issued to a total of 93 individuals involvedin a total of 15 projects (60).


During the period covering Shot MORGAN, personnel of theDecontamination Branch decontaminated 93 vehicles (60).

113

/’/ l

‘7’ .... l

. L.. e

. .

. I :. .l

. I ..

. ..

l ..* .*

IMeters

1. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h

0 1000 - - - - - - OlRih

-.-.-.- 10Rih

,

N

Stake Lmes

Figure 9-1: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT MORGAN,7 OCTOBER 1957, MID-TIME 0545

1 1 4

Meters

0 1000

7 October 1957, Mid-Time 1112

L

Meters

0 loo0

8 October 1957, Mid-Time 0648

PN

PN

0 1000

9 October 1957, Mid-Time 0700 10 October 1957, Mid-Time. 0928

Stake Lines

. . . . . . . . . 0 01 R/h

me---- 0 lR/h

-.-.-.- lOR/h

Figure 9-2: SUBSEQUENT SURVEYS FOR SHOT MORGAN

115

116

REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the WHEELERthrough MORGAN volume. When a DASA-WT orDNA-WT document is followed by an EX, thelatest version has been cited. Thebibliography of documents consulted duringthe preparation of the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolumes is contained in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume.

The WHEELER through MORGAN volume wascompleted after the publication of the seriesvolume. References 11-17, 24, 39, 44-50, and59 do not appear in the PLUMBBOB Seriesbibliography.

117

4VAIL4BILITY INFORMATION

An availabilitv statement has been included at the end ofthe reference citation for those readers who wish to read orobtain copies of source documents. The following addresses arebeing provided for that purpose.

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of CIC,mav be reviewed at the following address:

Department of EnergvCoordination and Information Center(Operated bv Revnolds Electrical Rr Engineering Co., Inc.)ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutlev2 7 5 3 s . HighlandP.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents, bearing an availabilitv statement of NTIS,may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.When ordering bv mail or phone please include both the price codeand the NTIS number. The price code appears in parenthesesbefore the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service5285 Port Roval Road Phone: (703) 487-4650Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bvwriting to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service or calling(703) 487-4660.

118

MULTI-SHOT VOLUME REFERENCE LIST:SHOTS WHEELER THROUGH MORGAN

1. Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Force SpecialWeapons Center Operation Plan l-57-EX, OperationPLUMBBOB." Kirtland, NM.: AFSWC. 1 March 1980.139 Pages. (A07) AD/A995 031.*

2 . Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary Report for WHEELER Event. Mercury,NV.: AFSWC, ASG. 7 September 1957. 6 Pages.**

3. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for LA PLACE Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 9 September 1957. 5 Pages.**

4. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for FIZEAU Event. Mercurv, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 16 September 1957. 4 Pages.**

5. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for NEWTON Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 17 September 1957. 3 Pages.**

6. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for RAINIER Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 20 September 1957. 2 Pages.**

7. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for WHITNEY Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 22 September 1957. 3 Pages.**

8. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for CHARLESTON Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 29 September 1957. 3 Pages.**

9. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Air Support Group. AirMission Summary for MORGAN Event. Mercury, NV.:AFSWC, ASG. 7 October 1957. 2 Pages.**

10. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex V to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,WHEELER. Mercury, NV.: AEC. August 29, 1957.9 Pages. CTDN-233.**

*Available from NTIS; order number appears before the asterisk.**Available at CIC.

***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests sub;iect to Privacy Act restrictions.

119

11. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex Y to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,LA PLACE. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 5, 1957.11 Pages. CTDN-255.**

12. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex Z to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,WHITNEY. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 7, 1957.10 Pages. CTDN-256.**

13. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex BB to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,FIZEAU. Mercurv, NV.: AEC. September 7, 1957.13 Pages. CTDN-259.**

14. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex CC to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,NEWTON. Mercurv, NV.: AEC. September 11, 1957.11 Pages. CTDN-260.**

15. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex DD to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,CHARLESTON. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 14, 1957.11 Pages. CTDN-262.**

16. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex EE to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,RAINIER. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 15, 1957.5 Pages. CTDN-266.**

17. Atomic Energy Commission. Annex FF to Test Director'sOperation Plan No. CTDN-22: Special Instructions,MORG4N. Mercury, NV.: AEC. September 28, 1957.11 Pages. CTDN-269.**

18. DELETED.

19. Bastian, C .; Robbiani, R. "Radar Detection and Observationof Nuclear Clouds, Part II: Desert Rock VII and VIII,Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 50.3." 1J.S. Army, SignalResearch and Development Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth,NJ.: ASRDL-TR-2077. 2 November 1959. 50 Pages.(AO3) AD 344 156.*


***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

120

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. Basic Airblast Phenomena, Project1.1. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA.WT-1401. June 1962. 202 Pages. (AlO) AD 344 935.*

Chiment, J.A.; Goetz, J. "Neutron and Gamma Radiation fromShot LA PLACE, Operation PLUMBBOB, Program 2."Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1541.November 1959. 9 Pages.***

Corsbie, R. "Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test GroupSummaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG. May 19, 1957.69 Pages. (A08) AD/B951 587.*

Edgerton, Germeshausen 8 Grier, Inc. Gamma Dosimetry byFilm Badge Techniques, Project 39.la. Civil EffectsTest Group. Washington, D.C.: DNA. WT-1466-EX.January 1981. 103 Pages. (A06) AD/A995 091.*/**

Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc. TechnicalPhotography, Project 9.1 (U). Albuquerque, NM.:Field Command, AFSWP. WT-1539. July 1958.200 Pages.***

Elder, G. "Effects of Nuclear Detonation on NIKE HERCULES,Operation PLUMBBOB, Project 6.5." White SandsMissile Range. 1960.***

Evans, W. A. History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) inOperation PLUMBBOB. Air Force Special Weapons Center,Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.June 1958. 128 Pages.***

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "OperationalSummary: Operation PLUMBBOB." Washington, D.C.:DNA. WT-1444-EX. October 1979. 73 Pages. (AD4)AD/B951 751.*

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. TechnicalSummary of Military Effects, Programs l-9, OperationPLUMBBOB. Washington, D.C.: DNA. WT-1445-EX.October 1979. 228 Pages. (All) AD 995 075.*

General Electric Company--Tempo. Compilation of LocalFallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Vol. 1:"Continental US Tests." Washington, D.C.: DNA1251-l-EX. 1979. 351 Pages. (A16) AD/A079 310.*


***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

121

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Gerster, M. The Special Weapons Center and Atomic Testing.Air Force Special Weapons Center. Kirtland AFB, NM.:AFSWC. January 1957. 305 Pages.K242.01-K242.04.***

Halsey, J.; Barton, M. "Spectra of Ground Shocks Producedby Nuclear Detonations, Operation PLUMBBOB, Project1.9." Air Research and Development Command.Inglewood, CA.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1487.[ 1959.1 40 Pages. (A03) AD 491 311.*

Headquarters, Exercise Desert Rock. Operation OrderNumbers 20 and 21, Desert Rock VII and VIII: WHEELERand LA PLACE. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 28 August 1957.30 Pages.***

Headquarters, Sixth Army. Exercise Desert Rock VII andVIII: Final Report of Onerations. Presidio of SanFrancisco, CA.:' Sixth US Army. AG-S-9531.November 1957. 69 Pages. (A04) AD/A077 515.i2

Houghten, R.; Harvey, R. Accuracv and Reliability of aShort-Baseline NAROL System, Project 6.4. Air ForceCambridge Research Center. Washington, D.C.: DNA.ITR-1438-EX. February 1980. 78 Pages.(AO5) AD 995 005.*

Hurst, G. S.; Ritchie, R. H. Radiation Dosimetry for HumanExposures, Project 39.5. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak RidgeNational Laboratory. WT-1504. September 1958.147 Pages. (AO7) AD/B951 581.*

Imirie, G. W.; Bond, V. P.; Either, M.; et al. "Depth-DoseStudies in Phantoms with Initial Bomb Gamma and NeutronRadiation, Project 39.8." Naval Medical ResearchInstitute and CETG. Oak Ridge, TN.: AEC TechnicalInformation Service Extension. WT-1508. October1958. 61 Pages. (A03) AD/B951 725.*

[Johnson, G. W.] Test Director's Report on OperationPLUMBBOB. Universitv of California RadiationLaboratory. [Washington, D.C.: DNA.]UCRL-5166-EX. February 1980. 96 Pages. (A05)AD/A995 021.*/**


***Not available, see 4vailabilitg Information page.****Requests subject to Privacy Act restrictions.

122

38. Larson, K. H. Distribution, Characteristics, and BioticAvailability of Fallout, Operation PLUMBBOB, Projects37.1, 37.2, 37.3, and 37.6. University of California,School of Medicine. Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command,DASA. WT-1488. July 1966. 276 pages. (Al3)AD/A077 509.*

39. Lexington Signal Depot, Photo Dosimetrv Team. Film BadgeService Radiation Report, Exercise Desert Rock VII andVIII. Army Signal Corps. Lexington Signal Depot,KY. 1957. Microfilm Reels #l-5.****

#l Visitors Bureau; Company "B" 84th EngineerBattalion; 1st Battle Group, 12th InfantryDivision; et al.

#2 Pro,jects 50.1, 50.3, 50.5, 50.8, 51.1, 53.4;Company "C," 1st Battle Group; 232nd SignalCompany; et al.

#3 Project 53.4; Transportation Companies; Detachment3; et al.

#4 Projects 50.1 and 50.8; 84th Engineer Battalion;Quartermaster Units; et al.

#5 Projects 50.3, 50.8, and 53.4; 1st Battle Group,12th Infantry Division; 8th TransportationCompany; et al.

40. Office of Test Information. "Background Information onNevada Nuclear Tests." Mercury, NV.: Nevada TestOrganization. July 15, 1957. 72 Pages.**

41. Pickering, J.; Williams, D.; Melville, G. "BiologicalEffects of Nuclear Radiation on the Monkey: Two-yearEvaluation, Project 39.6," (Supplement 1). OakRidge, TN.: ORNL. June 1959. 51 Pages. WT-1542.(A04) AD 611 247.*

42. Pickering, J. Memorandum for AMD/RDR, Subject: U.S. AirForce School of Aerospace Medicine Involvement inAtmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests. Brooks AFB, TX.8 June 1978. 4 Pages.****



123

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

Reeves, J. Operation PLUMBBOB, Report of Test Manager,Nevada Test Site. Atomic Energy Commission. 3rd ed.Washington, D. C.: DNA. February 1980. 493 Pages.(A21) AD/A995 083.*

Revnolds Electrical IL Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for WHEELER(September 5 - September 6, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 26 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical Ilr Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for LA PLACE(September 7 - September 12, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 27 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for RAINIER(September 19, 1957). Mercury, NV.: REECo. 1957.5 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical Ilr Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for FIZEAU(September 13 - September 14, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 27 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for NEWTON(September 16 - September 21, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.**

Revnolds Electrical W Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for WHITNEY(September 22 - September 26, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for CHARLESTON(September 27 - October 5, 1957). Mercury, NV.:REECo. 1957. 21 Pages.**

Reynolds Electrical (L Engineering Company, Inc. Extractsfrom: Rad-Safe Support Activities for MORGAN (October6 - October 12, 1957). Mercury, NV.: REECo. 1957.18 Pages.**


***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests subject to Privacv Act restrictions.

124

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

Richards, W.; Watson, B. Operations of the Fallout Groupof Project 50.3. U.S. Army Signal Research andDevelopment Laboratory. Ft. Monmouth, NJ.:SRDL-20-TR-581. 15 August 1960. 77 Pages. (A05)AD 252 267.*

Robotti, J. After Action Reports by Technical ServicesChiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB, Camp Desert Rock VII andVIII. Camp Desert Rock, NV. 1957. 150 Pages.AD/A080 236.*

Science Applications, Inc. Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis:Exercise Desert Rock VII-VIII. McLean, VA.: SAI.February 1981. 345 Pages.****

Sigoloff, S. C.; Logie, L.; Borells, H.; et al. "RadiationMeasurements Utilizing the USAF Chemical Dosimeters,Project 39.1." Randolph AFB, TX.: U.S. Air ForceSchool of Aerospace Medicine. WT-1500. November1958. 66 Pages. (A04) AD 339 464.*

Taylor, L. B. History of the Air Force Atomic CloudSampling. Volume I: "Narrative." Volume 2:*Appendix." Air Force Special Weapons Center.Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC: January 1963. 330 Pages.K242.04-8.***

The Artillery and Guided Missile School. "Detection ofAtomic Burst and Radioactive Fallout, Plan of TroopTest (U)." Fort Sill, OK.: A&GM School. 15 April1957. 132 Pages.***

US Army Artillery and Missile School. Detection of AtomicBurst and Radioactive Fallout, Final Report (U). FortSill, OK.: USAAMS. December 1957. 364 Pages.***

US Army Artillery and Missile School. "SupplementaryReport; Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout (U)." Fort Sill, OK.: USAAMS. 13 December1957. 55 Pages.***

Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. Operation PLUMBBOB OnsiteRadiological Safety Support Report. Las Vegas, NM.:REECo. OTO-57-2. 1957. 193 Pages. (AO9)AD/A077 488.*



125

61. 4950th Test Group (Nuclear). Final Report: OperationPLUMBBOB. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 21 October1957. 167 Pages. AD/A 995 104.*/**


***Not available, see Availability Information page.****Requests sub,ject to Privacy Act restrictions.

126

DISTRIBUTION LIST

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Armed Forces Staff CollegeATTN: Library

Assistant Secretary of Defense, Public AffairsATTN: PA0

Defense Nuclear AgencyATTN: PA0ATTN: GCATTN: BA

5 cy ATTN: NTPR25 cy ATTN: TITL

Defense Technical Information Center12 cy ATTN: DD

Field CommandDefense Nuclear Agency

ATTN. FCLSATTN: FCTT, W. SummaATTN FCLS, MaJ D. NortonATTN. FCTT, G. Ganong

Interservice Nuclear Weapons SchoolATTN. TTV

National Defense UniversityATTN: ICAF Tech Library

Assistant to the Secretary of DefenseAtomic Energy

ATTN: Military ApplicationsATTN: Executive Assistant

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Army LibraryATTN: Military Dot Set

Army Nuclear Test Personnel Review2 cy ATTN: DAAG-AMR-R TAG0

U.S Army Center of Military HistoryATTN: DAMH-HSO

U.S. Army Chemical SchoolATTN. ATZN-CM-CSATTN: ATZN-CM-AL

U S. Army Comd & General Staff CollegeATTN: Library

U.S. Army War CollegeATTN: Library

U.S Army Nuclear & Chemical AgencyATTN. Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Aviation History UnitDepartment of the Navy

ATTN: Library

Bureau of Medicine and SurgeryDepartment of the Navy

ATTN: Asst for Med Surgery

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

James Carson Breckinridge LibraryDepartment of the Navy

ATTN: Library Div

Marine Corps Nuclear Test Personnel ReviewATTN: Code MSRB-60

Merchant Marine AcademyATTN: Director of Libraries

Naval Aviation School CommandATTN: Library

Naval Hospital Corps SchoolATTN: Library

Naval Ocean Systems CenterATTN: Library

Naval Oceanographic OfficeATTN: Code 025, Historian

Naval Postgraduate SchoolATTN: Code 1424, Library

Naval Research LaboratoryATTN: Library

Naval SchoolNaval Construction Battalion Center

ATTN: Commanding Officer

Naval School of Health SciencesATTN: Library

Naval Sea Systems CommandATTN: Nuclear Technology Dlv

Naval Surface Weapons CenterATTN: Library

Naval War CollegeATTN. Professor 8 Libraries

Naval Weapons CenterATTN: Code 233

Naval Weapons Evaluation FacilityATTN: Library

Navy Dept LibraryATTN: Librn

Navy Nuclear Power SchoolATTN: Library

Navy Nuclear Test Personnel Review2 cy ATTN. W. Loeffler

U.S. Naval AcademyNirnitz Library

ATTN: Documents & Reports Dept

Marine Corps BaseATTN: Document Custodian

127

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY (Continued)

Office of the Judge Adv GenDepartment of the Navy

ATTN: Code 73

Marine Corps Historical Center2 cy ATTN: Code HDH-2

U.S. Merchant Marine AcademyATTN. Librn

U.S. Naval Air Station LibraryDepartment of the Navy

ATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE- - -

Academy Library DFSELDU.S. Air Force Academy

ATTN. Library

Aerospace Defense CommandATTN. Historian

Air Force Communications CommandATTN. Historian

Air Force Institute of TechnologyATTN. Library

Air Force Logistics CommandATTN: Historian

Air Force Nuclear Test Personnel ReviewATTN HQ USAF/SGES

Air Force School of Aerospace MedicineATTN. Strughold Library

Air Force Systems CommandATTN. Historian

Air Force Technical Applications CenterATTN Historian

Air Force Weapons LaboratoryAir Force Systems Command

ATTN Tech Library

Air National GuardATTN Historian

Alt- Training CommandATTN Historian

Air University LibraryDepartment of the Air Force

ATTN AUL-LSE

Military Air Lift CommandATTN Historian

Commander-in-ChiefPacific Air Forces

ATTN Historian

Tactical Air CommandDepartment of the Air Force

ATTN Historian

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE (Continued)

Strategic Air CommandDepartment of the Air Force

ATTN: NRI-STINFO LibraryATTN: Historian

U.S. Air Force Occupational & Env Health LabATTN: NTPR

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Department of EnergyATTN: DMA

Department of EnergyNevada Operations Office

ATiN: Health Physics Dlv2 cy ATTN: R. Nutley

Department of EnergyHuman Health & Assessments Division

ATTN: EV-31

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

Centers for Disease ControlU.S. Public Health Service

ATTN: G. Caldwell

Central Intelligence AgencyATTN: Office of Medical Services

Department of Health & Human SvcsATTN: Office of General Counsel

Exec Oft of The PresidentManagement & Budget Off Lib

ATTN: I-ibrn

Library of CongressATTN: Library Service DivisionATTN: Science & Technology DlvATTN: Serial & Govt Publication

National Atomic MuseumATTN: Historian

Department of CommerceNational Bureau of Standards

ATTN: Librn

National Technical Information Service12 cy ATTN: Customer Services

Occupational Safety & Health AdminATTN: C. Wright

Office of Health & Disability (ASPER)ATTN: R. Copeland

Oft of Workers Compensation ProgramDepartment of Labor

ATTN. R. Larson

U.S. Coast Guard Academy LibraryATTN. Librn

U.S. House of RepresentativesATTN: Conittee on Armed Svcs

128

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

U.S. House of RepresentativesCommittee on Interstate & Foreign Commerce

ATTN: Subcommittee on Health & Envir

U.S. Military AcademyATTN: Director of Libraries

U.S. SenateCommittee on Armed Services

ATTN: Commttee on Veterans Affairs

U.S. SenateATTN: Committee on Veterans Affairs

Veterans Administration-R0Providence, RI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Montgomery, AL

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Anchorage, AK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Phoenix, AZ

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Little Rock, AR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Los Angeles, CA

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Denver, CO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Hartford, CT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Wilmington, DE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-OFC CentralWashington, D. C.

ATTN: Dept Veterans Benefit, Central OftATTN: DirectorATTN. Board of Veteran Appeal

Veterans Administration-R0St. Petersburg, FL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Atlanta, GA

ATTN: Director


Veterans Administration-R0Honolulu, HI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Chicago, IL

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Seattle, WA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Indianapolis, IN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Des Moines, IA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Wichita, KS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Louisville, KY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0New Orleans, LA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Togus, ME

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Baltimore, MD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Boston, MA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0St. Paul, MN

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Jackson, MS

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Huntington, WV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0St. Louis, MO

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Ft. Harrison, MT

ATTN: Director

National ArchivesATTN: Librn

129


Veterans Administration-R0Lincoln, NE

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Reno, NV

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Manchester, NH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Newark, NJ

ATTN. Director

Veterans Administration-R0Milwaukee, WI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Albuquerque, NM

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-ROBuffalo, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0New York, NY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Winston-Salem, NC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-ROFargo, ND

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Cleveland, OH

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnlstration-ROMuskogee, OK

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Portland, OR

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnlstration-ROPittsburgh, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Philadelphia, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnistratlon-ROSan Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN: Director


Veterans Administration-R0Columbia, SC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Sioux Falls, SD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Houston, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Waco, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Salt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Admlnlstraiton-ROWhite River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Cheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Boise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Detroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Nashville, TN

ATTN: Director

The White HouseATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Lawrence Liver-more National LabATTN: Tech Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National LabATTN: LibraryATTN: ADPA MMS 195

Sandia National LabATTN: W. HerefordATTN: Central Library

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., IncATTN: CICATTN: W. Brady

130

OTHER

Adams State CollegeATTN: Librn

Akron Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & HistoryATTN: Military Records Div

University of AlabamaATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg)

University of Alaska Library at AnchorageATTN. Librn

University of AlaskaATTN. Dir of Libraries

Albany Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Alexander City State Jr CollegeATTN: Librn

Allegheny CollegeATTN. Librn

Allen County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Altoona Area Public LibraryATTN: Librn

American Statistics IndexCongressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN. Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

College of WoosterATTN. Gov Cots

Angelo State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Angelo Iacoboni Public LibraryATTn!: Librn

Anoka County LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Appdlachian State UnlVerSitYATTN: Library DOCS

Arizona State University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of ArizonaATTN: Gov Dot Dept/C. Bower

Arkansas College LibraryATTN: Library

Brooklyn CollegeATTN: Dot Dlv

OTHER (Continued)

Arkansas Library CommATTN: Library

Arkansas State UniversityATTN: Library

University of ArkansasATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin CollegeATTN: Librn

Atlanta Public LibraryATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta UniversityATTN: Librn

Auburn University Library et Mongomery (Reg)ATTN: Librn

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island UniversityATTN: Librn

Bangor Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Bates College LibraryATTN: Librn

Baylor University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College LibrariesATTN: Serials Dots Dept

BemidJi State CollegeATTN: Library

State University CollegeATTN: Gov Dots

Akron UniversityATTN: Gov Dots

Boston Public LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Bowdoin CollegeATTN: Librn

Bowling Green State Un

Reg)

i versityATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley UniversityATTN: Librn

Brandeis University LibraryATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Librn

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Dots Collection

Brookhaven National LaboratoryATTN: Tech Library

131

OTHER (Continued)

Carnegie Library of PittsburghATTN: Librn

Carnegie Mellon UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Casper CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Central FloridaATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan UniversityATTN: Library Dots Set

Central Missouri State UnivATTN: Gov Dots

Central State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN: Librn

GTHER (continued)

Broward County Library SysATTN: Llbrn

Brown UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Bucknell UniversityATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public LibraryATTN. Librn

State University Library of California at FresnoATTN: Library

University Library of California at Los AngelesATTN. Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots

University of California at San DIegoATTN: Dots Dept

State College Library of California at StanlslausATTN. Library

California State Polytechnic University LibraryATTN: Librn

California State University at NorthridgeATTN: Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)ATTN. Librn

California State Unlverslty at Long Beach LibraryATTN: Librn

California State UniversityRTTN' Llbrn

California State UniversityATTN: Librn

California Llnlverslty LibraryATTN. Gov Pub Dept

California Lnlverslty LibraryATTN: Librn

Callfornla Unlversxty LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Dept

California University LibraryATTN: Dots Set

University of CallfornlaATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Calvin College LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Kearney State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Charleston County LibraryATTN: Librn

Charlotte & flechlenburg County Public LibraryATTN: E. Correll

Chatta;y;;a H;:;;;on County, Bicentennial Library

Chesapeake Public Library SystemATTN: Librn

Chicago Public LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of ChicagoATTN. Librn

Chicago University LibraryATTN: Dir of LibrariesATTN: Dots Processing

Cincinnati University LibraryATTN Llbrn

Claremont Colleges LibrariesATTN: Dot Collection

Clemson UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cambrla County Library SysATTN: Llbrn

Carleton College LibraryATTN. Librn

132

OTHER (Continued1

Cleveland Public LibraryATTN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Coe LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University LibraryATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University LibrariesATTN: Librn

University of Colorado LibrariesATTN: Dir of Libraries

Columbia University LibraryATTN: Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public LibraryATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton LibraryATTN: Librn

Connecticut State Library (Reg)ATTN: Llbrn

University of ConnecticutATTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of ConnecticutATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cornell University LibraryATTN: Librn

Corpus Christi State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Culver City LibraryATTN: Librn

Curry College LibraryATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at AshevilleATTN. Llbrn

Dallas County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dallas Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College LibraryATTN: Librn

Dartmouth CollegeATTN: Librn

Davenport Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Davidson CollegeATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Dayton & Montgomery City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of DaytonATTN: Librn

Decatur Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dekalb Community College So CpusATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw UniversityATTN: Librn

University of DelawareATTN: Librn

Delta College LibraryATTN: Librn

Delta State UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Denison University LibraryATTN: Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)ATTN: Librn

Detroit Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Burlington LibraryATTN Librn

Dickinson State CollegeATTN: Librn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University & Co11ATTN: Librn

Drake UniversityATTN: Cowles Library

Drew UniversityATTN: Librn

-Duke University

ATTN: Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Public LibraryATTN. Dots Set

East Carolina UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

East Central UniversityATTN. Librn

East Islip Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

133

OTHER (Continued1-__

East Orange Public LibraryATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State Unlverslty Sherrod LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

OTHER (Continued1

Florida Institute of TechnologyATTN: Library

Florida International University LibraryATTN: Dots Set

East Texas State University Florida State LibraryATTN: Library ATTN: Dots Set

Monmouth County Library Eastern BranchATTN: Librn

Eastern Illinois UniversityATTN. Librn

Eastern Kentucky UniversityATTN. Llbrn

Eastern Michigan University LibraryATTN: Library

Florida State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of FloridaATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Ft Hays State UniversityFt Hays Kansas State College

ATTN: LibrnEastern Montana College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Eastern Oregon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Eastern Washington UniversityATTN: Llbrn

El Paso Public LibraryATTN. Dots & Geneology Dept

Elko County LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Elmira CollegeATTN: Librn

Elon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free LibraryATTN: Dots Oft

Emory UniversityATT"{: Llbrn

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Everett Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Fairleigh Dickinson UniversityATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Florida Atlantic University LibraryATTN: Div of Pub Dots

.

Ft Worth Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Free Public Library of ElizabethATTN: Librn

Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Freeport Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Fresno Cty Free LibraryATTN: Librn

Gadsden Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Garden Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Gardner Webb CollegeATTN. Dots Library

Gary Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Geauga Cty Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Georgetown Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgia Institute of TechnologyATTN: Llbrn

Georgia Southern CollegeATTN: Librn

Georgia Southwestern CollegeATTN: Dir of Libraries

Georgia State University LibraryATTN: Librn

134

DTHER (Continued)

University of GeorgiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State CollegeATTN: Librn

Gleeson LibraryATTN: Librn

Graceland CollegeATTN: Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County LibraryATTN: Librn

Grand Rapids Public LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County LibraryATTN: Librn

Grinnell College LibraryATTN: Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University LibraryATTN: Fed Depository Co11

University of GuamATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus CollegeATTN: Librn

South Dakota UniversityATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simmons University LibraryATTN: Librn

Hartford Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at MonoaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of HawaiiHilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns LibraryATTN: Librn

Hennepin County LibraryATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College LibraryATTN: Librn

OTHER (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman CollegeATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins CollegeATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Cotnnunity CollegeATTN: Librn

Wagner CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Houston LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Tulane UniversityATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park LibraryATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information CenterATTN: Librn

Idaho State LibraryATTN: Librn

Idaho State University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of IdahoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-ChampaignATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Cotmnunity CollegeATTN: Library

Illinois State UniversityATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State UniversityATTN: Dots Library

135

OTHER 'Continued)---'

Indiana University LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public LibraryATTN Social Science Dlv

Iowa State Un~vers1t.y LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa Univeqity LibraryA T T N . GOV DOCS Dept

Butler UniversityATTN Librn

Isaac Delchdo CollegeATTN: Librn

James Madison UniversityATTN: Librn

Jefferson County Public LibraryCakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State CollegeATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Dot Set

Johns tiopkins UniversityATTN. Dots Library

La Roche CollegeATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Kalamazoo Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Kansas City Public LibraryATTN: Dots Dlv

Kansas State LibraryATTN: Librn

Kansas State University LibraryATTN: Dots Deot

University of KansasATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

University of TexasfiTTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime AcademyATTN: Librn

GTHER (Continued)

Kent State University LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Kentucky Dept of Library & ArchivesATTN: Dots Set

University of KentuckyATTN: Gov Pub DeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Lake Forest CollegeATTN: I-ibrn

Lake Sumter Community College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Lakeland Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional LibraryATTN: Librn

Lawrence UniversityATTN: Dots Dept

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Dots & Map Set

Lewis University LibraryATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham CollegeATTN. Librn

Little Rock Public LibraryATTN: I-ibrn

Long Beach Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public LibraryATTN: Serials Div U.S. Dots

Louisiana State UniversityATTN: Gov Dot DeptATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Louisville University LibraryATTN: Librn

Hoover InstltutlonATTN: J. BinghamUniversity of Maine

ATTN Librn

136

OTHER (Continued)

Manchester City LibraryATTN: I-ibrn

Mankato State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at FarmingtonATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Principia CollegeATTN: Librn

University of MarylandATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

Unlverslty of MarylandATTN: Librn

University of MassachusettsATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public LibraryKahului Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State UniversityATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memohis State UniversityATTN: Librn

Mercer UniversityATTN: Librn

Mesa County PublicATTN: Librn

Library

Miami Dade Community CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Miami LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Miami University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa ClaraATTN: Dots Div

Michig;;T;tate+Library: Librn

Michig~fT~Fat~,~~~versity Library

MurrayA:+;te Uyiversity Library; Lib

CTHER (Continued)

Michigan Tech UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of MichiganATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College LibraryATTN: Librn

Millersville State CollegeATTN: Librn

State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of MinnesotaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State CollegeATTN: Librn

Mississippi State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of MississippiATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City GeneralATTN: Librn

University of Missouri LibraryATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. LibrariesATTN: Librn

Mobile Public LibraryATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern UniversityATTN: Librn

Montana State LibraryATTN: Librn

Montana State University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of MontanaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello LibraryATTN: Librn

Moorhead State CollegeAl-TN: Library

Mt Prospect Public LibraryATTN: Cov't Info Ctr

137

UTHER (Contin?

Nassau Library SystemATTN: Librn

Natrona County Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Nebraska Library CommunityNebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN Llbrn

University of Nebraska at OmahaATTN: Univ Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College LibraryATTN. Llbrn

University of NebraskaATTN Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska LibraryATTN Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las VegasATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University LibraryATTN Librn

New Hanover County Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

New Mexico State LibraryATTN: Llbrn

New Mexico State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots DIV

University of New MexicoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Unlverslty of New Orleans LibraryATTN Gov Dots Dlv

New Orleans Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

New Yorh Public LibraryATTN Librn

New York State LibraryATTN Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony BrookATTN. Main Lib Dots Set

State Unlverslty of New York Co1 Memorial Libat Cortland

ATTN. Llbrn

State University of New YorkATTN ..ib Dots Set

North Texas State University LibraryATTII Llbrn

DTHER (Continued)

State University of New YorkATTN: Ljbrn

New York State UniversityATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New YorkATTN. Dots Dept

New York University LibraryATTN Dots Dept

Newark Free LibraryATTN: Librn

Newark Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University LibraryATTN. Dots Div

Nieves M Flores Memorial LibraryATTN Llbrn

Norfolk Public LibraryATTN. R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech StateUniversity

ATTN. Llbrn

University of North Carolina at CharlotteATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at GreensboroATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN Llbrn

North Carolina Central UniversityATTN. Llbrn

North Carolina State UniversityATTN Llbrn

University of North CarolinaATTN BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University LibraryATTN: Dots Librn

University of North DakotaATTN: Librn

North Ceorhia CollegeATTN: LTbrn

Minnesota Div cf Emergency SvcsATTN: Librn

138

DTHER (Continued) OTHER (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State UniversityATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State UniversityATTN. Llbrn

Northeastern UniversityATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan UniversityATTN. Dots

Northern Montana College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Northwestern Michigan CollegeATTN: Llbrn

Northwestern State UniversityATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University LibraryATTN Librn

Northwestern University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Library

University of Notre DameATTN- Dot Ctr

Oakland Community CollegeATTN: Llbrn

Oakland Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Oberlin College LibraryATTN: Librn

Ocean County CollegeATTN: Librn

Ohio State LibraryATTN: Librn

Ohro State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots DIV

Ohio University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City Unlverslty LibraryATTN: Librn

Oklahoma Department of LibrariesATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of OklahomaATTN: Dots DIV

Old Dominion UniversityATTN: Dot Dept Unlv Lib

Ollvet College LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Omaha Public Library Clark BranchATTN: Llbrn

Onondaga County Public LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State LibraryATTN. Llbrn

University of OregonATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist UniversityATTN: Librn

Pan American University LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Passaic Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Queens CollegeATTN: Dots Deot

Pennsylvania State LibraryATTN. Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State UniversityATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of PennsylvaniaATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of DenverATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public LibraryATTN. Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of PhiladelphiaATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public LibraryATTN: Library

Phoenix Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

University of PittsburghATTN: Dots Office, G8

Plainfield Public LibraryATTN: Librn

139

( C o n t i n u e d )OTHER

Popular Creek Public Library DistrictATTN: Librn

Association of Portland LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Portland Public LibraryATTN Librn

Portland State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute LibraryATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech UniversityATTN Librn

Princeton University LibraryATTN: Oocs Oiv

Providence CollegeATTN: Llbrn

Providence Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton CountyATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson CountyATTN: Llbrn

University of Puerto RicoATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Quinebaug Valley Community CollegeATTN: Llbrn

Auburn UniversityATTh Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Reading Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Reed College LlbraryATTN Llbrn

Augusta CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode IslandATTN. Dir of Libraries

Rice UniversityATTN Dir of Libraries

Louisiana College4TTN: Llbrn

OTHER (Continued)

Richland County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Riverside Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of Rochester LibraryATTN Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden LibraryATTN: Librn

State University of RutgersATTN. Llbrn

Rutgers UniversityATTN. Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College LibraryATTN: Librn

Samford UniversityATTN: Librn

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

San

Antonio Public LibraryATTN. Bus Science & Tech Dept

Diego County LibraryATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

Diego Public LibraryATTN Librn

Diego State University LibraryATTN. Gov Pubs Dept

Francisco Public LibraryATTN. Gov Dots Dept

Francisco State CollegeATTN. Gov Pubs Co11

Jose State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Luis Dbispo City-County Library4TTN Librn

Savannah Public & Efflngham Liberty RegionalLibrary

ATTN: Librn

Scottsbluff Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Scranton Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Seattle Public LibraryATTN- Ref Dots Asst

140

OTHER (Continued)- -

Selby Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Shawnee Library SystemATTN: Llbrn

Shreve Memorial LibraryATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Sioux City Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Skidmore CollegeATTN. Librn

Slippery Rock State College LibraryATTN. Librn

South Carolina State LibraryATTN Llbrn

University of South CarolinaATTN: Librn

University of South CarolinaATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical LibraryATTN Llbrn

South Dakota State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South DakotaATTN. Dots Llbrn

South Florida University LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Southeast Missouri State UniversityATTN. Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University LibraryATTN. Dots Set

University of Southern AlabamaATTN Librn

Southern California University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State CollegeATTN: Library

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Llbrn

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Oocs Ctr

Southern Methodist UniversityATTN: Librn

University of Southern MississippiATTN: Library

OTHER (Continued)

Southern Oregon CollegeATTN. Library

Southern University in New Orleans LibraryATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College LibraryATTN. Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State CollegeATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana LibrariesATTN: Librn

Southwestern UniversityATTN. Librn

Spokane Public LibraryATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City LibraryATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure UniversityATTN. Librn

St Joseph Public LibraryATTN. Librn

St Lawrence UniversityATTN. Librn

St Louis Public LibraryATTN Librn

St Paul Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Stanford University LibraryATTN Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot LibraryATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of MassachusettsATTN. Llbrn

State University of New YorkATTN Llbrn

Stetson UniversityATTN. Llbrn

University of SteubenvilleATTN Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public LibraryATTN. Librn

Stockton State College LibraryATTN Librn

Albion CollegeATTN Gov Dots Librn

141

OTHER_-~ Qontlnued) OTHER (Continued)

Superior Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College LibraryATTN. Ref Dept

Syracuse University LibraryATTN: Dots Dlv

Tacoma Public LibraryATTN: Llbrn

Hlllsborouqh County Public Library at TampaATTN: Llbrn

Temple UniversityATTN- Llbrn

Tennessee Technological UniversityATTN. Llbrn

University of TennesseeATT?\. Dir of Libraries

College of IdahoATT?,: Librn

Texas A & M University LibraryATTh. Librn

University of Texas at ArlingtonATTA: Library Dots

Unlverslty of Texas at San AntonioATTFI Library

Texas Christian UniversityATTh: Llbrn

Texas State LibraryATTh: U S. Dots Set

Texas Tech Unlverslty LibraryATTN Gov Dots Dept.

Texas University at AustinATTN. Dots Co11

University of Toledo LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Toledo Public LibraryATTN. Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Traverse City Public LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Trenton Free Public LibraryATTN Llbrn

Trinity College LibraryATTN Llbrn

Trinity University LibraryATTN. Dots Co11

Tufts University LibraryATTN. Dots Dept

University of TulsaATTN. Librn

UCLA Research LibraryATTN. Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the HealthSciences

ATTN: LRC Library

Unlverslty LibrariesATTN. Dir of Lib

University of Maine at OrenoATTN: Librn

University of Northern IowaATTN. Library

Upper Iowa CollegeATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State UniversityATTN: Llbrn

University cf UtahATTN: Special Collections

University of UtahATTN: Dir of LibrariesATTN: Dept of Pharmacology

Utica Public LibraryATTN Librn

Valencla LibraryATTN. Llbrn

Valparaiso UniversityATTN Librn

Vanderbilt University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of VermontATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Commonwealth UniversityATTN: Librn

Vlrginla Military InstituteATTN: Librn

Vlrginla Polytechnic Institute LibraryATTN. Dots Dept

Virginia State LibraryATTN. Serials Set

University of VirginiaATTN Pub Dots

Volusla County Public LibraryATTN. Librn

142

OTHER (Continued)

Washington State LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Washington State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Lib

University of WashingtonATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College LibraryATTN: Librn

Wesleyan UniversityATTN: Dots Llbrn

West Chester State CollegeATTN. Dots Dept

West Covlna LibraryATTN: Librn

University of West FloridaATT!: Librn

West Georgia CollegeATTN: Librn

West Hills Community CollegeATTN: Library

West Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies LibraryATTN Librn

University of West VirginiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Western Carolina UniversityATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University LibraryATTN: Librn

Western Washington UniversityATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Comunity College LibraryATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community CollegeATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

_OTHER (Continued)

Whitman CollegeATTN: Librn

Wichita State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College LibraryATTN: Librn

Willimantic Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Winthrop CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at WhitewaterATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at MilwaukeeATTN. Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at OshkoshATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at PlattevilleATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens PointATTN: Dots Set

University of WisconsinATTN. Gov Pubs Dept

University of WisconsinATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Wright State University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State LibraryATTN: Librn

University of WyomingATTN. Dots Div

Yale UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva UniversityATTN: Librn

Yuma City County LibraryATTN: Librn

Simon Schwab Mem Lib, Columbus Co1ATTN: Librn

143

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Ad,Janced Research & Applications CorpATTN H Lee

JAYCORATTN: A Nelson

10 cy ATTN. Health & Environment Div

haman TeiIlpoATTir DASIACATTN E. Martin

i,amn TelupoATTh R. Mi l'ler

Science Applications, IncJRB Associates Dlv10 cy ATT:4 L. Novotney

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRA'CTORS (Continued)

Kaman TempoATTN. C. Jones

National Academy of SciencesATTN: C. RobinetteATTN: Med Follow-up AgencyATTN: Nat Mat Advisory Bd

Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode, Chairman SAGE

Science Applications, IncATTN: Tech l-lb

R & D AssociatesATTN: P. Haas

144