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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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Literary Researches

XXXIX

2018

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literaturuliZiebani

XXXIX

2018

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UDC (uak) 821.353.1.09(051.2)l-681

redaqtorimaka elbaqiZe

saredaqcio kolegia

ivane amirxanaSviliamiran arabuliTamaz vasaZemariam karbelaSvilinona kupreiSviliTamar lomiZe

saredaqcio sabWo

kulemans beineni (templis universiteti, aSS)manana kvaWantiraZehelen kuperi (kembriji, didi britaneTi)gaga lomiZefiruza melvili (kembriji, didi britaneTi)irma ratiani (Tavmjdomare)gaga SurRaia (romi, italia)rusudan ColoyaSvilirostom CxeiZeelguja xinTibiZe

pasuxismgebeli mdivanisoso tabucaZe

literaturuli Ziebani, 39, 2018redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. # 5. telefoni: 299-63-84faqsi: 299-53-00E-mail: litinstituti@yahoo.com

EditorMaka Elbakidze

Editorial Board

Ivane AmirkhanashviliAmiran ArabuliTamaz VasadzeMariam KarbelashviliNona KupreishviliTamar Lomidze

Editorial Council

G. Koolemans Beynen (Temple University, USA)Manana KvachantiradzeHelen Cooper (Cambridge, UK)

Gaga LomidzeFiruza Melville (Cambridge, UK)

Irma Ratiani (Chairman)Gaga Shurgaia (Rome, Italy)Rusudan CholokashviliRostom ChkheidzeElguja Khintibidze

Responsible EditorSoso Tabutsadze

Literary Researches 39, 2018Address: 0108, Tbilisi5, M. Kostava str. Tel.: 299-63-84Fax: 299-53-00E-mail: litinstituti@yahoo.com

ISSN 0235-3776

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti© Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 11, Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue, 0179, TbilisiTel. 995 (32) 225 14 32, 995 (32) 225 27 38

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sarCevi Contents

qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerlobaGeorgian Secular and Courtly Literature

merab RaRaniZebatoniSvili vaxuSti

erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli niSnis – rjuliT qarTvelis –

gamo

9 Merab GhaghanidzePrince Vakhushti on the First Sign of the Whole Georgia – “Georgian by Faith”

XIX saukune: epoqa da literaturaXIX Century: Epoch and Literature

Tamaz vasaZeTavis daxsna

(aluda qeTelauris feriscvalebis

interpretaciisaTvis)

28 Tamaz VasadzeThe Salvation (on the interpretation of Aluda Ketelauri’s transfiguration)

Tamar SarabiZeuflis xatis gansaxovneba vaJa-

fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi

35 Tamar SharabidzeExpression of the God’s Image in Vazha-Pshavela’s Works

Tamar gelitaSvilivaJa-fSavela da kosmiuri

erTmTlianobis idea

49 Tamar GelitashviliVazha-Pshavela and the Idea of Cosmic Integrity

aleqsandre yazbegi – 170Aleksandre Kazbegi – 170

elisabed zardiaSvilialeqsandre yazbegis ubis

wignakebi

57 Elisabed ZardiashviliAleksandre Kazbegi’s Pocket Books

saba metrevelialeqsandre yazbegi – scenis

trfiali

67 Saba MetreveliAlexandre Kazbegi – Admirer of the Stage

XX saukunis mwerlobaXX Century Literature

manana kvaWantiraZeerTi SurisZiebis ambavi

(guram rCeuliSvilis `kidev Crdilo kavkasiaSi yvebodnen~)

85 Manana KvachantiradzeOne Revenge Story (Guram Rcheulishvili’s “They Used to Tell in North Caucasus”)

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poetikuri kvlevaniPoetical Studies

Tamar barbaqaZevaxuSti kotetiSvili – leqsis

mcnobi, poeti

98 Tamar BarbakadzeVakhushti Kotetishvili – a Theoretician of Verse and a Poet

maia naWyebia“Út pictúra poésis” anu

`leqsi naxats hgavs~ (teqnopegniebidan `rkinabetonis

poemebamde”)

109 Maia Nachkebia“Út pictúra poésis”, that is, “A Verse Resembles a Picture”(From Technopaegnia to “Ferro-concrete poems”)

maia cercvaZenikoloz baraTaSvilis piradi

werilebis poeturi semantika – tropebi

133 Maia TsertsvadzePoetic Semantics of Personal Letters by Nikoloz Baratashvili – Tropes

miTosi. rituali. simboloMythology. Ritual. Symbol

nino qavTaraZeFmiSel turnies filosofiuri

zRaprebi

143 Nino KavtaradzeMichel Tournier’s Philosophical Fairy Tales

Tea dulariZemacnis funqciis

transformaciisaTvis homerosidan klasikur

tragediamde (esqile, sofokle)

154 Tea DularidzeOn Transformation of the Function of Messenger from Homer to the Classic Tragedy (Aeschylus, Sophocles)

elene gogiaSvilifolkloris interteqstualuri aspeqtebi: rostomis TqmulebaTa

cikli qarTul folklorSi

173 Elene GogiaShviliIntertextual Aspects of Folklore: The Cycle of Tales on Rostom in Georgian Oral Narrative Traditions

literaturis Teoriis sakiTxebi Issues of Literary Theory

konstantine bregaZeilia WavWavaZe –

ganmanaTlebeli da evropeisti(narkvevi qarTuli

oqcidentocentrizmis istoriisaTvis

188 Konstantine BregadzeIlia Chavchavadze – Enlightener and Europeanist(Study of the History of Georgian Occidental Centrism)

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luiji magarotoPpostsimbolizmi, futurizmi da

dadaizmi saqarTveloSi

199 Luigi MagarotoPost Symbolizm, Futurizm and Dadaizm in Georgia

maia jaliaSvili mkiTxvelis Seqmna – modelebi da

paradigmebi

212 Maia JaliashviliReader’s Creation – Models and Para-digms

maia niniZeqarTuli teqstologia da misi

integracia saerTaSoriso procesebSi

226 Maia NinidzeGeorgian Textual Scholarship and its Integration into theInternational Scientific Processes

manana kvataia dasavluri mwerlobis kvlevisa

da recefciis istoriis aspeqtebi

240 Manana Kvataia Aspects of Studying Western Literature and Reception History

solomon tabucaZeavtoris daswrebulobis

formebi nawarmoebSi

255 Solomon TabutsadzeThe Forms of Author’s Presence in the Text

literaturuli meridianebiLiterary Meridians

goCa kuWuxiZemamis maZiebeli Svili

najib mahfuzis romanSi `gza~

263 Gocha KuchukhidzeSon Seeking his Father(Naguib Mahfouz’s Novel “The Way”)

gia arganaSvili Seqspiruli motivebi ilia

WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

275 Gia ArganashviliShakespearean Motifs in the Works of Ilia Chavchavadze

mindia cecxlaZefridrix nicSes

mimarTeba simbolizmsa da individualizmTan:

galaktioniseuli recefciis kritika

288 Mindia TsetskladzeRelation of Friedrich Nietzsche to Symbolism and Individualism: Critique of Galaktion’s Reception

Л.С. КисловаДеконструкция мотива социальной

утопии в художественной прозе Бориса Пильняка 1930-х годов

305 Larisa S. KislovaDeconstruction of the “social Utopia” Motif in Boris Pilnyak’s Artistic Prose of the 1930s

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Татьяна МегрелишвилиВ зеркале памяти

(политическая самоидентификация как проблема эмигрантского

мемуарного сознания)

315 Tatiana MegrelishviliIn the Mirror of Memory(Political self-identification as a problem of emigrant memoir consciousness)

С. А. ЕвтушенкоПолитический дискурс в творчестве

постколониальных писателей

328 Svetlana A. YevtushenkoPolitical discourse in the Novels of Postcolonial Writers

С.Н ЗотовПоэзия и судьба Бориса Пастернака

337 S.N. Zotov Poetry and Boris Pasternak’s Fate

levan beburiSvili`marsze gamoTqma aris

qarTuli...~ galaktion tabiZe da

herbert uelsi

344 Levan Beburishvili“The martians speak in Georgian...”Galaktion Tabidze and Herbert Wells

arqividan

nona kupreiSvilimirian abulaZe –

gansakuTrebuli biografiis literatori

359 Nona KupreishviliMirian Abuladze – a Writer With a Peculiar Biography

zoia cxadaia`gvelis perangosani~ –

braldebis mTavari argumenti

367 Zoia TskhadaiaThe “Snakeskin” as a Main Reason for the Prosecution

maia arvelaZeakakis zogierTi piradi werilis

daTariRebisTvis

373 Maia ArveladzeOn the Dating of Some of Akaki Tsereteli’s Personal Letters

rusudan ColoyaSvili, Temur jagodniSvili

qarTuli zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi peterburgidan

380 Rusudan Cholokashvili Temur JagodnishviliGeorgian Oral Tradition Samples from St. Petersburg

axali wignebiNew Books

395SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis

stili

405 Style of Academic Publications of Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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qarTuli saero da sakaro mwerloba

merab RaRaniZe(saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

batoniSvili vaxuSti

erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli niSnis –

rjuliT qarTvelis – gamo

batoniSvili vaxuSti (1696-1756) Tavisi naSromis – „aRwera samefosa saqar-Tvelosa“ (1745) – im monakveTSi, sadac igi amTavrebs erTiani saqarTvelos ambavTa gadmocemas da sanam Seudgeba saqarTvelos daSlis momdevno dro-indeli istoriis Txrobas, – „Semdgomad ganyofisa samefosa sam samefod da xuT samTavrod“ (383)1, – cdilobs gansazRvros, darCa da arsebobs Tu ara samefos daSla-dayofis Semdeg rame sayrdeni an rame maxasiaTeblebi, rac ganapirobebda politikurad danawevrebuli qveynis sxvadasxva gancalkeve-bul miwa-ze mcxovrebTa ganuyoflobis gancdas, an kidev: ra adasturebda mis dros am zogadqarTul mTlianobas, Tundac im droisTvis is namdvilad aRarc arsebuliyo.

vaxuSti gamoyofs erTianobis sam amgvar SenarCunebul niSans, – „samni xilulni eseni“ (291), – Tumca Semdgom, CamonaTvalis gareT, sagangebo rigiTobis aRuniSnavad, igi maT meoTxe da mexuTe niSansac daumatebs. am maxasiaTeblebs igi ukavSirebs ara imdenad erovnebas (rogorc TiTqosda mosalodneli unda yofiliyo), an romelime sxva gamaerTianebel maCvene-bels, ramdenadac gardasul „erTmefobas“2: „garna erTmefobasa warmoaCi-nebs awca samni xilul-ni eseni, vinaჲTgan iyo yoveli iveria qarTlis mefi-sa queSe pyrobasa“ (291). am SemTxvevisas mniSvnelovania drois ganmsazR-vreli „awca“, riTac naTqvamia, rom igulisxmeba imJamindeli, istorikosis droindeli mdgomareoba, magram gadmocemuli da Semonaxuli warsulidan. es niSnebi ki, vaxuStis azriT, imdenad TavisTavad metyvelnia, rom mis nebis-mier Tanamedrovesac ki cxadad uCvenebs qveynis odindel erTianobas da, amave dros, arwmunebs, rom mTeli, ganuyofeli qveyana erT dros erTi mefis mier imarTeboda.

vaxuSti gamoarCevs pirvel niSans:

pirveli, ukeTu hkiTxo visme qarTvelsa, anu imersa, mesxsa, da her-kaxsa: „ra rju-

li xar?“, wams mogigebs: „qarTveli“ (291).

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rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans, roca saqarTvelos – imJamad ukve danawev-rebuli saqarTvelos – sxvadasxva kuTxis mkvidrs sTxoven misi „rjulis“ gansazRvras, Tund qarTlis, Tund kaxeTis, Tund imereTis samefoTa, Tund samcxe-saaTabagos qveSevrdomi iyos, igi aseTad qarTvelobas, qarTvelad yofnas asaxelebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gviandeli, anu daSlis Semdgomi xanis Tavis geografi-ul-istoriul aRwerasa da Txrobas vaxuSti qveynis saxeldobr am nawilebis mixedviT yofs:

aRwera awindelisa qarTlisa (305) – cxoreba da qmnuleba mefeTa qarTlisaTa (383);

aRwera hereTisa, kaxeTisa da kuxeTisa, kualad TuSeTisa da didoeTisa (523) – qmnu-

leba da cxovreba kaxeTisa da hereTisa (556);

aRwera saCinoTa adgilebTa samcxe-saaTabagosi (656) – cxoreba samcxe-klarje-

Tisa (691);

aRwera egrisis queyanisa, anu afxazeTisa, anu imereTisa (742) – cxoreba egrisisa,

afxazeTisa, anu imereTisa (794);

Tumca kaxeTsa da samcxe-saaTabagos Soris moqceulia kidev erTi qarTu-li miwis aRwera, misi istoriis metad mokle gadmocemiT:

aRwera awindelisa ovseTisa, anu kavkasiaTa SinaTa (632) – cxoreba [ovseTisa] (654).

savaraudoa, SemTxveviTi araa, Tavis im CamonaTvalSi, Tu vis miaCnia Tavi qarTvelad, vaxuStis ar Sehyavs osebi da sxva kavkasielebi da ar miiCnevs, rom am miwis mkvidrs – sxva danarCenTagan gansxvavebiT – SeuZlia an surs ganacxados Tavisi „rjuliT“ qarTveloba.

bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: gulisxmobs Tu ara „rjuli“ am SemTxvevisas religias da, kerZod, qristianobas? kavkasiis mTielTa gamoricxva imaTgan, vinc Tavis „rjulad“ qarTvelobas miiCnevs, swored amgvar pasuxs unda adasturebdes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom, vaxuStis mixedviT, iq mcxovre-bni arian an „mahmadianni“, an „Zuelad qristianeni“, Tumca imJamad „sruliad umecarni“, an „umecarni orives rjulisani“, an kidev warmarTni, romlebic eTayvanebian imas, rac aris „mzgavsi kerpisa“ (638).

batoniSvil vaxuStis wignis daweridan saukunenaxevarze meti drois Semdeg, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, istorikosi miqel TamaraSvili (1858-1911) amgvarad aRwers religiuri kuTvnilebisa da erovnuli warmoSo-bis xSir aRrevas adamianTa aRqmis mier (savaraudod, misi TvalsazrisiT, igulisxmeba CauRrmavebeli da gaucnobierebeli aRqma) da, Sesabamisad, saxeldebiTac adrindel xanaSi: „uwin ase sarwmunoebas da gvar-toms xSi-rad erTmaneTSi urevdnen da erTis saxels meoris magierad xmarobdnen“ [TamaraSvili 1904: 219].

magram gana ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, meTvramete saukunis ganswavlul, konceptualurad moazrovne istorikoss erTmaneTisagan ver an ar gaemijna,

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erTi mxriv, „rjuli“, anu sarwmunoeba da, meore mxriv, erovneba? ramdenad sarwmunoa, rom misTvis „qarTveli“ religiuri kuTvnilebis, Tundac bizan-tiuri tradiciisadmi mikuTvnebis zustad aRmniSvneli cneba yofiliyo, miT umetes, rom Tavad mas cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili (1724 wlidan – gar-dacvalebamde, 1757 wlamde) ruseTSi hqonda gatarebuli, sadac swored am bizantiuri tradiciis qristianobis mravalricxovani araqarTveli mimde-vari mkvidrobda. warmoudgenelia, rom vaxuStis, romelic ruseTis Zveli dedaqalaqis axlomdebared binadrobda da werda Tavis naSroms, cxadad ar hqonoda gacnobierebuli, rom cnebebi „qarTveli“ da „bizantiuri tradici-is qristiani“ erTi da igive araa, mTlianad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, Tundac imitom, rom saxeldobr am tradicias ekuTvnian berZnebic da rusebic. amave dros, sayuradReboa, rom igi icnobda romauli qristianobis tradiciasac, anu im tradiciasac, romelic mas, erTi mxriv, xilulad aCvenebda qarTul-berZnul-rusuli tradiciis erTianobas da, meore mxriv, am tradiciis gamij-nulobas romaulisagan. me-18 saukunis poeti otia favleniSvili, vaxuStis sicocxleSi, 1727-1730 wlebSi, Tavis poemaSi „vaxtangiani“ wers:

vaxuSti[,] qristes mosavi, mis mcnebazeda darguli, [...]

sul aRasrula yoveli swavla laTinTa, franguli.

[yubaneiSvili 1948: 189]

swavluli batoniSvilis siaxloves romaul-laTinur ganaTlebasTan adasturebs kidev erTi misi Tanamedrove, kaTolikos-patriarqi antoni pirvelic (1720-1788), romlis „mzametyvelebis“ anderZSi moxseniebulia „me-fis Ze vaxuSti, naTesavi Cueni da Ze misi ioane, romeli aRizarda friad swav-lulebasa Sina werilsa laTinTasa“ [Jordania 1967: 223]. visac unda Seexe-bodes es damowmeba, – uSualod vaxuStis Tu mis Zes, ioanes, – cxadia, rom vaxuSti piradad iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlurqristianul wignierebasTan da, Sesabamisad, met-naklebad icnobda kaTolikur qristianobas.

batoniSvil vaxuStis aRzrdis romaul-kaTolikur safuZvlebs izi-arebs – meoce saukunis Sua wlebSi – istorikosi niko berZeniSvili (1895-1965):

giorgi avaliSvilis cnobiT, 15-16 wlis vaxuSti tfilisSi myof kaTolike misi-

onerebTan swavlobda. avaliSvils es cnoba zepirad unda hqondes gagonili. amis-

da miuxedavad[,] es cnoba yovlad sarwmuno Cans. rac Seexeba avaliSvilis cnobis im

nawils, TiTqo „gafrangebis“ SiSiT vaxtangma Tavis Svils kaTolike misionerebTan

urTierToba aukrZala, es ramodenadme saeWvoa: is ar egueba kaTolikobisadmi vax-

tangis damokidebulebas, romlis Sesaxebac Cven sruliad garkveuli da ueWveli cno-

bebi gagvaCnia [berZeniSvili 1967: 292].

yuradsaRebia isic, rom, roca vaxuSti mokled galeqsavs Zveli da axali aRTqmis ambebs, – am teqsts, rogorc Cans, ewodeba „aRTqma Zueli da axali

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Sairad“, – Tavad Tavis Canafiqrs avtori laTinTa gavlenas daukavSirebs, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs mis mier laTinuri tradiciis codnas da gaSinaarsebas:

laTinT Sairad gaewyoT ZvelT-axalT aRTqma rjulTani.

gulsa momixda, davleqse, qarTul ganwyobiT qmnaTani,

vaxuStim, Svilma mefisam, nu miyos CanaTqmaTani,

vacxade zogi faruli, raca gaewyo TqmaTani.

[aRweriloba 2016: 530]

amdenad, vaxuStim namdvilad kargad icoda, rom qristianobis is tradi-cia, romelsac qveynis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili – „rjuliT qarTveli“ – aRiarebda da misdevda (gansxvavebiT „frangebisa“ da „somxebisagan“, anu kaTolike da araqalkedoniti qristianebisagan), ar iyo mxolod qarTvel qristianTa kuTvnileba da, zogadad, aRmosavluri qristianobis erTianobas axasiaTebda.

Tavad „rjuli“(„rCuli“/„sjuli“/„Sjuli“), saerTod, adreul qarTul wyaroebSi Sinaarsobriv xSirad sulac ar ukavSirdeba sarwmunoebas, re-ligiur aRmsareblobas.

vaxuStis uSualo winamorbedi, – piradadac da inteleqtualur-kultu-ruladac, – sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725) Tavis leqsikonSi amgvarad ganmartavs cnebas: „sjuli, rjuli – [...] Sjuli ars sityva mbrZanebelobiTi vidreme, romel-romelTa jer-ars qmnaჲ; da uarmqneli uSjulo ars“ [orbe-liani 1993: 127]. xolo sulxan-sabas momdevno, – misgan da vaxuStisagan saukuniT daSorebuli, – leqsikografi niko CubinaSvili (1790-1847) aseT ganmartebebebs iZleva: „rCuli – rjuli, sjuli [...], закон“; „rjuli – rCuli, mcneba (naxe[:] sjuli), закон. // sarwmunoeba [...] вера, вероисповедание, религия“; „sjuli, Sjuli, rjuli da zoggan dauweriaT[:] rCuli – kanoni, mcneba, raჲca jer ars qmnad da raჲ ara [...], закон“ [CubinaSvili 1961: 337, 338, 374; Sdr. Cu-binaSvili 1984: 1048].

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tavad batoniSvil vaxuStis mamis, mefe vaxtang meeqvsis (1675-1737) gavrcelebuli saxeldebac „sjulmdebeli“ – rogorc wyaroebi cxadad metyvelebs – kanonmdebels, kanonebis SemomRebsa da da-mamkvidrebels niSnavs da aranairad rogorsame religiur fuZemdebels an religiur reformators3.

Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi, romlebic am cnebis – `rCulis“ Tu misi leqsikuri ganfenilobis ufro adreul gamoyenebasac da mniSvnelobeb-sac asaxavs, suraTi amgvaria: „Sjuli“ da misgan warmoqmnili sxva leqsemebi umeteswilad ukavSirdeba kanons [abulaZe 1973: 510-511; sarjvelaZe 1995: 170, 196, 251; sarjvelaZe 2001; 177, 205, 257-258] (sul ramdenime gamonaklisis gar-da, romelTagan erTia „SjulkeTiloba“, rac ganmartebulia rogorc „sar-wmunoebis zedmiwevniT dacva“ [sarjvelaZe 1995: 251; sarjvelaZe 2001: 258],

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xolo meore – „Sjulieryofa“, rac ganimarteba rogorc „sarwmunoebaze moq-ceva“ [sarjvelaZe 2001: 257]), magram is, Tundac kanonis Sinaarss moicavdes4, mainc xSirad gansakuTrebul, religiur kanons gulisxmobs5, Tumca zogjer Tavad „Sjuls“, sxva upirates mniSvnelobebTan erTad, aqvs mxolod „sarw-munoebis“ mniSvnelobac [abulaZe 1973: 510] (iseve rogorc „Sjulierebas“). TavisTavad, es gaumijnavoba, – sarwmunoebisa da kanonis an dakavSireba, an Serwyma, an aRreva, – jer kidev adreuli xanidanve, sxvadasxva dros sruli-ad Cveuli iyo da, zogadad, adamianis religiuri cnobierebis Rrma Zirebs efuZneba [enciklopedia 2005: 5325 (293)]6.

isic saTqmelia, rom Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis yvelaze adreul teqs-tebSic ki „rjuli“ arcTu iSviaTad erTmniSvnelovnad sarwmunoebas – gin-dac qristianobas, gindac islams, gindac iudevelobas – aRniSnavs: „rCu-li qristeanobisaჲ“ („wamebaჲ evstaTi mcxeTelisaჲ“), „rCuli mahmedisi“ („wamebaჲ abo tfilelisaჲ“), „sjuli qristesi“ („moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲ“), „sju-li mosesi“ (iqve) [Zeglebi 1963: 30, 57, 96, 112] da sxv.

niSandoblivia, rom rogorc „qarTlis moqcevaSi“, ise leonti mroveli-seul „qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebaSi“ mefe miriani amave cnebiT moixseniebs wmida ninos sarwmunoebas: jer, moqcevamde adre, uwodebs mas „hromTa maT SecTomilTa Sjulsa“, xolo Semdgom, moqcevis win, ambobs: „viyo morCil nino[ჲ]sa da sjulsa zeda hromTasa“ [Zeglebi 1963: 132]7. orive SemTxvevisas mefe gulisxmobs qristianobas, romelsac igi romaelTa, anu romaul sar-wmunoebas uwodebs (Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, qarTuli teqstebis avtorebi-saTvis calkeul SemTxvevebSi ramdenad iyo gamijnul-gacalkevebuli romis imperiis dasavluri da aRmosavluri nawilebi, anu is aRmosavluri, rasac mogvianebiT – ukve konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg meTxuTmete saukune-Si – akademiurad bizantia ewoda; Tumca, TavisTavad, konstantine pirveli im drosac da Semdgomac, ra Tqma unda, romis imperatorad, anu romis keisrad aRiqmeboda). Tavad batoniSvili vaxuStic, rodesac mefe mirians alapara-kebs, sanam igi qristianobas eziareba, misTvis am ucxo religias romaelTa sjulad („sjuli romTa“) asaxelebinebs, da mefiseul amgvar saxeldebas „aR-wera samefosa saqarTvelosas“ teqstSi samgzis imeorebs (6, 85, 86). (sxvaTa Soris, iqve Tavad wmida ninoc romaeladaa gamocxadebuli: „vismineT deda-kacisa mis hromisa, romeli qadagebs juarcmulsa“ – 86.)

magram mainc, kerZod imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra Sinaarss aniWebs batoniS-vili vaxuSti cnebas „rjuli“, bunebrivia, yvelaze metad nayofieri iqneba yuradRebis gamaxvileba im calkeuli SemTxvevebis mimarT, sadac igi am cne-bas iyenebs, da kidev im konteqstebis gaTvaliswineba, rodesac igi, zogadad, msjelobs sarwmunoebis gamo, – miT umetes, „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ sagangebod aRnusxavs saqarTvelos calkeuli miwebis binadarTa sarwmuno-ebriv kuTvnilebas: warsulSic da im drosac.

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magram, sanam istorikosi Tavis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas aRwerdes, mokled ganixilavs qarTvelTa qristianobamdel religiur rwmenebs8. Tav-dapirvelad, qarTvelTa pirvelwinapris – qarTlosis – Zis, mcxeTosis, sikvdilis Semdeg

ganZlierda maT Soris eseviTari Suri da ჴdoma, vidre RmerTica dambadebeli Tჳsi dauteves da msaxurebdnen mzesa, mTovaresa da varskulavTa, da umetes iyo maTda

saficvelad saflavi qarTlosisa (50).

aq laparakia erTi Semoqmedi RmrTis rwmenis mitovebaze, raki igulisxme-boda, rom bibliuri noes Zis, iafetis STamomavalni, iqneboda igi Targmosi Tu qarTlosi, erTRmrTianobis aRmsarebelni iqnebodnen.

amis Semdgom msjeloba qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb ukav-Sirdeba nabuqodonosoris xanas, roca, marTalia, qarTvelebi qarTulad alaparakdnen (manamde gavrcelebuli somxuris nacvlad), magram

esodenTa naTesavTagan iwyes enisa qarTulisa Tqmad da aqundaT sjulica uboro-

tes yovelTa, rameTu ara icodnen naTesavi, arca colqmroba, yovelsa suliersa

sWamdnen Seginebulisadmde, mkudarsa kacsa sWamdnen (53).

Semdgom, qristianobamdel qarTlSi regularuli religiuri cxovrebis damyarebas vaxuSti amgvarad aRwers (manamde, misi TvalsazrisiT, qarTlis mkvidrni, saerTod, civilizaciis miRma idgnen, raki, Cveulebriv, micvale-bulebis gvamebs Tu yvelanair arawmida cocxal arsebaTa sxeulebs Wamdnen):

xolo aleqsandrem daudva rjuli saqarTveloTa erTisa dambadebelisa RvTisa

Tayvaniscema, da mzisa, da mTovarisa, da varskulavTa pativi (16); aramed mospo Wamaca

mkudarTa da sjulad daudva dambadebelisa erTisa RvTisa Tayvaniscema da mzisa da

mTovarisa da varskulavTa pativi da TჳT warvida (54).

aq qristianobamdeli saqarTvelos (an „saqarTveloTa“, anu qarTul mi-waTa) religiuri cxovrebis fuZemdeblad aleqsandre makedonelia warmo-Cenili, romelic qarTvelebs uwesebs erTRmrTianobas – monoTeizms (rac sagangebodaa aRniSnuli) da, amave dros, amkvidrebs mzis, mTvarisa da var-skvlavebis pativiscemas. vaxuSti cxadad gamijnavs erTmaneTisagan or cne-bas: „Tayvaniscemas“ (adoratio) da „pativs“ (veneratio), da es gamijvna-gansxvaveba sagangebod dastureba orgzis. RirsSesaniSnavia, rom aq laparakia „rjulis“ („sjulis“) Sesaxeb.

aleqsandres sikvdilis Semdgom isev aRreva isadgurebs qveynis religiur yofaSi, romelic isev civilizaciis da, Sesabamisad, erTRmrTianobis miRma dgeba:

15

maSin dauteva azon sjuli aleqsandresi da qmna kerpni didni – gaci oqrosi da

gaim vecxlisa [...]. amis azonis Jams iwyes qarTvelTa SvilTa TჳsTa kerpTa Sewirvad da ara ayenebda azon, vinaჲTgan TჳTca hklvida (55).

rac Seexeba istorikosis Tanamedrove qarTvelTa umetesi nawilis sar-wmunoebriv cxovrebas, romelsac igi sworedac „sarwmunoebas“ da ara „rjuls“ uwodebs, wignSi is asea gadmocemuli:

xolo kacni amis queyanisani arian sarwmunoebiT qristianeni, romelTa miiRes hro-

miT Jamsa didis konstantinesasa da silibistrossa; wesni da rigni Zuelni berZenTa

basilis kabadukielisaTa da Sჳdis krebisa upyravT mtkiced, aramed mZlavrebiT uke-Tu vinme miiqcis, odes icis Jami, kualad egebis qristeaned Semnane (44).

vaxuStis TvalsazrisiT, qristianoba qarTvelTa Soris istoriulad momdinareobs, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifoebrivad – romis imperator kon-stantinesagan (laTinurad: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus, taxtze: 306-337) da, meore mxriv, eklesiurad – romis episkopos silibistrosagan (laTinurad: Silvester I, saydarze: 314-335), xolo moZRvreba da saeklesio samarTali mtkiced misdevs berZnuli wesis tradiciebs, romelsac safuZ-vlad udevs Svidi msoflio krebis gadawyvetilebani da wmida basili kesa-ria-kabadokielis (329/330-379) kanonebi.

istorikoss mxedvelobidan ar rCeba, rom zogierTi qarTveli, gare-moebaTa gamo, araqristian mmarTvelTa mxriv Zaladobis pirobebSi, SesaZ-loa, ganudges qristianobas, magram es mxolod iZulebiTi da aramyari ga-dawyvetilebaa, da – naTqvamia metad ganzogadebulad da mkafiod – rogorc ki am qarTvel adamians saSualeba miecema, igi umal moinaniebs Tavis qmede-bas da isev qristianul sarwmunoebas ubrundeba. amdenad, am msjelobidan aSkarad gamosWvivis vaxuStiseuli Tvalsazrisi, rom mirianis Semdgomi xanis qarTveli, – droebiTi gadacdomebis miuxedavad, – mainc yovelTvis qristiania.

sxvaTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvelebis zogadi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, wignis Sesaval nawilSi, istorikosi ase wers: „ara dautevian RmerTni, da mefe, da Cueulebani Tჳsni“ (24). safiqrebelia, rom aq qarTvelTa zeistoriuli Tviseba igulisxmeba, da amitomacaa naxsenebi „RmerTebi“, – frazis avtors swadia, Tqvas, rom qarTvelebi arasodes, arc qristianobamde da arc qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, ar Ralatobdnen arc aRsarebul RmerTs, arc aRiarebul xelmwifes da arc damkvidrebul Cveule-bebs. ra Tqma unda, vaxuStis amgvar zeistoriul msjelobaSi aistoriuli ganzogadebis survili ufro gamosWvivis, – am calke Tavis mizandasaxulobi-dan gamomdinare, – vidre Tavad wignis mraval furcelze warmoCenil konkre-tul qmedebaTa Tu movlenaTa Sejamebis Sedegi: qarTvelTa uRalatobis Ses-

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axeb amgvar daskvnas aranairad ar ganapirobebs moyvanili striqonebis mom-devno Txobani9. yovel SemTxvevaSi, vaxuStis sjera, – da sjera codnis miRma, – rom qarTveli arasodes uRalatebs Tavis sarwmunoebas; mas isic unda, rom es mkiTxvelmac daijeros, – Tundac misi sakuTari wignidan SesaZeni codnis sawinaaRmdegod. magram saqme isaa, rom swavluli batoniSvili arc Tavs ic-dunebs da arc mkiTxvels acdunebs: Tu wignis vrceli monakveTebi empiriuli, istoriuli qarTvelebis qmedebebs Seexeba da yovel jerze swored empiriul qarTvels aCvenebs, Sesavali nawili aRwers zogad qarTvels, romelic sar-wmunoebis mitovebis SemTxvevaSic ki, adre Tu gvian, mainc ubrundeba Tavis aRmsareblobas.

cxadia, rom „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ Sinaarsobrivad mkafio zRvars ar atarebs am or cnebas – „sarwmunoebasa“ da „rjuls“ Soris: Tuki im monakveTebSi, sadac avtori warmarTi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb laparakobs, maT rwmenas „rjuls“ uwodebs, xolo qristiani qarTvelebisas – „sarwmunoebas“, sxva SemTxvevebSi, saxeldobr qarTvel warmarTTa religias ewodeba „sarwmunoeba“:

aramed sarwmunoeba maTi iyo erTisa dambadebelisa RvTisa Tayvaniscema, da fuc-

vidian qarTlosis saflavsa (15); aramed ese armaz udidesi iyo yovelTa RmerTTa.

xolo mefisa ganwesebisa Semdgomad aqundaT sarwmunod RmerTni eseni, da mtkiced

dgnen sarwmunoebasa siyuarulsa zeda, da ara Tayvanisscian sxuaTa vieTTame RmerTTa

(16-17).

arsebiTi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxolod isaa, rom swored maSin, roca vaxuSti qarTvel qristianebze laparakobs, arafers ambobs „rjuliT“ qarT-velobaze an qarTvelTa „rjulis“ Sesaxeb.

Tavis Tanadroul mdgomareobas ki vaxuti amgvarad aRwers: hereTisa da kaxeT-kuxeTis, aseve, TuSeTis mkvidrTa Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom isini arian „mzgavsni yovliTave qarTvelTa zniTa, CueulebiT da qceviT, [...] eniTa da sarwmunoebiTa qarTlisaTa, da samwysoni qarTlis kaTalikozisani“ (526), aseve, fSavelebi „sarwmunoebiTa da eniTa arian qarTuliTa“ (554). rac Seexe-ba samegrelos, anu egrisis mosaxleT, isini arian „sarwmunoebiTa, rjuliTa, da wesiTa, da qceviTa imerTaTa, samwysoni afxazeTis kaTalikozisani“ (783), xolo roca Txroba gurulebze gadadis, isini „imerTa msgavsi sarwmunoebis“ mimdevrebi aRmoCndebian: „mzgavsni imerTa zniTa, qceviTa, sarwmunoebiTa, rjuliTa, samwysoni afxazeTis kaTalikozisani“ (793). svanebi ki „sarwmu-noebiT arian imerTa Tana qarTuliTa da umecarni aw misnica“ (788). afxazTa Sesaxeb ki naTqvamia, rom „afxazni arRara moneben rjulsa da sarwmunoebasa“ (785). kidev, kavkasiel mTielTa dasaxasiaTeblad isini Sedarebulni arian osebs: „kacnica rjuliTa, sarwmunoebiTa, zniTa, qceviTa, CueulebiTa scan osTaebr“ (653). ukve oTx am moyvanil SemTxvevaSi Cans, rom „sarwmunoeba“ da

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„rjuli“ erTmaneTis gverdiTaa dasaxelebuli, rac imas metyvelebs, rom is-torikosisTvis isini am konteqstSi sinonimebi ar unda iyos. amasve uaRresad cxadad gamoxatavs episkoposTa tradiciuli dalocva: „nu dautevebT sar-wmunoebasa, rjulsa da Cueulebasa Tquensa“ (38). amdenad mkafio gamijvna da erTmaneTis gverdiT moxsenieba „sarwmunoebisa“ da „rjulisa“ metyvelebs, rom vaxuStis miaCnia, am or cnebas erTmaneTisagan mainc gansxvavebuli mniS-vneloba aqvs: metad niSandoblivia, rom vaxuSti aq erTmaneTisagan gayofs, erTi mxriv, „sarwmunoebas“ da, meore mxriv, „rjuls“. savaraudoa, rom iqve dadasturebul gancxadebaSi, romelic amjerad mrovel episkoposs avaliS-vils miewereba, – „dRes brZola ars sarwmunoebisa da qristes mcnebisa“ (38), – sarwmunoebis gverdiT dgas ara „rjuli“, aramed „mcneba“, rac, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi saxeldobr „rjulis“ monacvle, misi sinonimi unda iyos.

rogorc iTqva, vaxuSti qarTvelTa qristianobamdel religiur rwme-nasac „sarwmunoebas“ uwodebs (15, 17), romelic misTvis ar SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti sarwmunoeba da qristianobasac – „qristes sarwmunoebasac“ (26, 74, 84, 89, 95), romelic misTvis „WeSmariti sarwmunoebaa“ (156, 185, 695).

kidev, roca Tavisi wignis SesavalSi avtori msjelobs istoriografi-is mniSvnelobaze, anu CamoTvlis „matianis“ daniSnulebebsa da saWiroe-bebs, ambobs: „matiane acnobebs naTesavT Camomavlobasa, da dasdebs Tavsa sarwmunoebisaTჳs, da moyuarul hyofs moyuassa moyuasisa mimarT“ (4). ro-gorc Cans, igulisxmeba, rom matiane asrulebs, erTi, SemecnebiTi, meore, re-ligiuri da, mesame, eTikuri bigZis rols adamianisa Tu adamianebisaTvis. magram amjerad sagulisxmoa, rom am cxad konteqstSi saxeldobr „sarwmuno-eba“ aRniSnavs religiur rwmenas.

„aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ araerTxel axsenebs qristianul an qris-tianTa „sarwmunoebas“ (660, 672, 690, 769). igi swored „sarwmunoebad“ moixse-niebs wmida ninos mier Semotanil qristianobas (73, 74, 84, 89), romelsac wmi-da mefe mirianic miiRebs (94) da misi momdevno mefeebic aRiareben (95, 99, 100). erTgan, saerTod, „sarwmunoeba“ qristianobis sinonimia: „xolo ese mobida iyo mogჳ sparsi da iCemebda sarwmunoebasa“ (99), anu mobidani zoro-astrizms aRiarebda, magram Tavs qristianad asaRebda.

amave dros, „sarwmunoeba“, rogorc zemorec gamoCnda, SesaZloa iyos araqristianulic: „sarwmunoebiT arian kerpni da umetes eSmakisa morCil-ni“ (552), „sarwmunoebiT aw sruliad mohmadianni“ (690), an kidev, – sxvadasxva sarwmunoeba iyos erTmaneTSi aRreuli: „sarwmunoebiT da eniT Sereulni, viTarca qistni“ (655). amas garda, sarwmunoeba hqvia imasac, rac zogadad qristianulia, magram ganyofilia marTali, WeSmarit sarwmunoebisagan: „episkoposi maraRisa, sarwmunoebiT nasri“ (242), rac nestorianels niSnavs10 da kidev, qristianTa Soris kidev arian, visac „sarwmunoebiT somexi“ ewodeba (185, 312, 313, 314).

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dabolos, vaxuSti araerTxel ixseniebs an qarTvelTa, an qarTul, an qar-Tlis sarwmunoebas: „sarwmunoebiT umetesni qarTvelTani“ (315), „sarwmuno-ebiT qarTvelTa Tana“ (359), „sarwmunoebiT qarTvelni“ (360), „eniTa da sar-wmunoebiTa qarTlisaTa“ (526), „sarwmunoebiTa da eniTa qarTuliTa“ (533), „sarwmunoebiTa da eniTa arian qarTuliTa“ (554), „sarwmunoebiTa da eniT arian qarTvelTa Tana aRmsaarebelni“ (745).

amas garda, teqstSi erTgan gvxvdeba „imerTa sarwmunoeba“: „sarwmuno-ebiTa, rjuliTa da wesiTa da qceviTa imerTaTa“ (783), xolo meoregan imerTa sarwmunoebad qarTvelTa sarwmunoebaa miCneuli, – svanebis sarwmunoebrivi gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi: „sarwmunoebiT arian, imerTa Tana, qarTuliTa da umecarni aw misnica“ (788).

meore mxriv, vaxuStis teqstSi cneba „rjuli“ SeiZleba gamoxatavdes zebunebrivis yovelgvar rwmenas, ris gamoc is qvemore SemTxvevebSi dRe-vandeli cnebis „religiis“ Sesabamisad unda miviCnioT: amdenad, „rjuli“ SeiZleba iyos ara marto qristianoba („sjuli qristesi“ – 73, 83, 84, 201 da sxv.; „qristeaneTa sjuli“ – 252), aramed warmarTobac („sjulad [...] mzisa da mTovarisa da varskulavTa pativi“ – 54) da kerpTayvaniscemlobac („sjuli da kerpni Cuenni“ – 70), an zogadi monoTeizmic („sjulad daudva dambadeb-lisa erTisa RvTisa Tayvaniscema“ – 54, 198), an islami („rjuliT mohmadianni“ – 652), an kidev rwmena, dafuZnebuli aleqsandres („sjuli aleqsandresi“ – 55) Tu muhamadis („rjuli mahmadisa“ – 175, 204, 213, 233) mier.

rjuli SesaZloa iyos rogorc WeSmariti („daatevebinebda rjulsa WeS-maritsa“ – 242), ise yalbi („crurjuli“ – 167, 184), an kargi („rjulTa keTi-loba“ – 266).

adamiani an emyareba rjuls („rjulsa zeda“ – 60), an upirispirdeba mas („moZule rjulisa“ – 95); arsebobs rjulis mtkice mimdevaric („rjulmt-kiceni“ – 439, „rjulsa Cemsa zeda mtkiced“ – 582) da rjulis mimtovebelic („dauteva sjuli sparsTa“ – 100, 175); SesaZloa rjulis Secvla („Seicvalos rjuli queyanisa amis“ – 82) da rjulze miqceva („miaqcis rjulTa maTsa“ – 495); xdeba rjulis gawmenda („gaswmida sjuli“ – 123) da rjulis ganmtkiceba („mata rjulsa qristeanobisasa“ – 453); arian rjulSi Tanamorwmunenic („erT-sjulni“ – 249).

amave dros, zogierTi is „rjuli“, romelsac konkretuli xalxi aRiarebs, an ucxoTaTvis mainc erT konkretul xalxTanaa dakavSirebuli, am xalxis saxeliT aRiniSneba (vTqvaT, zoroastrizmi: „rjuli sparsTa“ – 100; an vTqvaT, qristianoba, rogorc mas aRiqvamda moqcevamde mefe miriani: „rju-li hromTa“ – 6, 85, 86, an islami: „crurjuloba ismailTa“ – 167). magram „rjuli“ SeiZleba aRniSnavdes mTliani religiis erT romelime Stosac, romlis mimdevaria isev romelime konkretuli xalxi (vTqvaT, islamSi Siizmi da sunizmi: „daudva rjuli Siisa sparsTa, raTa ganeyos xonTqarsa sunTa“ – 395).

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Tumca saCinoa, rom araqalkedonuri qristianobis mimdevars yovelTvis, mTeli teqstis manZilze, ewodeba „sarwmunoebiT somexi“ (163, 185, 312, 313) da aq cnebad cxadad gamoyeneba ara „rjuli“, aramed „sarwmunoeba“. erTgan ki mkafiodaa dapirispirebuli qarTvelTa „sarwmunoeba“ da somexTa „sarwmu-noeba“: „am adgilTa Sina mosaxleni arian sarwmunoebiT somexni da mciredad qarTlis sarwmunoebisa, aramed qceviTa qarTuliTa“ (312). SeiZleba daueW-veblad iTqvas, rom vaxuStisTvis qalkedonuri dogmatikis qristianoba „qarTvelTa (an: qarTlis) sarwmunoebaa“, xolo araqalkedonuri dogmatikis qristianoba – „somexTa sarwmunoeba“, magram sagulisxmoa, aq is gansazRvre-bac daerTvis, rom tradiciebi, anu adaT-wesebi ar ukavSirdeba sarwmuno-ebas, radgan rogorc „somxuri sarwmunoebis“, ise „qarTlis sarwmunoebis“ aRmsarebelTa „qceva“ qarTulia.

aqve SeiZleba isic aRiniSnos, rom Tuki Soreuli evropelebisaTvis qar-Tvelebi sarwmunoebrivad „berZnebad“ moixseniebodnen, raki qarTvelebsa da berZnebs Soris xilul kanonikur-liturgikul erTianobas xedavdnen (dadasturebulia, rom italieli kaTolike misionerebi qarTvelebs „ber-Znebs“ uwodebdnen11), ufro axlobeli somxebisaTvis, miuxedavad am xi-luli erTianobisa, qarTvelebi da berZnebi mkafiod iyvnen gamijnulebi (sanimuSod, somxuri eklesiis damokidebulebas kargad gamoxatavs me-12 da me-13 saukuneTa mijnis somexi mRvdeli mxiTar goSi Tavis traqtatSi „qarTvelTaTvis“: „SeuZlebelia berZnebTan da qarTvelebTan SeerTeba“ [go-Si 2012: 86]12, da amiT maT erTmaneTisagan acalkevebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom kargad icis, „qarTvelebi berZnebis mimdevrebi arian“ [goSi 2012: 121], mag-ram „SeerTebis“ SeuZleblobad, ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba, rom somexTaTvis sarwmunoebrivad miuRebelia orivesTan gaerTianeba, anu im qalkedonuri qristianobis aRiareba, romlis mimdevrebi berZnebic arian da qarTvele-bic. sxvaTa Soris, ukve Tanamedrove xanis istoriografiaSi, meoce sauku-neSi, niko berZeniSvils Tavis CanawerebSi gamoTqmuli aqvs azri, rom Ta-vad qarTvelTaTvis berZnebTan sarwmunoebrivi „erTniSnianoba“, aRmsareb-lobiTi axlobloba, – somexTagan sarwmunoebrivi daSorebisagan gansxva-vebiT, – safrTxes warmoadgenda erovnuli gansakuTrebulobis SesanarCu-neblad13, magram qarTvelebma „erTrjul“ berZenTagan, anu bizantielTagan gamijvna imiT moaxerxes, rom laTinebTan, anu romis kaTolikeebTan gan-sakuTrebuli, berZnebisagan gansxvavebuli, dadebiTi damokidebuleba Se-inarCunes, xolo zogierT sakiTxSi, saerTodac, kaTolikeTa mxares dadgnen, Tanac, berZenTa „rjuli“, qarTvelTa „rjulisagan“ gansxvavebiT, ucdom-lad da uryevad ar miiCnies14).

raki, vaxuStis TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, zoroastruli sarwmunoeba mxolod Zvel sparselTa „rjulia“, xolo araqalkedoniti qristianebis rwmena mxolod somexTa „sarwmunoebaa“, igi ver daarqmevda qalkedonur

20

da arakaTolikur qristianobas mxolod „qarTvelTa rjuls“, sufTa sa-xiT, radgan amgvari sarwmunoebis mimdevar rusebs igi praqtikuladac, co-cxlad icnobda maSin, roca „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ iwereboda. safiqrebelia, rom mas garkveuli warmodgena (an Tundac Sexeba) eqnebo-da amgvarive sarwmunoebis mimdevar berZnebzec, – SesaZloa, jer kidev saqarTveloSi, xolo Semdgom – ruseTSi.

cxadia, miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis im saxes, romelsac qarTveloba misdevs, vaxuSti qarTul sarwmunoebad, an qarTul „rjulad“ miiCnevs, man kargad icis, rom saqarTvelos samefos mkvidrni „sarwmunoebiT qristianeni“ (44) arian, magram isic cxadia, rom, epoqis kvalobaze, istorikosi mkafiod ar mijnavs da verc gamijnavda sarwmunoebasa da erovnebas15, – kidev meti: erTica da meorec misTvis araa myarad Camoyalibebuli, gansazRvruli cnebebi (bunebrivia, man arc icis leqsema „erovneba“, romelic arc gvxvdeba arsad mis wignSi). jer erTi, TvalSisacemia „rjulisa“ da „sarwmunoebis“ xan erTmaneTSi aRreva, xan erTmaneTiT Canacvleba, xan erTmaneTisagan ga-nuyofloba; zogjer isini sruli sinonimebia, zogjer ki, – gansakuTrebiT, maTi gverdigverd miyolebisas, – maT ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mniSvnelo-bani eniWeba; savaraudod, daviwyebuli araa „rjulis“ adreuli Sinaarsic, roca is kanons, wess, adaTs gamoxatavda. meore, roca vaxuSti msjelobs qarTuli saxelmwifos erTianobis SenarCunebuli gancdis Sesaxeb, misTvis yvela igi, vinc Tavs „rjuliT“ qarTvelad miiCnevs, Tavad unda gulisxmob-des ara imdenad sakuTar erovnebas, gamokveTils mkafiod, an Tundac cnobierebiT, tradiciiT, kulturulad ramenair erovnul kuTvnilebas (rac, albaT, anaqronizmic iqneboda!), aramed upirvelesad imas, rac isto-rikosisTvisac da misi epoqis adamianTaTvisac ufro bunebriv, ufro Cveulebriv damokidebulebas asaxavda: saxelmwifoebriv kuTvnilebas. „rjuliT qarTveli“ swored qarTul saxelmwifos miakuTvnebs Tavs, igi qveSevrdomia „samefosa saqarTvelosa“, romelic Tavis religiad qris-tianobas aRiarebda, Tundac aramkvidri bizantiuri tradiciisas, magram sarwmunoebas, sakuTrad miCneulsa da aRiarebuls, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulsa da ganmtkicebuls saqarTvelos erTian saxelmwifoSi.

wre Seikra: qarTvelia igi, vinc sarwmunoebiT erTiani qarTuli saxel-mwifos religias aRiarebs, xolo qarTuli saxelmwifos erTianoba im sar-wmunoebis gacnobierebuli mimdevrobiT mtkicdeba, romelic saqarTve-los samefoSi iyo gabatonebuli. Tavis mxriv, ganuyofeli sarwmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba, „rjuliT“ qarTveloba, vaxuStis TvalsazrisiT, ganuyofeli saxelmwifos xsovnis upirvelesi niSani da dasturia.

calke sakiTxia, magram, sxvaTa Soris, sasurvelia kargad gacnobiereba im gansakuTrebulobisa, romliTacaa aRbeWdili batoniSvil vaxuStis, rogorc saqarTvelos gareT mcxovreb emigrantis piradi – da, agreTve, misi garemos – gancdac da gamocdilebac: qarTvelobas, qarTvelad yofnas ganapirobebs

21

ara marto qarTuli saxelmwifos (an Tundac misi memkvidre qarTul saxel-mwifoTa) qmediTi qveSevrdomoba, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi warmoSobac, anu saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebis mexsiereba. Tuki, – rogorc mtkiced sjera istorikoss, – rigiTi qarTvelis xsovnaSi myaradaa darCenili („wams mo-gigebs“ – 292) saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebis gancda, Tundac es erTiani sa-xelmwifo xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ukve aRar arsebobdes, amgvaradve,

ruseTs karga xnis win gadasaxlebul qarTvelebs Soris isev Rvivis qar-Tuli saxelmwifosadmi istoriuli qveSevrdomobis gancda. SeiZleba iTq-vas, rom is qarTvelebi, romlebic, vaxuStisTan erTad, imyofebodnen ru-sul garemoSi, moskovSi, – bizantiuri tradiciis qristianobis ara marto samyofelSi, aramed, faqtobrivad, imJamindel da Semdegdroindel Suagul-Si, – miuxedavad sakuTari kuTvnilebisa imave religiuri tradiciis mimarT, Tavs mainc „rjuliT“ qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen, radgan warmoSobiT da cno-bierebiT erTian qarTul saxelmwifos miekuTvnebodnen.

aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia da gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos erTianobis daSlis Semdgom xanaSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, istorikosi „imerTa sarwmunoebasac“ ki axsenebs, rac imis dasturia, rom sarwmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba da saxelmwifoeb-rivi qveSevrdomoba amjeradac ganuyofelia, anu aRmsareblobis saxel-debas qveSevrdomoba ganapirobebs. roca „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“ gadmogvcems odiSis, anu samegrelos sarwmunoebriv-eTnikur viTarebas, wig-nSi naTqvamia: „sarwmunoebiTa, rjuliTa, da wesiTa, da qceviTa imerTaTa“ (783). raki saxelmwifo daSlila, „rjuliT“ kuTvnilebac SebRalula: imere-Tis samefos mkvidrni, Tundac „wamჴdari qarTuliT“ (783) mosaubrne megrel-ni, imerTa sarwmunoebis mimdevrebad iwodebian, raki swored es sarwmuno-ebaa gabatonebuli imereTis samefoSi. Tumca svanebis Sesaxeb, romelTac „ena Tჳsi aqusT sakuTari, garna uwyian qarTulica“ (788) naTqvamia, rom „sarwmunoebiT arian, imerTa Tana, qarTuliTa da umecarni aw misnica“ (788), anu rom isini, imerlebTan erTad, mainc qarTul sarwmunoebas ganekuTvne-bian, Tundac zogadsarwmunoebrivad isini gaucnobierebelni iyvnen. Zne-li saTqmelia, ramdenad Segnebulad mijnavda erTmaneTisagan batoniSvi-li vaxuSti megrelTa mier aRiarebul imerTa sarwmunoebas an „rjuls“ svanTa mier aRiarebuli qarTuli sarwmunoebisagan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ueWveli faqtia, rom saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis xanaSi, axali saxelmwifos – imerTa samefos gaCenis Semdeg, Cndeba gancda, rom iq gabatonebuli religia ukve ara qarTvelTa, aramed imerTa „rjulia“.

rac Seexeba imJamindel periferiul regionebs an saqarTvelos samefos odindel qveSevrdom araqarTvel tomebs, am SemTxvevaSi, saerTod, qris-tianul aRmsareblobasac nel-nela sul ufro uviwrovdeba asparezi, xolo iq, sadac qristianoba jer kidev SenarCunebulia (gansakuTrebiT, glexTa

22

fenaSi), iqac qarTuli eklesiuri erTianobis gancdaca da sinamdvilec sul ufro da ufro fermkrTaldeba, sustdeba, minavldeba.

samcxe-saaTabagoSi: „aw mTavarni da warCinebulni arian mohmadianni, da glexni – qristianeni, aramed klarjeTsa glexnica umetesni mohmadianni; garna vinanica arian qristianeni, iginica umwyselni arian, vinaჲTgan arRara raisa morCileben qarTlisa kaTalikozsa, da berZenTa ara scalis maTTvis. amisTჳs uefiskopozoni da uxuconi arian, Tჳnier romelnime qarTls ikur-Txian“ (660);

javaxeTSi: „sarwmunoebiT glexni jereT qristianeni sruliad, aramed ar-Rara uvisT mwyemsi episkopozi, garna hyavT mRudelni qarTvelni“ (672);

WaneTSi: „sarwmunoebiT aw sruliad mohmadianni, garna mciredni vinme moipoebian qristianeni“ (690);

didoelni: „sarwmunoebiT arian kerpni da umetes eSmakis morCilni“ (552);osebi: „Tavni da warCinebulni maTni arian mahmadianni, da dabalni glexni

qristianeni, garna umecarni orives rjulisani“ (638);qistebi da sxva kavkasielebi: „rjuliTa, sarwmunoebiTa, zniTa, qceviTa,

CveulebiTa scan osTaebr“ (653); afxazebi: „sarwmunoebiT arian qristianeni, aramed arRara risa mecnierni

da iricxჳan, viTarca kerpni [...]. garna [...] aquT sasoeba mRudelTa friad“ (786).am dros, roca ase mimqrala sarwmunoebrivi – qristianuli – erTianobis

gancda, anda erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi sarwmunoebis mexsiereba, mxolod imaTSi darCenila erTiani, ganuyofeli saxelmwifos gancda, vinc Tavs „rju-liT“ qarTvelad miiCnevs.

kidev erTxel, teqstis gaazreba da konteqstis gaTvaliswineba saSuale-bas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT: roca vaxuSti erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli niSnis Sesaxeb msjelobs („ukeTu hkiTxo visme qarTvelsa, anu imersa, mesxsa, da herkaxsa, ra rjuli xar, wams mogigebs: „qarTveli“ – 291), igi ambobs, rom, roca Semxvedr rigiT qarTlels, kaxels, imerels an mesxs hkiTxavT, romel „rjuls“ ekuTvnis, igi qarTvelobas dagisaxelebT, – „rjuls“, romelsac erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo Tavis erT-erT gamoxatulebad miiCnevda, anu getyviT, rom igi arc muslimia, arc warmarTi da arc zoroastreli, magram, raki qristiania, qristianobis farglebSi igi sarwmunoebrivad, kon-fesiurad gansxvavdeba „frangTagan“ (kaTolikeTaTagan) da „somexTagan“ (araqalkedonitTagan), xolo enobrivad – berZenTagan da rusTagan.

safiqrebelia, Tuki vaxuSti acnobierebda, erTi mxriv, qarTvel da, meore mxriv, kaTolike an somex qristianTa dogmatur-kanonikur urTi-erTgansxvavebebs, mas aseve gacnobierebuli eqneboda qarTvelTa dogma-tur-kanonikuri erTianoba berZen da rus qristianebTan16, romlebTan, zogadad, liturgiul erTianobasac ipovida. amdenad, roca igi axsenebs „rjuliT“ qarTvels, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs bizantiuri tradiciis qalkedonit qarTvels (gansxvavebiT romael kaTolikeTagan da somex

23

araqalkedonitTagan), romelic mis gansxvavebas Tanamorwmune, erTrjul („erTsjul“ – 249) berZenTa da rusTagan mxolod liturgiis enaSi Tu ipo-vida. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo misTvis es gamijnuloba, dasturdeba imiTac, rom erovnuli erTianobis meore niSnad – „rjulis“ Semdgom – batoniSvili vaxuSti swored enasa da damwerlobas miiCnevs.

SeniSvnebi:

citatebi batoniSvil vaxuStis naSromidan – „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“

– aq da Semdgom yvelgan moyvanilia am gamocemis mixedviT: qarTlis cxovreba, tomi

IV: batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili yvela

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973.

teqstis gverdebi miTiTebulia citirebisTanave; gamocemiseuli punqtuacia zogan

gasworebulia azris an konteqstis Sesabamisad.

1. „erTianoba Cvens dauviwyars istorikoss warmodgenili aqvs erTmefobis saxiT“

– [javaxiSvili 1977: 334].

2. sagangebo dakvirveba-gaazrebas saWiroebs, erTi mxriv, Tu rodis daukavSirda

mefe vaxtang meeqvses saxeldeba „sjulmdebeli“ (rogorc Cans, erTaderTs saqar-

Tvelos istoriaSi), xolo, meore mxriv, vaxtangis amgvarad saxeldebis genezisi,

konteqsti, semantika, konotacia, aluzia (maT Soris, bibliuri). „vaxtangis udidesi

Rvawli qarTlis (da mTlad saqarTvelos) saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mowesrigebis

saqmeSi, risi wyalobiTac man istoriaSi „rjul-mdebelis“ saxeli daimkvidra, samar-

Tlis wignis dawera aris“ [SaraSiZe 1955:19]; „man sjulmdeblobis didi krebuli Sead-

gina da amiT saqarTvelos istoriaSi keTili da gonieri gamgeblis saxeli daimkvidra.

vaxtangis samarTlis wignTa krebuli aris Cveni Corpus juris civilis da Cvens sjulmde-belsac samarTlianad SeiZleba „qarTveli iustianine“ ewodos“ [doliZe 1963: 3]; „man

„rjul-mdeblis“ saxeli savsebiT samarTlianad daimkvidra“ [paiWaZe 1981: 26]; das-

turdeba, rom me-19 saukuneSic es saxeldeba myaradaa damkvidrebuli: magaliTad,

„gvirgvinosanma vaxtang sjulmdebelma [...]“ [WavWavaZe 2007: 31].

3. sayuradReboa, rom mogvianebiT, swored vaxuStis xanaSi Tavad leqsema „qarTul-

sac“ ki zogierT konteqstSi samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi mieniWa: „XVII s. bolosa da XVIII s.

dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi xmarebul termins „qarTuls“ hqonia saerTod samarTlisa

da kerZod davis, dadgenilebis, gadawyvetilebis, brZanebulebis mniSvneloba“ [ber-

ZniSvili 1993: 202]; zogadad, „qarTulis“ rogorc samarTlebrivi cnebis Sesaxeb epo-

qiseul wyaroTa Seswavlis safuZvelze ix. [berZniSvili 1993: 195-203].

4. „Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi „sjuls, an „Sjuls“ mainc ufro sarwmunoebrivi,

saeklesio samarTlis elferi edva da amiT igi terminisagan „samarTali“ gansxvavde-

boda“ [javaxiSvili 1982: 29] leqsikurad monaTesave „merCuleTa“ mniSvneloba da fun-

qcia Zvel saqarTveloSi sagangebod Seiswavla pavle ingoroyvam, romelsac „merCule“

kanonikuri samarTlis mecnierad miaCnda: ix. [ingoroyva 2009: 19-30]; erTgan vaxuStic

iyenebs monaTesave cnebas: „rjulis mecnierni“ (185), oRond is somxuri sarwmunoebis

warmomadgenelT ganekuTvneba.

24

5. ix. Tundac zogadi mimoxilva: “Law and Religion” [enciklopedia 2005: 5325 (293)]: “Historically, there have been close connections, extending in some cases to an identity, between law and religion in many societies” – „mraval sazogadoebaSi, istoriulad, kanonsa da religias Soris arsebobda mWidro kavSiri, romelic zogjer maT gaigivebamdec ki midioda“.

6. WeliSuri xelnaweris variantiT: „romTa SecTomilTa sjulsa“ [Zeglebi 1963:

133]; qarTlis cxovreba: „hromTa maT SecdomilTa Sjulisa“ [cxovreba 2008: 120]),

„viyo morCil ninoჲsa Sjulsa zeda hromTasa“ [cxovreba 2008: 124]. Sdr. [cxovreba 1955: 106, 110].

7. am statiis farglebSi kvlevis yuradRebis miRma dgas vaxuStis wyaroebisa Tu

SeTvisebaTa sakiTxi. bunebrivi da cnobilia, rom „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosas“

werisas istorikosi uxvad sargeblobs Zvel qarTul matianeTa Tu „axali qarTlis

cxovrebis“ sxvadasxva teqstebiT (ix. [mesxia 1947: 13-51; yauxCiSvili 1973: 024-036], mag-

ram amgvar nasesxobaTa dadastureba Tu ganxilva amjerad arc sWirdeba da arc rasme

hmatebs vaxuStiseuli koncefciis warmoCenas.

8. „es Sesavali „zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosani“ TviT „istorias“ win uZRvis,

magram mainc ueWvelia, rom avtors maSin eqmneba dawerili, rodesac „istoria“ ukve

damTavrebuli hqonda“ [javaxiSvili 1977: 337].

9. asea ganmartebuli „nasri“ vaxuStis teqsts darTul leqsikonSi, romelic gamom-

cemlis, simon yauxCiSvilis, mieraa Sedgenili (947).

10. „amasve cxadad vxedavT misionerebis werilebSi marTlmadidebeli qarTvele-

bis Sesaxeb, romelTac xSirad uwodeben berZnebad (Greci), radgan berZnis tipikoni aqvsT“ [TamaraSvili 1904: 219].

11. teqstSi mravalgzisaa moxseniebuli erTmaneTis gverdiT – rogorc somexTa-

gan sarwmunoebrivad gamijnulni – berZnebi da qarTvelebi [goSi 2012: 96, 97, 98, 99, 109,

116, 118, 122, 125, 126]; ix. agreTve: [abulaZe 1985: 5-16].

12. „qarTvelebi da berZnebi sarwmunoebiT erTi niSnisani iyvnen. es garemoeba qar-

TvelTaTvis xelsayrelic iyo da saxifaToc. saxifaTo iyo imiT, rom bizantielTa

Semosevisas qarTvelebs Tavisi erovnuli interesis (saxis) dasacavad religiuri

momenti ar gamoadgebodaT rogorc, magaliTad, somxebTan brZolisas [...] qarTvel-

berZenTa urTierToba aRmosavleTSi gansakuTrebuli iyo. maT Soris brZola

sarwmunoebrivi momentisagan Tavisufali da, maSasadame, ufro Zneli (Tavdacvis

TvalsazrisiT) unda yofiliyo“ [berZeniSvili 1979: 19].

13. „qarTvelebi berZnul sjuls, – e. i. imas, romelsac am dros berZnebi iziareb-

dnen, – iCemebdnen. Tumca, berZenTagan gansxvavebiT, laTinebTan Tavisebur damo-

kidebulebas icavdnen – zogi ram laTinebisa ufro marTebulad miaCndaT. meore

mxriT, berZnebis mravalgzis sxizmas aRniSnavdnen da qarTul orTodoqsulobas aRi-

arebdnen“ [berZeniSvili 1979: 18]. rogorc Cans, aq uwinaresad igulisxmeba giorgi

mTawmidelis sityvebi, warmoTqmuli konstantinopolSi, imperatoris karze, ix.

[Zeglebi 1967: 179].

14. „qarTveli“, „somexi“, „berZeni“, „asuri“ saSualo saukuneebSi mxolod naTe-

sauri momentis Semcvelni rodi iyvnen. am terminebSi maTi sarwmunoebrivi momentic

isaxeboda...“ [berZeniSvili 1979: 18].

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15. SesaZlebelia qronologiurad axlobeli Sedareba: berZnebTan da rusebTan

sarwmunoebriv erTianobas mkafiod xedavs (da Tavis aRmsareblobad swored am

sarwmunoebas mtkiced acxadebs) iese baraTaSvili (1728-1786), romelic sakuTari

cxovrebis aRweras, anderZad datovebuls SvilebisaTvis, vaxuStis naSromis dam-

Tavrebidan cameti wlis Semdeg, 1768 wels, saqarTveloSi wers: „me viyav ZaliTa qris-

tesiTa WeSmariti aRmsaarebeli marTlisa sarwmunoebisa, romelsa aRiareben dRes

berZenni, rusni da qarTvelni. da uwyis saxelman RuTisaman, Tvinier sarwmunoebisa

amis ara ra uwvrTies gonebasa Cemsa“ [baraTaSvili 1950: 1].

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1971: abulaZe il. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi). Tb.: mecniereba, 1973.

abulaZe 1985: abulaZe il. „mxiTar goSis traqtati „qarTvelTaTvis“ da misi literatu-

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merani, 1993.

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paiWaZe 1981: paiWaZe g. vaxtang meeqvse. Tb.: mecniereba, 1981.

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Txzulebani: Tormet tomad. t. VI. Tb.: mecniereba, 1982.

27

Merab Ghaghanidze(Georgia, Tbilisi)

Prince Vakhushti on the First Sign of the Whole Georgia – “Georgian by Faith”

Summary

Key words: nationality, faith, confession, identity, history.

“Description of Kingdom of Georgia”by Prince Vakhusti, – the work, which was was com-pleted on 20 October 1745 in Moscow, describes the geography of Georgia, its regions and peo-ples, and narrates the history of Georgia from its origin to the first half of the 18th century.

The essay shows, what is the Prince’s Vakhushti’s idea of national identity and also the signs of this identity. Such signs, by Vakhushti, are three, but later he talks also on two other signs.

First of these signs is the “Georgian by faith”. Vakhushti finds the answer to the question as what gives a person or society the feeling of one’s nationality.

The work by the historian consider the issue of relationship between the nationality and the religiosity. Vakhusti’s answer is that the nationality first of all is formed by one’s confession, by belonging to the one or another religion.

The essay shows the meaning of word “sjuli” in different periods of Georgian literature and historiography and meaning of this word in context of Vakhusthi’s “Description”.

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XIX saukune: epoqa da literatura

Tamaz vasaZe(saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

Tavis daxsna

(aluda qeTelauris feriscvalebis interpretaciisaTvis)

Sinagani metamorfoza, romelsac „aluda qeTelauris“ mTavari personaJi ganicdis, misi mniSvneloba metnaklebad srulad ver iqneba gaazrebuli, Tu cxadi ar gaxda aludas qcevis motivebi sazogadoebasTan konfliqtis bolo etapze.

aluda qeTelauris qceva xatobaze ucnauri da Znelad asaxsnelia. ro-gorc gvaxsovs, igi xevisberisgan iTxovs gudanis jvars mahmadianis sulis-Tvis msxverpli Seswiros, xolo am Txovnis uaryofis Semdeg msxverpls Tvi-Ton wiravs. aludas qcevis ucnauroba is aris, rom igi Temisgan iseT rames iTxovs da mere Tavad akeTebs, rac xevsurebis mrwamsTan da wes-Cveulebeb-Tan sruliad SeuTavsebelia, magram TiTqos ver acnobierebs amas, ver aRiq-vams realobas, romelSic imyofeba.

„urjulo“ mteri TemisTvis TiTqmis araadamiania, uwminduri, demonurad mankieri arsebaa da aseTi arsebis sulis RmerTisTvis msxverplSewirviT Se-vedreba gaugonari da absoluturad mouTmeneli mkrexelobaa. bunebrivia, es aludasac unda esmodes, magram rCeba STabeWdileba, rom mas „urjulos“ sulze zrunvisadmi Temis Semwynareblobis imedi aqvs, ver iazrebs, ramdenad mtkicea „mtris xati“, romlis damsxvrevasac cdilobs da riT dasruldeba amgvari cda.

ucnauria, rogor SeiZleba aludasTvis mosalodneli ar iyos Tavis Txovnaze xevisberis pasuxi, − romelsac es mkrexeluri Txovna „sxva rigis SiSs“, mistikur Zrwolas gvris − Tundac imitom, rom amgvari pasuxi, dawu-ruli formiT, arsebiTad mas ukve miRebuli aqvs. roca igi Satilelebs mu-calTan orTabrZolis ambavs uyveba da ambobs: „im cxonebulsa mucalsa rkina sdebiyo gulada“, mas maSinve xistad mouWrian: „ras ambob, qistis cxoneba ar dawerila rjulada!“. gaugebaria, ram SeiZleba afiqrebinos aludas, rom es kategoriuli pozicia SesaZlebelia Seicvalos, miTumetes, rom misi gamo-xatvis Semdeg am adamianis konfliqti sazogadoebasTan mxolod mwvavdeba − Temi araTu mahmadiani qistis cxonebas miiCnevs warmoudgenlad, aramed „ur-julo“ mtris cxedris mimarT barbarosuli sisastikis gamovlenaze, misTvis

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xelis moWraze uaris Tqmas; xolo aluda Temis samarTals, romelic mokluli mtris dasaxiCrebas iwonebs, „codva-braliT monaTluls“ uwodebs. aludas araviTari safuZveli ar aqvs sjerodes, rom am samarTliT mcxovrebi xal-xi sakuTari RvTaebisTvis „urjulos“ sulis Sevedrebas Semwynareblurad moekideba.

xatobaze aludas qcevas gasagebs xdis im garemoebis gaazreba, rom xe-visberTan saubarSi igi ar asabuTebs, ratom Tvlis gamarTlebulad guda-nis jvrisTvis mahmadiani mucalis „Sexvewebas“ − ar laparakobs Tavis axal msoflxedvaze, ar cdilobs Tavisi axali azris WeSmaritebis damtkicebas, romelsac misi Txovna emyareba. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi, Tu ara is, rom man es azri basri polemikuri formiT manamde ukve amaod, uSedegod gaumxi-la xevsurebs: „Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT, martoT Cven gvzdian dedani, Cvena vcxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi mielis qSenani... amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT, RvTiSvilT ukeTes ician, yvelani marTals amboben, gana vinaca hfician?!“.

imis garda, rom RmerTi konfesiebis mixedviT ar yofs adamianebs cxonebis Rirsebad da cxonebis SesaZleblobas moklebulebad, aludam Tanatomelebs imazec miuTiTa, rac am Sexedulebis erT-erTi mTavari sayrdenia − Rmer-Ti vaJkacobas „urjulosac“ aniWebs. swored amas niSnavs konteqsts, sulis cxonebis Temas garegnulad, magram ara Sinaarsobrivad acdenili aludas es gamonaTqvami: „miT vaqeb vaJkacobasa, ar iyideba fulada“, romliTac igi pasuxobs Tanamosaubris ukve citirebul replikas: „ras ambob, qistis cxo-neba ar dawerila rjulada!“. aludas sityvebi gulisxmobs − vaJkacobis Se-Zena SeuZlebelia imitom, rom igi Tandayolilia, anu mas RmerTi aniWebs adamians rjulis ganurCevlad da amiT cxonebis Rirss xdis.

xevisberTan dialogSi aluda aseT azrebs aRar gamoTqvams, raki icis, rom maT damarwmunebeli Zala kvlav ar eqneba, isini kvlav gaugebari da miuRebe-li darCeba. es metyvelebs, rom sinamdvileSi aluda savsebiT fxizlad aRiq-vams garemomcvel realobas da Tavis moqmedebas swored misi raobis gaTva-liswinebiT warmarTavs.

Tu am arsebiT moments mxedvelobaSi viqoniebT, xatobaze aludas qcevis logika ase gamoikveTeba: igi gudanis jvrisadmi pativiscemiT icavs forma-lobas, asrulebs arsebul wess da RvTismsaxurisgan iTxovs „maunaTlavis“ saxelze msxverplis Sewirvas ise, rom Tavisi Txovnis Sesmenas ar moelis, xolo roca Txovnaze uars miiRebs, akeTebs imas, rac winaswar aqvs gadawyve-tili − xevisberis nacvlad TviTon swiravs msxverpls gudanis jvars mahmadi-ani mucalis sulis sargod; aluda elodeba Temis mkacr reagirebas Tavis qmedebaze, mzadaa sasjelisTvis, romelic, rogorc misTvis savsebiT cxadia, gardauvalad moyveba am qmedebas − Temis TvalTaxedviT, arnaxul mkrexelobas.

xatobaze „urjulos“ sulis sacxoneblad msxverplis SewirviT aluda gaazrebulad asxams xorcs Tavis ideas, gaazrebulad uZebnis mas zust mate-rialur – praqtikul Sesatyviss, sagangebod axdens imis TvalsaCino demon-

30

strirebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, ilustrirebas, rom RmerTi konfesiuri niSniT ar axarisxebs adamianebs sulier-zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT srulfasovnebad da arasrulfasovnebad, sasufevelSi da jojoxeTSi mosaxvedrebad; amitom Rirseuli „urjulos“ sulis cxoneba SesaZlebelia.

aludas qmedeba gaazrebuli da mizanmimarTulia – Segnebuli amboxia Te-mis tradiciuli religiis winaaRmdeg da sazogadoebis reaqciis Segnebulad gamowvevaa. am uprecedento, TanatomelTaTvis ukiduresad gamaRizianebeli qmedebiT aluda sakuTari nebiT daitexs Tavs Temis risxvas, romelic ara-marto sazogadoebisgan mokveTas, aramed sikvdilsac SeiZleba moaswavebdes misTvis: „Sasmulebm xevsurTSvilebma moimarjvian farebi, unda scen qeTe-laursa, kapasad JReren rvalebi“.

imas, rom aluda qeTelauri arsebiTad TviTon ganusazRvravs TavisTavs mkacr sasjels, metad mniSvnelovani fsiqologiur-moraluri da msofl-mxedvelobrivi wanamZRvrebi aqvs. aludas Tavganwirvisken ubiZgebs iseTi Zireuli da mZlavri motivebi, rom es Tavganwirva aucileblobis xasiaTs iZens.

aluda qeTelauris Tavgametebuli qmedebis yvelaze Rrma motivebi SeiZ-leba davinaxoT im pasaJebSi, romlebSic misi sulieri samyaro aseve yvelaze Rrmad aris warmoCenili − mis koSmarul xilvaSi („visac mteroba maswyur-des...“) da gansakuTrebiT sizmarSi.

orivegan, xilvaSic da sizmarSic, ukiduresad mwvave aRqmis da Sefasebis sagania aludas da misi Tanatomelebis cxovreba mTlianad, damyarebuli dausrulebel SurisZiebaze da sisxlisRvraze. xilvaSi aludas Tavisi sa-zogadoebis yofa Tavidan bolomde SurismaZieblobiT, sastiki Zalado-bis codviT, sisxliT gaJRenTilad esaxeba. am yofaSi sisxliania, codviania TviT religiac − sisxlis gubeSi Camdgari adamianis Sesaxeb aluda mwared fiqrobs: „pirjvari daiwerodis, miTam saydarSi aria“. Temis tradiciuli religiis sisxliT wabilwulobis − mis mier sisxlismRvreli Zaladobis, SurisZiebis dakanonebis erTbaSad da mtkivneulad danaxvac karnaxobs alu-das, rom „RvTiSvilT ukeTes ician“, rom SeuZlebelia adamianebis mtruli, momakvdinebeli gaTiSuloba RmerTis nebis Sesabamisi iyos...

aludas xilva gamoxatavs mis tragikul gancdas, rom igi Zaladobaze da-fuZnebuli, mTlianad codviT moculi yofierebis Tanamonawilea da ganu-yofelia misgan, rom am fatumiviT ucvleli da uZleveli yofierebis tyvea.

sizmarSi aludas Tavisi da im sazogadoebis cxovreba, romelsac ekuT-vnis, sisxlismRvrel SurisZiebaTa gamudmebul, amazrzen wrebrunvad war-moudgeba: mas esizmreba, rom daRupul Tanatomels sxva xevsurebTan erTad glovobs da salaSqrod, Suris saZieblad emzadeba; anu aludasTvis Tavisi uzneobiT ukve Semzaravi da aRmaSfoTebeli sisxlisRvra kvlav usasrulod grZeldeba da TviTonac kvlav, Zveleburad monawileobs masSi, rac danaSa-ulis isedac mZime grZnobas kidev ufro umZimebs, imdenad, rom sakuTar Tavs kanibalad aRiqvams.

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es xdeba sizmarSi mucalis gamocxadebis ZaliT − mis mier mokluli muca-lis xati iseve ar asvenebs aludas, rogorc makbets Tavisi msxverplis, bankos aCrdili. sizmari mTeli sisavsiT gamoxatavs aludas autanel sindisis qenj-nas mucalis mokvlis gamo − mucali xanjals udebs xelSi da sikvdils iTxovs misgan, riTac saSinel mkvlelad agrZnobinebs mas Tavs, xolo xevsurTa yofas afasebs rogorc „laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviT ZRomas“, rasac mosdevs aludas mier TavisTavis − amgvar yofaSi kvlavindeburad Cabmulis − danaxva kaciWa-miad, kacis xorciT mZRomelad.

aludas daTrgunulobas antihumanurobiT damaxinjebul cxovrebaSi mo-nawileobisTvis Tavis aridebis SeuZleblobiT, amgvari cxovrebis tyveoba-Si darCeniT sizmarSi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamoxatavs is, rom igi ver axerxebs sakuTari kanibalisturi aqtis Sewyvetas, Tumca Zags es aqti. „dav-je, jam vinam damidga, kacis xorc iyo wvniani; vsWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRa ka-cis xel-fexi Zvliani...“.

sindisis mier mxilebul da qenjnil aludas Zuls da aZrwunebs sakuTa-ri Tavi, sakuTari codviani cxovreba, romelic arc momavalSi SeiZleba iyos sxvanairi; ezizReba Tavisi da mTeli sazogadoebis ganuwyveteli ka-ciskvliT SebRaluli arseboba, romlisgan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas ver xedavs, romlis gagrZelebac aucileblad mouwevs rogorc Temis wevrs. yovelive es mas sasowarkveTilebaSi agdebs.

vaJa fSavelas gmiris Sinagani dramis arsis gagebas aadvilebs sasowar-kveTilebis kirkegoriseuli daxasiaTeba − „sikvdiliT daavadeba“, sneuleba, romelic Tavs iCens rogorc dausrulebeli sulieri agonia; igi bolomde ar klavs, magram arc acocxlebs adamians; gansakuTrebulad Rrma, yvelaze nam-dvili sasowarkveTilebis gamomwvevi ki uwinaresad sakuTari arsebis miuReb-lobaa, gamouvali braleulobis gancdaa.

danaSaulis grZnoba, sindisis qenjna, TavisTavad, mxolod unayofod awa-mebs, RrRnis da angrevs adamians. arsebobs mosazreba, rom jojoxeTis Se-saxeb warmodgena warmoSva dausruleblad mtanjavi, sasowarmkveTi sindisis qenjnis fsiqologiurma da moralurma gamocdilebam. gaunelebeli sindi-sis qenjnis da usaSvelo sasowarkveTilebis, gamudmebuli sulieri wamebis, kvdomis jojoxeTur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba aluda qeTelauric.

amgvari mdgomareobidan erTaderTi gamosavalia monanieba − srulad gacnobierebuli da aRiarebuli codvisgan radikaluri gamijvna da gadam-Wreli qmedeba, mimarTuli imis asanazRaureblad, rac adamianma TavisTavs Tu sxvebs dauSava. s. frankis TvalTaxedviT, sindisis qenjnis tanjva daiZ-leva mxolod sxvagvari tanjvis, sxvagvari simZimis tvirTebiT, msxverplis gaRebiT, romelic brals gamoisyidis; es aris „jvris gza“, msxverplgaRebis qristianuli gza, romelze Semdgaric bralis gamomsyidvel da sulis gan-mkurnebel msxverpls siyvaruliT, siyvarulis gulisTvis gaiRebs.

aluda swored ase gaiRebs msxverpls − siyvaruliT mucalisadmi rogorc misTvis Zvirfas axloblad qceuli adamianisadmi, rogorc „Tavis lamazi Zmisadmi“. aluda mis gamo ubralod kurats ki ar imetebs msxverplSesawirad,

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aramed Tavis myar dafuZnebulobas da keTildReobas mSobliur garemoSi, maRal sazogadoebriv statuss da avtoritets, TviT sakuTar sicocxles.

es TviTSewirva sindisis qenjnisgan, danaSaulis mtanjveli grZnobisgan, sasowarkveTilebisgan aludas gamaTavisuflebelia. bralis gamomsyidve-li msxverplgaReba mas an sulieri gankurnebis sawindrad, an sikvdiliswina Sinagan ganwmendad eqceva.

codvis − am SemTxvevaSi mkvlelobis − gamosyidva monaniebiT da msxver-plgaRebiT, sasjelis nebayoflobiTi tvirTebiT − qristianuli eTikis es paradigmaa ganxorcielebuli aluda qeTelauris bedSi, iseve rogorc ras-kolnikovis tragikul istoriaSi.

Tumca raskolnikovisgan gansxvavebiT vaJa fSavelas gmirs aravin, arc erTi adamiani ar exmareba braleulobiT gamowveuli sulieri tanjvisgan mxsneli, bralis gamomsyidveli monaniebis da msxverplgaRebis gzis arCeva-Si, es arCevani mTlianad misi zneobrivi intuiciis nayofia. aseve aravin dax-marebia mas, ziareboda qristianuli zneobis sxva iseT fuZiseul princi-pebsac, rogorebicaa „ara kac kla“, „giyvardeT mterni Tqvenni“, aravis uqadagia misTvis, rom „RvTiSvilT ukeTes ician“, rom RmerTi adamianTa calkeul eTnikur-sarwmunoebriv jgufs ki ar wyalobs, aramed mas mTeli kacobrioba uyvars. es principebi, aseTi RmerTi aludam TviTon, sponta-nurad, sakuTari moraluri alRos da mtkivneuli sulieri gamocdilebis wyalobiT aRmoaCina TavisTavSi, Tavis arsebaSi.

vaJa fSavelam warmosaxa sruliad uCveulo, unikaluri movlena: saSinel, absolutur martoobaSi gamomwyvdeulma adamianma TviTon gaiqristiana Tavi; martodmarto damoukideblad, socialuri garemodan miRebuli raime kul-turuli sazrdos gareSe warmoidgina RmerTi qristianulad, humanizebulad.

RmerTze aseTi warmodgena aludasTvis is sayrdenia, romelic huma-nisturi moralur-religiuri amboxebiT sazogadoebasTan radikalur dapi-rispirebas da am Tavgametebuli aqtiT braleulobis grZnobisgan Tavis daxsnas SeaZlebinebs; SeaZlebinebs gaimTelos gaxleCili Sinagani arseba, daZlios TavisTavTan Rrma konfliqti sazogadoebasTan konfliqtis bo-lomde gamwvavebiT.

vaJa-fSavelas personaJi Taviseburad gaivlis pirovnuli ganviTarebis im stadiebs, romlebsac kirkegori gamokveTs − naxtomebs axorcielebs es-Tetikuri stadiidan, anu grZnobebs, emociebs, vnebebis stiqias minebebuli arsebobidan eTikuri stadiisken, mtanjveli zneobrivi refleqsiiT damZi-mebuli yofierebisken da religiuri stadiisken, romelzec adamiani mkveT-rad individualizebul − da ara formalizebul − urTierTobas amyarebs RmerTTan...

msxverplgaReba, Temis mier dakisrebuli sasjelis, mSobliuri mxaridan gaZevebis atana aludasTvis, rasakvirvelia, mZimea („erTxel maunda aludas, erTxel mobrunva Tavisa: „mSvidobiT, sajixveebo, gamaxarelno Tvalisa! mSvidobiT, Cemo saxkaro, gulSi amSlelo bralisa...“). magram amave dros

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es sasjeli Svebac aris misTvis, imitomac, rom Tavs daaRwevinebs mas Temis cxovrebis wesisTvis, romelsac gardauvalad Tansdevs sisxlisRvra da rom-lis Sesabamisad arsebobis gagrZeleba aRar surs da aRar SeuZlia.

aluda qeTelauri, Zlieri, vaJkacuri bunebis, Seupovar moqmedebas Cve-uli adamiani, ver egueba codviani, sisxliani yofis, unayofo sindisis qen-jnis da sasowarkveTilebis satusaRoSi sulier kvdomas da gadamWreli qmedebiT − msxverplgaRebiT gaangrevs mis yru kedlebs.

Tamaz Vasadze(Georgia, Tbilisi)

The Salvation (on the interpretation of Aluda Ketelauri’s transfiguration)

Summary

Key words: Vazha Pshavela, Aluda Ketelauri, pangs of conscience, feeling of guilt, sacrifice. The inner metamorphosis experienced by a titular protagonist of “Aluda Ketelauri”, its

significance cannot be more or less fully understood unless the motives for Aluda’s behavior at the last stage of the confrontation with his commune are clarified.

Aluda’s sacrificial offering for the “unbeliever” is a thoughtful and purposeful act – an open revolt against traditional beliefs and practices of the commune and a conscious challenge to his fellow villagers. With this unprecedented, extremely provocative act, Aluda at his own free will takes upon himself the wrath of the community where the only fit punishment for this act is expul-sion or even death.

The most profound motives of Aluda Ketelauri’s selfless action can be seen in the passages where his spiritual world is manifested also most profoundly – in his nightmare vision (“Who seeks enmity” ...) and especially in a dream.

Both in vision and in dream, the subject of extremely acute perception and evaluation is the life of Aluda and his fellow villagers which is totally based on endless revenge and bloodshed. In his vision, Aluda views the existence of his commune totally wrapped up in sin of blood feuds, revenge and cruel violence. Aluda’s vision expresses his tragic feeling that he is an integral part of the life based on violence, totally wrapped up in sin and a captive of an unchangeable like fatum and the irresistible existence.

In a dream, Aluda imagines his life and the life of the community he belongs to as the vicious cycle of bloody revenge. For Aluda, the already terrible in its immorality and outrageous blood-shed continues indefinitely and he himself participates in it again, which further aggravates his feeling of guilt so much that he begins to perceive himself as a cannibal.

This happens in a dream when Mucali appears – the figure of Mucali whom he had slain does not give Aluda a rest, just like Banquo’s ghost to Macbeth. The dream in its entirety expresses unbearable pangs of conscience because of killing Mucali. Aluda’s depression by the impossibil-

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ity to avoid participation in the anti-human distorted life, remaining a captive of such a life is especially vividly expressed in a dream by the fact that he fails to interrupt his own cannibal act, although this is disgusting to him.

Being exposed and tormented by conscience Aluda hates and does not endure himself, his own sinful life, that cannot be otherwise in the future too; he hates the existence of himself and the entire commune, besmirched by permanent enmity and manslaughters, from which he cannot escape, and which he will have to continue all his life as a member of this community. All this leads him to despair.

The understanding of the inner drama of Vazha Pshavela’s protagonist is facilitated by the characterization of despair according to Kierkegaard – the “sickness unto death”, which is mani-fested as a constant spiritual agony; worse than any illness, but it does not allow a person to live; primarily caused by a rejection of oneself and a feeling of terrible, irreparable guilt.

The only way out of this state of repentance is to fully realize and radically dissociate oneself from recognized sin and a decisive act aimed at compensating for the harm that a person has done to himself or others. According to S. Frank, the suffering a pang of conscience can be overcome only by taking on another kind of suffering, another kind of burden, by offering a sacrifice to redeem one’s fault...

Aluda’s salvation lies in self-sacrifice from remorse, from anguished feelings of guilt, despair. The sacrifice offered for the atonement of guilt will turn for him either a precursor of spiritual healing or inner cleansing before death.

Redemption of sin – in this case of murder – repentance and sacrifice, voluntary burden of punishment – this paradigm of Christian ethics is realized in the fate of Aluda Ketelauri, as well as in Raskolnikov’s tragic story.

However, unlike Raskolnikov, nobody helps the protagonist of Vazha Pshavela in choosing a path that will relieve from spiritual suffering caused by guilt, repentance of the sinner and sacri-fice, and this choice is entirely the result of his moral intuition. And no one preached to him that God shows mercy not to separate ethno-religious groups of people, but He loves all humanity. Aluda discovered this in himself spontaneously, with his own essence thanks to his own painful spiritual experience.

For Aluda, such a human conception of God is a support that will give him strength in a radi-cal confrontation with the commune by humanistic moral-religious revolt and by this selfless act release from guilt feeling; will help him to integrate the torn inner essence, overcome the deep conflict in himself by aggravation of the conflict with the community.

The protagonist of Vazha Pshavela in his own way passes those levels of personal growth that Kierkegaard highlights – transition from the aesthetic level, i.e. from the existence of the aban-doned feelings, emotions, spontaneous passions to the different level of morality, to the existence aggravated by agonizing moral reflection and to the religious stage at which a person establishes clearly individualized and not formalized contact with God.

Aluda Ketelauri, an impetuous youth, brave combatant with strong, bold character, cannot reconcile with sinful bloody existence, with fruitless remorse of conscience and spiritual death in captivity of despair and by a decisive act – offering sacrifice destroys the walls of habitual social frontiers.

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Tamar SarabiZe(saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

uflis xatis gansaxovneba vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebaSi uflis saxe-xati vaJa-fSavelas yvela Janris nawarmoebSi warmoCndeba an

SeigrZnoba. uflis saxe Cans bunebis mwerliseul aRqmasa Tu personaJTa qme-debaSi, mwerlis mier umniSvnelo detalisa Tu mniSvnelovani ideis demon-strirebisas. vaJa aRiqvams samyaros harmoniulobas, mis mowesrigebulobas da am harmoniul wesrigSi adamianis CarTulobas („pirze oflgadamdinared“). adamiani, miuxedavad misi sisastikisa, mwerlis azriT, bunebis gvirgvinia, bunebis „ugonieresi“ wevria, romlis moqmedebas gansazRvravs misive neba („fiqrebi, mogoneba da ocneba“). bunebis harmonia mudmivi araa. is irRveva stiqiiT, romelsac veraferi aCerebs. buneba erTdroulad aris „TeTri“ da „Savi“ saqmis mtvirTveli: sadac pirimzes axarebs, iq zavis mTxrelicaa („Rame mTaSi“). bunebis uaryofiTi mxare, mis mier Cadenili Savi saqme, sakma-risi mizezi ar aris mwerlisTvis, rom is ar moswondes. mwerlis bunebisad-mi damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli aris bunebiT gamowveuli esTeti-kuri tkboba da ara mis qmedebaTa Sefaseba. mwerali amCnevs, rom, miuxeda-vad bunebis av-kargianobisa, misi moqmedeba aRemateba adamianis gonierebas, radgan mas uflis neba gansazRvravs („sad aris poezia?“, „napralni“). vaJa ufals „RmerTs“, „dambadebels“, „Semoqmeds“, „qristes“, „jvarcmuls“ uwo-debs, SesTxovs mas samyaros sikeTes, pirovnul simtkicesa da Tavis damdab-lebis unars. mwerlisTvis ufali is saswaulia, romlis dabadebiT samyaroSi gardatexa xdeba, mkvdari cocxldeba da bunebasac adamianTan erTad xsnis imedi eZleva („varskvlavi“); samyaros Semqmneli samyaroSi ibadeba. uflis ni-San-TvisebaTagan mwerali upirvelesad mis yvelganmyofobas gamoyofs: „ro-gorc uzarmazar saydarSi imyofeba RmerTi, ise pataraSi. xalxSic esea. erTi meorisagan gairCeva gareganad, magram Sinaarsi, suli RvTisa udgiaT“ (vaJa-fSavela 1964z: 98). mwerlis msoflxedva wminda qristianulia – saydarSi im-yofeba RmerTi, eklesia misi sxeulia, tania, qriste ki Tavia eklesiisa; ek-lesia da adamianis sxeulic RvTis sulis samyofelia; RvTaebrivi sulis bu-neba gonierebaa, rac ganasxvavebs adamians samyaros sxva cocxali arsebebis-gan. am RvTaebriv sulze miuTiTebs vaJa, roca wers: „suliT kaci yvela sxva cxovelze maRla dgas. rac ar unda aswavlo cxovels, imas ar SeuZlian Tavisi swavleba Svilebs moaxmaros...“ (vaJa-fSavela 1964z: 98). gonierebiT adamiani warmoudgenlad maRlamdgomia cxovelze. swored am faqtSi, am WeSmarite-baSi xedavs mwerali ufals, romelic adamians, Tixas, „sulad cxovelad“ gardaqmnis da misi nawili xdeba. swored RvTaebrivi suli ganasxvavebs adami-ans samyaros sxva wevrTagan da uflis xatad qmnis. bunebis yvela wevri ufals

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mimarTavs TxovniT, radgan mas miiCnevs uzenaes arsebad da ara bunebis ro-melime wevrs. marTalia, am damokidebulebaSi buneba personificirebulia da masSi adamiani igulisxmeba, magram swored es urTierTdamokidebuleba xdis TvalsaCinos mwerlis msoflmxedvelobriv Tvalsazriss, rom buneba RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili da mas uflis nebeloba warmarTavs. bunebis „dadebiTi“ da „uaryofiTi“ mxareebi ki bunebis idealuri saxis aRqmaSi exmareba adamians da sikeTisa da siyvarulis grZnobebs uRvivebs.

uflis saxe-xati vaJas SemoqmedebaSi mravalferovnad warmoCndeba da amasTanave TiToeul mxatvrul warmosaxvas safuZvlad saRvTo simboli-kis Rrma codna udevs. Cven ganvasxvavebT mwerlis Semoqmedebis realis-tur mimarTulebas misive Semoqmedebis simbolur-alegoriuli nakadisagan. swored es ukanaskneli gamoarCevs vaJa-fSavelas me-19 saukunis qarTvel mweralTagan. marTalia, uflis saxe vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis am orive nakadSi simbolur-alegoriulia, magram teqstebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxva-vebs erTi mniSvnelovani detali: realistur nawarmoebebSi ieso nazareve-li warmoCndeba istoriul perspeqtivaSi (warsuli, awmyo da usasrulo mo-mavali); qristes aRdgomiT iTrguneba sikvdili da ukvdavi xdeba „qristes mosavTa saxeli“ (vaJa-fSavela 1964v: 264).

ieso qristesa da misi moZRvrebis WeSmaritebaze saubrobs mwerali iseT realisturi mimarTulebis leqsebSi, rogorebicaa „varskvlavi“, „wminda nino“, „didmarxva“, „iudasaviT qristesa“. am Tematikaze Seqmnil teqstebSi naTlad da mkafiod ikveTeba mwerlis pozicia. is afasebs ieso qristes misi-as am qveynad. leqsSi „didmarxva“ Cans uflis yvelganmyofeloba da mudmi-voba, „varskvlavSi“ – misi dabadebis udidesi mniSvneloba kacobriobisaTvis, xolo „wminda ninoSi“ – qristes moZRvrebis WeSmariteba. sainteresoa uflis saxis gansaxovneba leqsSi „varskvlavi“. uflis dabadebiT bunebam „ucxo ram igrZno Zalia“. strofSi uflis Zala figurirebs, rogorc samyaros, bunebi-sa da sulier arsTa Semqmneli. leqsSi „iudasaviT qristesa“ ixateba jvar-ze gakruli nazareveli da codva-madlis brZola samyaros dasasrulamde. vaJas zogierT nawarmoebSi ki arapirdapir, iribulad aris saubari ufalze; is xalxis, sazogadoebis saxeSi-xatSi warmoCndeba. magaliTad,

davmsgavsebivarT yvelani

cxvris upatrono farasa.

(vaJa-fSavela1964a: 148)

upatronod darCenili fara umwyemsod darCenili mrevlia, romelsac ad-vilad moereva mgeli, e.i. eSmaki da misi mimdevrebi. aqedan gamomdinare, ufa-li mwyemsia, patronia Tavisi cxvrebisa. kidev erT „qebaTa-qebaSi“ vaJa cod-vil adamianebs „gza-dabneulebs“ uwodebs, radgan „iudas sakmels ukmeven, / jvarze acvamen qristesa!..“ (vaJa-fSavela1964a: 159). naTelia, rom ufali bib-liuri saxe-xatiTaa warmodgenili – igi gzaa. vinc gzidan gadauxvevs, cod-

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vilia. adamiani Tavisi codviT sistematurad jvarze acvams ufals. erT-erT „qebaTa-qebaSi“ mwerlis mxatvruli warmosaxviT amgvari suraTi ixateba – „uflis trapezze“ saqarTvelosTvis anTia RvTismSoblis sanTeli, romelic mudam enTeba, raTa gza gviCvenos (vaJa-fSavela1964a: 183).

poemaSi „ daCagruli mestvire“ ufali karia, romelic misi gankacebiTa da tanjviT gaixsna kacobriobisaTvis. poemaSi mestviris gudas, romelic Ra-ribTa konkebisaganaa Sekerili, aweria: „xma simarTlisa da macxovari aris es kari“ (vaJa-fSavela1964g: 318). vaJas azriT, poeziis safuZveli suliwmin-daa, xolo poeziis misia – uflis mcnebebis qadageba. poeti suliwmindas SesTxovs:

ho, suli wminda, momec SeZleba,

gansacdelis dros pirSi marcxvende,

rom yvelas vuTxra Cemi saTqmeli

yvelgan, Sen unda mexmarebode.

(vaJa-fSavela 1964g: 321)

vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi poeziis qmnadobis procesi poetze suliwmindis madlis gadmosvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli; poema „daCagruli mestvire“ ki imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom mwerali pirdapir, mxatvruli simboloebis gareSe, asaxelebs suliwmindas poetis sulis ganmamtkiceblad da poeturi procesis „damxmared“. nawarmoebSi naTlad ikveTeba vaJa-fSavelas saTqme-li – iesos miwieri cxovreba is gzaa, romelsac unda misdios kacobriobam, rom masze gadmovides uflis madli. swored amitomac qristianul RvTis-metyvelebaSi iesos ewoda „kari“. qristianuli morali xelovnebis arssa da daniSnulebaSic mJRavndeba: xelovani, am SemTxvevaSi ki mestvire, suli-wmindis mier madlmofenilia. man unda iqadagos WeSmariteba da qristes mcnebebiT cxovreba. poetis pirovnebis amgvari gaazreba ucxo ar aris arc qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobisaTvis, amitomac uwodeben poets cisa da miwis mociquls.

uzenaesis warmodgenis „gaxalxurebis“ magaliTia uflis aRqma stumris saxeSi. msoflios xalxTa zRaprebSi xSiria magaliTebi, roca gmiris sikeTes stumrisadmi misi gamdidreba mohyveba. vaJas poema „saSobao ambavic“ msgavs siuJetzea agebuli; saxarebiseuli igavebiTac, yoveli stumari, romelsac maspinZeli ar miiRebs da ar Seiwyalebs, ufalia; visi saxlis karebic Riaa stumrisTvis, misTvis Ria iqneba sasufevlis kari (luka 11, 5). vaJas poemis personaJi stumaric ufalia. is afasebs maspinZlis – Rarib-Rataki gegena-sa da misi ojaxis – mzrunvelobas ucxo adamianisadmi. Tavad SiaT, magram mWads stumars miarTmeven, gayiul saxlSi Tbil adgilas stumars dasvamen, rac ki ram moepovebaT, gasaTbobad mxrebze axuraven; uxariaT mSieri kacis gaZRoma da gaTboba. poemaSi aRwerilia gegenas rwmenis Sedegi. Soba Rames mis ojaxSi uflismieri saswauli ganxorcielda: qoxis kedlebi saydariviT

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gaTeTrda, saxli ki sanovagiT aivso; mxolod stumari aRar daxvdaT gamoR-viZebul maspinZlebs. poemis dasasruli – ganaTebuli saxli da gauCinarebu-li stumari – pirdapiri miniSnebaa uflis saswaulze; ufali stumris saxiT ecxadeba morwmunes da Svelis mas. codvebSi Caflul adamians aRar Seswevs unari, miiRos ufali. is „kardaketili“ xdeba. uSualod amave Temas exmianeba vaJa-fSavelas moTxroba „axali weli fSavSi“, romelSiac kvlav saswauliT fasdeba gaWirvebuli kacis rwmena uflisadmi. es rwmena-warmodgena udevs safuZvlad vaJas cnobil poemas „stumar-maspinZeli“ da, zogadad, xalxis azrovnebas – „stumari RvTisaa“.

uaRresad siRrmiseuli da alegoriuli wakiTxva uflis saxisa, rogorc samebisa, Cveni azriT, SesaZlebelia vaJas leqsSi „mgosnis simRera“. nawar-m