CHAPTER 1

FORM 1

CHAPTER 1Mass

Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

SI unit: Kilogram (kg)

Lever balance

Weight

Weight is the pull of gravity on an object

SI unit:Newton (N)

Spring balanceBasic physical quantities & S.I.

Physical quantitiesSI Unit

LengthMetre (m)

MassKilogram (kg)

TimeSecond (s)

TemperatureKelvin (K)

Electric currentAmpere (A)

Measuring tools

Length :

Measuring tape

Metre rule

Calipers

Measure area of irregular shape:

Graph paper

Measure volume of liquid: Measuring cylinder

Burette

Pipette

CHAPTER 2

Structure of cell and its function

Unicellular organismPlant :

Chlamydomonas

Yeast

Euglena

Animal :

Amoeba

Paramecium

Plasmodium

Multicellular organisms:

Plant :

Spirogyra

Sea weed

Grass

Animal :

Eagle

Squirrel

Ant

Cell organisationCell ( Tissue ( Organ ( System ( Organism

System and functionSkeleton system:

Protects internal organs and gives support to the body

Blood circulation system:

Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste materials

Nervous system:

Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to stimuli

Reproductive system: Produces reproductive cells

Respiratory system: Enables the exchange of gases with the surroundings

Excretory system:

Removes wastes materials from the body

Digestive system:

Breaks up food into simples form to be absorbed and used by the body

Muscular system:

Moves the parts of the body

CHAPTER 3

What is matter?

Matter is everything that has mass and occupies space Matter is made up of tiny particles

Matter exist in either:

Solid:

Liquid :

Gas :

Particles vibrate in their positionParticles move gliding among each otherParticles move fast and randomly

Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

Unit : g/cm3Density formula:

CHAPTER 4

Basic resources of earth :

Water

Air

Soil

Living things

Minerals

Fossil fuels

Classification of matter:Matter is classified into:

1. Element

Substance which is made up of one type of particle only2. Compound

Substance that is made up of two or more types of elements.

Chemically combined Separation method : electrolysis

3. Mixture

Substance that consist of two or more substance

Joined physically

Separation method :

Distillation

Filtration

CHAPTER 5

Contents of air: Nitrogen

:78%

Oxygen

:21%

Carbon dioxide:0.03%

Inert gases

:0.9%

Microorganisms

Water vapour

Dust

Properties of oxygen:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

slightly on water

no effect on litmus paper

supports combustion and respiration

Confirmation test for Oxygen:

Glowing wooden splinter:

Presence of oxygen causes the glowing wooden splinter to ignites.

Properties of carbon dioxide:

Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas

Slightly soluble in water

Very soluble in sodium hydroxide

Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue to red

Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:Limewater test:

Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy

Respiration

Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:InhaledExhaled

Nitrogen 78%Nitrogen 78%

Inert gases 0.9%Inert gases 0.9%

Oxygen 21%Oxygen 16%

Carbon dioxide 0.03%Carbon dioxide 0.03%

Combustion:

CHAPTER 6

FORMS of energy: Potential energy Kinetic energy

Heat energy

Light energy

Chemical energy

Sound energy

Electrical energy

Nuclear energy

Elastic Potential energyPotential energy:

Energy stored in an object due to its position or conditionKinetic energy:

Energy stored in any moving object

Heat energy: Is a type of energy that rises the temperature of an object.

Light energy: Energy that enables us to seeChemical energy:

Energy stored in chemical substances

Eq: Food, battery, fuel

Sound energy:

Energy that is produced in vibrating object

Electrical energy:

Is produced by an electric charge or current

Nuclear energy:

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

SOURCES of Energy: Fossil fuels

Biomass fuels

Wind

Water

Sun

Radioactive substances

Geothermal energy

Renewable & Non-renewable energy sourcesRenewable energy sources:

Solar

Water

Wind

Biomass

Geothermal

Wave/tidal

Non-renewable:

fossil fuels

radioactive substances

CHAPTER 7

heat is a form of energy

heat can be produced by the following ways:

rubbing two objects together

burning objects

electricity that runs through a coiled wire

heat causes solids, liquids and gases to expand and contract

differences between heat and temperatureHeatTemperature

A form of energyThe degree of hotness or coldness of a substance

Unit = Joule (J)Unit = Kelvins (K)

Heat flows in three different ways:1. Conduction

is the flow of heat through solid

2. Convection

is the flow of heat through fluids such as in gases and in liquids

3. Radiation

is the transfer of heat through vacuum

(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:

Sea breeze:

Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.

Absorption of heat: Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better than shiny objects

Gives out heat: A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better than white shiny surface.

FORM 2

CHAPTER 1Sensory organs:

Skin:

sense of touch

Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch

Nose:

sense of smell

Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air

Tongue:

Sense of taste

Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food

Ear:

sense of hearing

Stimuli: sound

Eye:

sense of sight

Stimuli: light

Properties of light: light can be reflected and refracted

Defects of vision:1. long sighted

Can see far objects clearly

Image formed behind retina

Causes:

eyeball too small/short

lens too thin

correction Use convex lens

2. short sighted

can see near objects clearly

image formed infront of retina

causes:

eye ball too big/long

Lens too thick

correction use concave lens

Properties of sound:

is a form of energy

produced by vibrating objects

travels in the form of waves

can be reflected (echo) can be absorbed

can only travel through medium

cannot travel through vacuum

Stimuli and responses in plants:Phototropism:

Stimuli Light

Response to obtain sunlight

Geotropism:

Stimuli gravity

Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to obtain mineral salts and water

Hydrotropism:

stimuli water

Response to obtain water and mineral salts

Thigmotropism:

Stimuli touch

Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2

Classes of food:

Carbohydrate:

supply energy

Protein:

needed for growth

produce new cells

fats:

insulator of heat for the body

supply energy

water:

helps transport excretory products from cells to excretory organs

helps the digestion of food

vitamins:

maintain good health

Minerals:

maintain good health

Fibre:

helps in peristalsis

prevents constipation

FOOD TESTSStarch:

a few drops of iodine solution is added to food sample

+ve result = It turns Dark BlueGlucose:

Benedicts Solution is added to the food sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Protein:

Millons reagent is added to the food sample and heated

+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed

Fats:

A little food sample is placed on a piece of filter paper +ve result = A translucent spot is detected.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

END PRODUCT OF DIGESTIONStarch

glucose

Protein

amino acids

Fat

Fatty acid + glycerol

CHAPTER 3

Animal kingdom:

Plant Kingdom

CHAPTER 4

Species:

A group of the same kind of organisms with common characteristicsPopulation :

a group of organisms of the same species living and reproducing in a defined area

Community :

is made up of different populations of organisms living together in a habitat

Ecosystem : consists of plants, animals and the non-living environment interacting with each other for living

Habitat : a place where an organism lives

Interaction between living organism:1. Prey-predator

Predator : animal that hunts other animals for food

Prey : The animal being hunted

(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)

2. Symbiosis

a) Commensalism

satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak yang satu lagi tidak ada kesan ve atau +ve

b) Mutualism

Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedahc) Parasitism

Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah dan satu pihak rugi

3. Competition

interaksi antara organisma untuk keperluan yang sama

Biological control

is a control of pests by the introduction of their natural enemy

Food web

Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan) Primary consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhan-Producer) Secondary consumer(Yang memakan Primary consumer) Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan Secondary consumer) Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang sudah mati)Photosynthesis

merupakan process membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau

Conservation means proper management on the use of natural resources to maintain future accessibilityPreservation Measures taken to maintain living organisms and the natural environment in their natural balance state

CHAPTER 5

Physical characteristics of water

water can exist in 3 states : Solid, liquid, gas

Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room temperature

Freezing point of pure water : 0oC

Boiling point of pure water : 100 oC Density of pure water : 1 g/cm3Test for presence of water: Cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pinkComposition of water Water is a compound, made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen

H2O

Evaporation is a process by which liquid changes into water vapour at any temperature

Factors affecting evaporation:

Surface area

Humidity

Movement of air

Temperature of surroundings

Solution & Solubilitya) Solution

a mixture of solute and solvent

b) Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a substance

c) Solute

A substance that is dissolved)

1. Dilute solution

a solution that contains very little solute2. Concentrated solution

Solution that contain a lot of solute

3. Saturated solution

Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute and cannot dissolve any more solute

Factors affecting solubility Nature of the solute

Nature of the solvent

Temperature of the solvent

ACID Taste sour Corrosive pH less than 7 Change wet blue litmus paper to redALKALIS Taste bitter and soapy

Corrosive

pH more than 7

Change wet blue litmus paper to redPURIFICATION1. Filtration

strength Remove large insoluble solids

Cant remove dissolve substance & microorganism

2. Boiling

Strengh kills microorganisms

Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve substance

3. Distillation

Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve substance/ removes microorganisms

Tasteless

4. Chlorination

Strengh kills microorganism

Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolved substance

CHAPTER 6

Kinetic theory of gas gas particles move freely in all direction

Gas particles collide with the wall of the container and bounce back

A force is exerted by the particles onto the wall

This force produces a pressure on the walls of the container

Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)VolumeTemperature

Volume = AP Temperature = AP

Volume = AP Temperature = AP

CHAPTER 7

FORCE

Is an act of push and pull Cannot be seen

EFFECT can be seen or felt

Has magnitude and direction

TYPE OF FORCE Frictional force

Occurs when two surface in contact

Always opposes the motion of the object

Acts in the opposite direction to movement

Can slow down or stop moving object

Gravitational force

Force that pull objects to the earth

Causes all objects to have weight

Electrostatic force

Force of attraction or repulsion between charged substance

Enables charge substance to attract neutral substance such as small pieces of paper

Same charges repel each other

Different charges attract each other

Magnetic force

Enables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like iron, nickel and cobalt

WORK Work is said to be done when a force moves an object over a distance in the direction of the force

Equation for calculating work done:

POWER Power is the rate of doing work, which means the amount of work done per unit time.

Power can be calculated using the equation:

CHAPTER 8

Vertebrates have1. Endoskeleton

also known as internal skeleton

Made up of bones and cartilage

Invertebrates have

1. Exoskeleton

Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate

Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab

2. Hydrostatic skeleton

Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a body cavity that is filled with fluid

This body fluid pressure gives support and shape to the animal Examples animals: earthworm, leech, jellyfishSUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTSButtress Root

thick and wide roots that grow from the stem above the ground

e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree

Prop roots

Roots which grow from the stem or branches

E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant

Prickles

An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be easily removed from the stem.

E.q: Rose

Tendrils

Curly string-like structures modified from stems and leaves

Curl and twine round parts of other plants or objects to help the plant to climb

E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin

Stilt roots

Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the ground for support.

E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)

Clasping roots

Roots that grip onto other plants or structure to get support

E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid

Thorns (duri) Sharp modified branches that cannot be easily removed

Act as hooks to hold on to supports.

E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)CHAPTER 9

The point of equilibrium is the point where the whole weight of an object appears to act on.

It is also the point which an object can be balanced on and it is present in all objects.

It is also known as the centre of gravity of the object

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF AN OBJECT

1. The position of the centre of gravity.

the lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the object

2. The base area

The wider the base area, the more stable the object

CHAPTER 10

LEVER

is a simple machine

makes work easier

have 3 parts :

F = Fulcrum

E = Effort

L = Load

CLASSES OF LEVERNotice the middle part of the lever

L F E=1st class

F L E=2nd class

F E L=3rd class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE The SI unit for moment of force = Newton-metre (Nm) Formula for moment of force:

LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM

when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of the anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.

The principle of moments can be represented by the following formula:

Nucleus

Cell control centre

Cell membrane

Controls the entry and exit of materials from the cell

Cytoplasm

Stores dissolved materials

Chloroplast

Produces chlorophyll

Vacuole

Contains water and solute

Cell wall

Maintains the shape of the cell

Density = ____mass of substance (g)___

Volume of substance (cm3)

Metal

Non - Metal

At night

Sea is warmer than land

Cool air from land flows to the sea as land breeze

Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water

Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide

Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy

Carbon dioxide

Energy

water

Oxygen

Glucose

During day

Land is warmer than the sea

Less dense hot air on land rises

Cool air from the sea flows towards the land as sea breeze

solid

Liquid

Gas

Small intestine

Duodenum

Large intestine

Stomach

Oesophagus

Mouth

Rectum

Anus

Vertebrates:

Have backbones

Inverertebrates:

No backbones

Mammals

Body covered with hair/fur

Breath through lungs

Give birth to young alive

Birds

Body covered with feathers

Breath through lungs

Lay eggs

Have wings

Reptiles

Body covered with dry scales

Lay eggs

Amphibians

Live on both land and water

Breath through lungs & moist skin

Have moist skin

Lay eggs

Fish

Live in water

Breath through gills

Body covered with slimy scales

Have fins

Lay eggs

Breath Through lungs

Warm Blooded

Flowering plant

Non-Flowering plant

Monocotyledons

(Plants with only one cotyledon)

Leaves with parallel veins

Have fibrous roots

Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize

Dicotyledons

(Plants with two cotyledon)

Have net veined leaves

Have tap roots

Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber trees

Ferns

Mosses

Fungi

Carbon dioxide

Conifer

Algae

Water

glucose

Oxygen

+

+

sunlight

chlorophyll

Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)

Power (watts)

Work done (joules)

Time taken (seconds)

=

Moment of force

(Nm)

Force

(N)

X

=

Perpendicular distance from the pivot to the force

(m)

Distance of load from the fulcrum

=

X

Effort

(E)

Load

(L)

Distance of effort from the fulcrum

X

PAGE Pn Farrah Zainol