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‘Shoot for the Moon’. Jon Excell, ‘The Engineer’. Rob Gowen on behalf of the UK Penetrator Consortium. MSSL/UCL UK. AMSAT-UK: University of Surrey, July 25 2008. Detachable Propulsion Stage. Point of Separation. Payload Instruments. PDS (Penetrator Delivery System). Penetrator. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
‘‘Shoot for the Moon’Shoot for the Moon’
MSSL/UCL UK
Rob Gowenon behalf of the UK Penetrator Consortium
AMSAT-UK: University of Surrey, July 25 2008
Jon Excell, ‘The Engineer’
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
What are kinetic penetrators ?
Penetrator
Point of Separation
Payload Instruments
Detachable Propulsion Stage
PDS (Penetrator
Delivery System)
Instrumented projectiles Survive high impact speed Penetrate surface
~ few metres An alternative to soft
landers Low mass/lower cost
=> multi-site deployment
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Challenges...
impact survivalimpact survival communicationscommunications power/lifetime/coldpower/lifetime/cold deliverydelivery radiationradiation fundingfunding
what the recent trial addressed
Need to counter all elementsnot just impact survival
Most difficult
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Velocity ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Velocity ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Velocity ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Velocity ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Mars96 (Russia) failed to leave Earth orbit
DS2 (Mars) NASA 1999 ?
‘No survivable high velocity impacting probe has been successfully landed on any extraterrestrial body’
Japanese Lunar-A cancelled (now planned to fly on Russian Lunar Glob)
History
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Feasibility ?– Lunar-A and DS2
space qualified.
– Military have been successfully firing instrumented projectiles for many years
– Most scientific instruments have space heritage
When asked to describe the When asked to describe the condition of a probe that had condition of a probe that had
impacted 2m of concrete at 300 m/s impacted 2m of concrete at 300 m/s a UK expert described the device as a UK expert described the device as
‘a bit scratched’!‘a bit scratched’!
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
MSSL Involvement
~2002 – became interested in micro-probes 2004 – exploring Aurora route 2005 – ESA Cosmic Visions (2015-2025) Late 2006 – PPARC lunar mission studies MSSL proposed penetrators MoonLITE selected for first mission Simultaneous promotion for Cosmic Vision
Area manager...Like riding on the back of a tiger...
‘Inspirational...’ NASA
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Payload (2kg) Science Capability Micro seismometers sub-surface ocean, inner body
structure(astrobiology, geophysics)
Chemistry package (mass spect.) organics and inorganics (astrobiology)
Soil/environment package (accelerometers, thermometer, dielectric constant, radiation monitor, magnetometer, pH, Redox)
soil mechanical properties, thermal & electrical properties (astrobiology /geophysics)
Mineralogy/astrobiology camera Soil properties/astrobiologyDescent camera Impact site context & PR
payload instruments
Micro-PenetratorsMicro-Penetrators
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Prime Planetary Targets
Moon
Europa
EnceladusTitan
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Europa
• Subsurface Ocean ?• Life ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Japanese Lunar-AContinuous launch delays
Several paper studies
Europa
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
10Km
Europa
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
EnceladusEnceladus
500Km dia. (c.f. with UK) Fierce south pole plume (ice/dust) Hi-albedo covering Saturnian moons ? ‘Atmosphere’ (H2O,N2,CO2,CH4) Liquid water under surface (life ?)
(image from Wikipedia)
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
TitanTitan
Titan as seen from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft. WikipediaWikipedia
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
TitanTitan
Titan as seen from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft. WikipediaWikipedia
DunesDunes
Fluvial plainFluvial plain
heavy atmosphereheavy atmosphere mountains,mountains, dunesdunes lakeslakes weather weather windswinds clouds clouds precipitationprecipitation seasonsseasons complex organic complex organic
chemistrychemistry very cold very cold pre-biotic pre-biotic
chemisty ?chemisty ? life ?life ?
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
“The Origin and Evolution of Planetary Bodies”
“Water and its profound implications for life andexploration”
MoonLITE Science & Exploration Objectives
“Ground truth & support for future human lunar missions”
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
MoonLITE Mission
Delivery and Comms Spacecraft (Orbiter).
Payload: 4 penetrator descent probes
Landing sites: Globally spaced - far side - polar region(s) - one near an Apollo landing site for calibration
Duration: >1 year for seismic network.
3
2
1
4
Far side
Polar commsorbiter
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
2
1
4
Science & ISRU Objectives3
Far side
lunar base ?– Characterize water, volatiles, and Characterize water, volatiles, and
astrobiologically related material at astrobiologically related material at lunar poles. lunar poles. => Water is key to manned missions=> Water is key to manned missions
– Constrain origin, differentiation, 3d Constrain origin, differentiation, 3d internal structure & far side crustal internal structure & far side crustal thickness of moon via a seismic thickness of moon via a seismic network.network.
– Investigate enigmatic strong surface Investigate enigmatic strong surface seismic signals seismic signals => identify potentially dangerous sites=> identify potentially dangerous sitesfor lunar basesfor lunar bases
– Determine thermal & compositional Determine thermal & compositional differences at differences at polar regionspolar regions and and far sidefar side..
– Obtain ground truth for remote sensing instrumentsObtain ground truth for remote sensing instruments
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
A global network of seismometers will tell us: – Size and physical state of the Lunar Core– Structure of the Lunar Mantle– Thickness of the far side crust– The origin of the enigmatic shallow moon-quakes– The seismic environment at potential
manned landing sites
Science – Lunar Seismology
Micro-seismometer, IC
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Science – Polar VolatilesA suite of instruments will detect and characterise volatiles (including water) within shaded craters at both poles
Astrobiologically important– possibly remnant of the original seeding
of planets by comets– may provide evidence of important cosmic-ray
mediated organic synthesis Vital to the future manned exploration of the Moon
Prototype,ruggedized ion trap mass-spectrometerOpen University
NASA Lunar Prospector
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Science - Geochemistry
X-ray spectroscopy at multiple, diverse sites will address:
– Lunar Geophysical diversity– Ground truth for remote sensing
XRS on Beagle-2
Leicester University
K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Zr
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Science – Heat Flow
Heat flow measurements will be made at diverse sites, telling us:
– Information about thecomposition and thermal evolution of planetary interiors
– Whether the Th concentration in the PKT is a surface or mantle phenomina
NASA Lunar Prospector
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Development Program
Studies Simulation & Modelling Impact Trials
– build a real penetrator– impact it into a sand target at
near supersonic speed !
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial - ObjectivesImpact Trial - Objectives Demonstrate survivability of penetrator shell, Demonstrate survivability of penetrator shell,
accelerometers and power system.accelerometers and power system. Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments. Determine internal acceleration environmentDetermine internal acceleration environment
at different positions within penetrator. at different positions within penetrator. Extend predictive modelling to new impact and penetrator Extend predictive modelling to new impact and penetrator
materials.materials. Assess alternative packing methods.Assess alternative packing methods. Assess interconnect philosophy.Assess interconnect philosophy.
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial: 19-21 May 2008Impact Trial: 19-21 May 2008
Full-scale trial 3 Penetrators, Aluminium 300m/s impact velocity Normal Incidence Dry sand target
0.56m
13 Kg
… just 9 months from start to end. Starting from scratch in Sep’07
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact trial - ContributorsImpact trial - Contributors
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact trial – PayloadImpact trial – Payload
Radiation sensor
MagnetometersBatteries
Mass spectrometer
Micro-seismometers
Drill assembly
AccelerometersPowerInterconnectionProcessing
Accelerometers, ThermometerBatteries,Data logger
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Trial Hardware Trial Hardware
Inners Stack
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial - ConfigurationImpact Trial - Configuration
Rocket sledRocket sled PenetratorPenetrator
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
TargetTarget
Dry sandDry sand 2m x2m x6m2m x2m x6m Small front entrance aperture (polythene)Small front entrance aperture (polythene)
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Real-Time Impact Video
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
FiringFiring
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’st Firing - Results1’st Firing - Results
• Penetrator found in top of target• Glanced off a steel girder which radically changed its orientation.• Penetration: ~3.9m• Much ablation to nose and belly• Rear flare quite distorted. • Penetrator in one piece ✓
Firing parameters:• Impact velocity: 310 m/s (c.f. 300m/s nominal)• Nose-up ~8degs (c.f. 0 degs nominal)
=> worst case
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Post FiringPost Firingbelly up ! belly up !
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
First Firing – Opening upFirst Firing – Opening up
ss
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
11stst Firing – internal Results Firing – internal Results
Micro seismometer bay
Connecting to MSSL accelerometerand data processing bay
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’srt Firing – QinetiQ 1’srt Firing – QinetiQ accelerometer dataaccelerometer data
Overview: 5 kgee smoothed,~16 kgee peakhigh frequency components ~5khz
Initial impact hi-res: Tail slap peak
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
1’st Firing – MSSL accelerometer data1’st Firing – MSSL accelerometer data
Along axis:Along axis: Cutter: 3kgee Cutter: 3kgee Main: 10kgeeMain: 10kgee Girder: 1kgeeGirder: 1kgee
Along axis
Vertical axis
Horizontal axis
Firing Along axis
Vertical Horizontal
1’st 10 kgee 15kgee 4kgee
3’rd 11kgee 17kgee 7kgee
Peak gee forces in rear of penetrator11 kgee
15 kgee
4 kgee
GirderMain impactcutter
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Hi-res MSSL accelerometer dataHi-res MSSL accelerometer data
Lots of high frequency structure
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
2nd Firing2nd Firing
“Jaws-3?”
..struck steel girder and moved it 6 inches
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Firings OverviewFirings Overview All 3 firings remarkably consistent ~308-310m/s velocity, and All 3 firings remarkably consistent ~308-310m/s velocity, and
~8 degs nose up.~8 degs nose up. All 3 Penetrators survived & Payloads still operationalAll 3 Penetrators survived & Payloads still operational..
Steel nose for 3rd firing
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Survival TableSurvival TableItem Firing 1 Firing 2 Firing 3Penetrator ✓ ✓ ✓Q-accel sys ✓ ✓ ✓Rad sensor ✓ not present not presentBatteries ✓ not present not presentDrill assembly ✓ not present not presentMagnetometer ✓ not present not presentMicro seismometers
not present ✓ (protected suspensions ok)
✓ (protected suspensions ok)
Mass spectrometer+ other package elements
not present ✓x pressure sensorx 3ų heating element
✓x pressure sensor✓6ų heating element
MSSL accel sys ✓ ✓ ✓
Triple worst case: exceed 300m/s, >8deg attack angle
No critical failures – currently all minor to unprotected bays or preliminary mountings
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Impact Trial ObjectivesImpact Trial Objectives
Demonstrate survivability of penetrator body, Demonstrate survivability of penetrator body, accelerometers and power system.accelerometers and power system.
Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.Assess impact on penetrator subsystems and instruments.Determine internal acceleration environmentDetermine internal acceleration environment
at different positions within penetrator. at different positions within penetrator. Extend predictive modelling to new penetrator materials,Extend predictive modelling to new penetrator materials,
and impact materials.and impact materials.Assess alternative packing methods.Assess alternative packing methods.Assess interconnect philosophy.Assess interconnect philosophy.
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Next Steps & Strategy …Next Steps & Strategy …
Next trial – aiming for Jun’09.Next trial – aiming for Jun’09. Impact into closer representative lunar regolithImpact into closer representative lunar regolith Design for MoonDesign for Moon Full-up system (all operating)Full-up system (all operating) Transmit from targetTransmit from target
Strategy: in parallel :-Strategy: in parallel :-- MoonLITE Phase-A- MoonLITE Phase-A‾ Delta developments for icy planetsDelta developments for icy planets
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
- End -- End -
Penetrator website:http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/planetary/missions/Micro_Penetrators.php
email: [email protected]
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Penetrator Payload/Science Penetrator Payload/Science A nominal 2kg payload …A nominal 2kg payload …
AccelerometersAccelerometers – Probe surface/sub-surface material – Probe surface/sub-surface material (hardness/composition) (hardness/composition)
SeismometersSeismometers - Probe interior structure (existence/size of water - Probe interior structure (existence/size of water reservoirs) and seismic activity of bodies reservoirs) and seismic activity of bodies
Chemical sensorsChemical sensors – Probe surface refactory/volatile (organic/ – Probe surface refactory/volatile (organic/ astrobiologic) chemicals, perhaps arising from interior.astrobiologic) chemicals, perhaps arising from interior.
Thermal sensorsThermal sensors - Determine subsurface temperatures and possibly - Determine subsurface temperatures and possibly probe deep interior processes.probe deep interior processes.
Mineralogy/astrobiology cameraMineralogy/astrobiology camera – Probe surface mineralogy and – Probe surface mineralogy and possible astrobiological material.possible astrobiological material.
+ other instruments – to probe surface magnetic field, radiation, + other instruments – to probe surface magnetic field, radiation, beeping transmitter, etc…beeping transmitter, etc…
descent cameradescent camera (surface morphology, landing site location, etc) (surface morphology, landing site location, etc)
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Enceladus - Science/Technology Enceladus - Science/Technology RequirementsRequirements
TargetTarget– E.g. region of upwelled interior material.E.g. region of upwelled interior material.– 2 penetrators would allow additional target, improved seismic results and 2 penetrators would allow additional target, improved seismic results and
natural redundancy but require 2xmass.natural redundancy but require 2xmass. LifetimeLifetime
– Only minutes/hours required for camera, accelerometer, chemistry, thermal Only minutes/hours required for camera, accelerometer, chemistry, thermal & mineralogy/astrobiologic measurements.& mineralogy/astrobiologic measurements.
– An orbital period (~few days) for seismic measurements. An orbital period (~few days) for seismic measurements. (requires RHU)(requires RHU)
Spacecraft supportSpacecraft support– ~7-9 years cruise phase, health reporting~7-9 years cruise phase, health reporting
DeliveryDelivery– Targetting precision.Targetting precision.– Ejection, descent motors & orientation, pre-impact separation, Ejection, descent motors & orientation, pre-impact separation,
communications, impact.communications, impact. OperationOperation
– Power/thermal (battery/RHU), data handling, communications.Power/thermal (battery/RHU), data handling, communications.
AMSAT-UK : University of Surrey, July 25 2008 MSSL/UCL UK
Preliminary Mass EstimatesPreliminary Mass Estimates
ItemItem EnceladusEnceladus TitanTitanOrbitOrbit
DeploymentDeployment
TitanTitanBalloonBalloon
DeploymentDeployment
Penetrator Penetrator (inc. 2 kg payload)(inc. 2 kg payload)
~4.5Kg~4.5Kg ~4.5Kg~4.5Kg ~4.5Kg~4.5Kg
Delivery system(*)Delivery system(*) ~32Kg~32Kg ~3.5-23Kg~3.5-23Kg ~2.5Kg~2.5Kg
Spacecraft supportSpacecraft support ~2.5Kg~2.5Kg ~1.5-2.5Kg~1.5-2.5Kg ~1.5Kg~1.5Kg
Total massTotal mass ~39Kg~39Kg ~12-30kg~12-30kg ~8.5Kg~8.5Kg
(*) heavy penalty for Enceladus delivery: estimate ~8x(penetrator mass) with deployment from Titan with ∆V~3.7Km/sec