•• •'* 'Iii' ........ IJII *"*•••• '**<!;'ttl'$ .. ~ "'**~'lr<fl>tl! ........................ . • • • • • • • •

lllL CIJSS.I 01

• • • • • • • ....... ·~ "**•"' ........ •••••• *"' ................... , 11 •••••••••••••

1he g rasslanil are •colQ61oall7

considered as tbl ty;;<? of ngetation that oomu \\"naturally With

· ra:i !lS, Pr?v idi ng fcoo:i :1n:i fcdd·S r for ru.n a"' his cattle. lbe

in:f'luenee of grazing on Plant and soil ot crazins lands has

be <>n disaussed and ~~viewed b7 t1any worite1.'t1 ( 04aver 195'0,

Vtogot and Weavor 195'1). llost of' tbe e'lfidenge xeveala that

gY'aZing lands aT!t a~'f9ctad by tile graaina .Proous, nr»oially

over grazing. lhe St''lz.ing ard.~a.ls do !r~>.>t allow Cr"l$stands to

attain their f\lllest dneloll!llent. 'IbiS haS 11 profourd e tfotet

on tlle cOll!PilSi tton, strucmre, phystoanomy am mi~»ral status

of tho grasslards. '1be imPact of gra:ail'l8 on the p\'!Ylucttv:Lt;r~

mtnerd status ( N, P and Mg) hall ben explaiMd by study!na the

biooasa s troJct'..U'Et arXI mi mral status or tM two grasllllan:ls, vh.

t"!."' ?t'Otectad ani Gr~•·•~ graselams of' AiibtkaPilr du:r1ng 19'79-80.

'!he consequences or grazing ut)re seen on

the' mmber of species P19sent in the two graaslards. When

com Part ng the two graulards i'or t.he total rumber of species,

~1 s;leoiu wer9 recorded 1n the Protected site am .Jl 1n tm

Grazed &1~. Naik (1973) stabtd t.'1at the rumber or specie•

tftma! r»d 1ess 1 n the grazed plota alii ..,bt n Prottct1on 1S Biven

to such a plot it llaS r.sulbtd 1n an 1ncr:ase in tm rumber ot

In mult1-apec1 .. com:mud.ey, Uka sraa•­

-lard•, the co1'18t1t.&ent apecle:s atWn their, madmum biama11

19,

1n :nrrerent mot~tha. llerha.PS this u due to tiW •arlationa

in thetr g'l'd'.•th r•tl at¥! phenological pertod1c1t7 ( Orincton

U·IL 1~63, '41eprt am .li:vant 1964, an:l Malone 1968). ~

ll'lttt~tn biomass sh~ed a seasonal trend in the Protecbld sUe.

It inet"laseJ conttruously from maY to a .Peak va).l1e of 388.01 r.rn.-2 in Oet..,ber. Man..v worklltrs have rsoor.:led the I»ak g~en

biO'll!US in Ochber ( Nuk 19'73, 149!1ta. 1977, l'r1V"'1 am ~'iiShra

19?9 arrl ~nihotrt 1979). After 8!'tatn1na peak in Ocbber 1t

d"!cU n!?d. 'lh~ im"'act or ~J:razin(( to seen only on too Quant!. t,y

ard l!!'l!'lt"l •)f' the !leak green biOIPQSS ratber than 01'! t!'MJ l'.l!t'alonal,

tl'lm. 'lhe l)tak gteen biomass or 1C'+.13 g.m.p2 was 1'9eo:rded

tn h.ttiUSt at the tJrased ai'bt. On en. aontrar,y, otmore have

Y'!toorled tm !X'tak bf.Oinass in Seoten1ber tot" ditt'Eirel'lt S'Nl!led

~nssl;~~n:itt of' I~ia ( Nail<. 1973, J!.gnihotri Hl9 and Vlilt'l-a&l 1979)

UJi • tanding de,;:i vep tat1on 1S the

tra!'llltttor.l sta,6(• !:l*twe9n live gret>ll biGaasa and l1tt.e:o. In the

t)1'9SEI nt S tlldy t t~ %'9 WaS ftO deft nl tit tte 00 Of the S tai'V:li ng dead

biO!!Iaas ard. 1 t nuctue.tlld throo.ghi'Xl t the year. i.lolley (1965)

Bt:!ttft~ that fiJA'!tnation in the St,arding dead CO!ll.d refieet the

TJeak or tne 11n gren vegl)tatlon. In the Protected st ta, tlW

stan'trl!! :Jns! o1omus ShCF!t~ a htgit u:J.ue of 2!)3.38 g.m.-2 in

"hY""1be1' due to the tranat'9r of' ft~en biomass to tbt st11niina

deai! b1~&118 by the anl'llal Plants antr ooraplet1,. their lite

~cl• at t.,. 41\r'd ot rainy season. It eontlrued to ldve hilb

., 11.1 uu at tt r PI!! t: rtt a r.Y due to the c ra:iual t ra na te r o t a r'l An

29Q

biomass of P!llrenntal BJ»o1es under thlP extJ"Jme ooiJJJ.Uone ot

Stv::!"ler t . ., the standing de,.:! camPartnent. /II eXPtotild, the

a't'er~e anmal stan:!tng dead biomau w .. greafltr tn the

P:rot9ctl!ld st te than 1 n the Gra.aed.

Ihe total abOVtt&rOlolnd b10!llaiS ot the

"';-o~c'Wd site got i~;~, ~;»aket ore tr1 ihvee1be1' ani tn.e otbe:t• ir•

)by. 'lho/' seeom J;»ak am th!l- :!:axtmum biorJa£ll:; ( 5'41.51 g.m.-2)

..,hich occuT:r:tH'! i.n !\ay was due to oon-transi'el' of w ,,;IA,)or

n-:~:rtt.on ,-.,f ttw abovc•IP"lllnd stan:ltng de:ta biooass of' r»renntal

S::"ecl!?& Httt.~qn c.?.llt.'J.rJ;!a.L tl) th9 Utter r~;\'l!'U.!tUlt 1'08\lltinc

in htgh values of abovegrourd biomass in the sull'l!ller wot1ths.

'!he Gt-~~.zed s1 te ::lid n'=lt show any tl'!IX! u..,ept that a peak va:tae

,.,f atwv&gr<.1Und b10'Aaa:s ( 15'0.80 g.m.-2) occu:rred in Qctvo)e:r.

lbe sta111ing croP or l1 ttlitr inoreased

from £eo!lter!!b9r to May in tne irotecttd s1 te but it xemained

fluctuating in the Gn1Zild sib:!. bl Qt.t•rats.ty of Utter present

1r: the ,round tn tM Protec~d Sibil r:!eelimd ~&bl'\IPtly in t1'1\Y

•:~.m 1t untsMd al t?fP tno.,r in t~ Gl'azed sl w. 1h! loss or litter artt r .. ~prU cOUld not ba due to ~ple te 1haPlJearance

but 1t m! gh t be due to !:llowi ng away of tbt major portion iJf

u~tar tn ~sponu to th~ lligh wtrrl nlocity ?f .t)ril- rtay.

1he belOWJl'OI.lni bi~asa ot both the &1 flu

:teel"t~ed from ~y to A.lgust due tc tin llPW&sd translocation of

20l

rood l'ltl!el"'IEt for :tbOV'!groum Plant Sr<JIIItb. lbttr• Val a high

ValU~ Of blfl~'-"':liUd b1.0111&8B &ftler .-.gust to fhvember it might

bet due to t~ d~I'IWa~ moveoent of orsanf.c matter rra~ thl

~ying a!>.,vegmun:i nl~tnt )')arts. 'lhe imPact or graaing :U seen

on the alll'l!lnt ~ bd.::"NIU'Our¥! btomass. 1blt below&roum b:lOOJalll

f'!f tho! <lnMd Sf t\9 WQI! always l!~!SII than tbat of tbe l'roWet<.'ld

st tiJ.

:the rtoot/l::.hoot raUo atvea a good

idea of tho tile rsllltive 1:1i8tr1but1on of an weight: in the

abovE: and bel~&t-uu.rd P11:\"ttl ani there exieta a dai'tm te mathe·

r::.aticallY ::tefinablll I1l1e:":1onantp lletwaen the brio ( ::.~oung 1,1.11..

1951+, :1onk 1~65 arm Kholl:har 1:17'4). Vfit1'1 lilimilar t~: tbt liiarlier

fimtngs ( Bnu'Y 1963, .Stng:1 1?68, i;..tJUok ani BrnY i970, ~k

1?74, iltPta 1~76, :Mv~tcii H76 atid Agnihotri 1979), tm ratio

was ~·axlmu~ 111 Jum al¥1 :'4.eJ in the Protected a'n'l Graaed sUes

~E>;;,~cuvely. lba :ratlc deczeaJ~~d durtna the aot1n growth

:xtriod dtt~ t"l th:!l ,aJ;I-;yecr·:m~ Plant IJl'OWth. '1M ratio was high

1 n the Gr~zed a1 tr! througnou t the year 1 n com Par! a on to the

P-mtectRd st ~ du~ to oontj ruous ~moval of the abovegrourx!

~lant parts.

In a lllUlt1-speQ1ea cJ!IlrnunLty, all

a ~cia• maY n-:> t reach tnetr '-laltiMWI growth at tbt liao&e Ume

( ::d11:1 196:.) o~1 Mn~ th•lr greatut 1rrlh1:iue.l w•ighta 111ay not

!:11 at tat m :i at tne t!.l!l9 of 111a%llll1111 C"--::IU n1 ty bl 001861. In tbl

p.,.unt tnuaUaation, di!~rant metho:!a w•re uaed to oebnmll'll

t."'e abov~t:;l'OUui ,.~t tlroja\lt1Jn a.n1 ""'~ll Hthod ~ it.:i own 'le!'\ttl

20'2

"ll'l~ 'i;?'l!~rlt:!!. The aumma tion of the peak biomass ot 1n11vS.dual

!!Yl&ei~tl!l method ( Q:turn 1C)60) w11.11 corwenLent to uae in the

Pmt9eted and O,.az.ct co11Ht1ona but the dry matter wh!oh W!UJ

?!'Oduced and Which d1saPI'»at$d with in the study per:lcd was not

-:::111\\'l'l into aooount. In :!order to overcll'lle th111 •rror the

rncdif'l~.td \>iiegert- wa.ns mathod ( 14mnlcki ~~ 1968} Wal u1e~

for the ProtectJJd si ~ only. The ab~e1rou1'11 oot PrOductl.on

w.,s 95'2.03 g.rn.-2-year-1. in the i>roteeted sUe and 220.29

P,. rn. -2 -ysa ,.-1 1 r1 the ClY>a'Hd, wnt. eh ia IIIOl'ft or leas S1.rlilar to

tt.:~e uarlier f!n:!ings of aiJika!llr ( lf&tk 19?3).

'lh~ i.)<!!ll owgr<JU!r.'l nrt t production ot

t!"Je ?,.,.,b?nted !'! tJ!I was g·N;a'br<r thl!li'i th<tt fJt thi<! ~'1-raMd 111 t!J.

'ftn 1.,.,: v"JlU'!'!!I tn ~ GraPd stw augf!'8st that "'eavy ~?adna 18

not b•mf1 ei t1.l for th& b?1.,..'grou"rl plant ~arts. 'lhe turnover

valU'!S of b-:;th th• d ilU \191"'1 tl!O~ than l.lni. ty am they ·trdicaW

a fasfJJ'r !'ab! "!n1 etJ!l!Pl~~-' r:•phc&~m~nt 'llf belowgMU~ Parts

wi.tl'! i'l t~ 8a"'" y>ll~r. 'th8s<\ll observatioM aye in aullnort ot

ttl<! "'i"?V that tn. replac<!"ll!!iftt of urdergl'O'.a:d Parts 13 raPid

in the tM:>ical gw&lan:ia t-nan tn tb& te;aperat& 1\ilgtom (

( Miuoa 196Ei, Jat n U..ll.. 1~72, Dal 1 ~~ an:! 'htma 1919 ).

'lb~ t;i:)ta! l11t produetionva~~1~97.62

2 1 r rC 51"}.76 g.m.•2 ::;ear-1 fOt" th.\1 P'rot!cted an:! e.P. .• - year- ..

~)"~&%~: alttu ree;>'!ctivE'ly. lhetoe values s'J.ow that the ani'Llal

!'N:;u~tton of t.l-t~ PMt.ctold at bl 11 Vi!f'Y Mar to that Of Cl&n.J

aoa !!J'&I!Slan:'Js ( Varehmy 1972, DakValA 19?5', Cl&Pta 19?6 and

Agnihotri 1979) whereas that or the Grazed aita 1a naar to

Vuanast , razing land ( t:tngh 1968).

'D:Ie hi gnu t ra fit ot 11 ttl r die appearance

was obtaimd dur.Lng the pel"l.od fton 23!d &!ptamber- 22 October

1 n bot Jot til$ si'ltts. 1he highest rate of d18aPP8aranot at the

l!!'m of rainy season appea:re tobe due to tbrt favourable tlllfll)e•

-A tur9 a!'¥! moisiaue eonU t1ons or the aoU for tbe 1 ncreaaecl

microbial acttvi tt.ea. '1b1t mint.mum ratll ot diaappaarane~a in

the vt nt~tr season was probably due to tbll decreased microbial

aethttiu as a r~tsult or low btmPtratl.l!11. It apPfar& from thl

pres~nt f1 n'l i ngs that th9 ra til of m1cl'Ob1al aott.vi ttes on t:l lilt

1i tter Of th\t Grazed Sitll Val l%9&tltr than the UQiUturbllli

litter of' the Proteotad stw. It v .. obvioul fi'Qll tbe hi&b ratll

ot disappearance in tile ll'ued sua.

nw Plre!i!ntap ot tattlap intake , ..

81'9 a fit r than that ~.1'1t porte<~ tly Peareon (1965') arr:l b't n1h U•&L..

(19?5'). It !!haws that thfl Grazed stta wa~ urr:ler heavy cranna 'Prlt•aure througbou t the year.

n. tral'lllfer rates between d1tterent

blololl cal eamPGnanta or the Ofo 11 tu are more lntozmatlve than

the uluea 11ven ln the bud•t of d17 matter ciJIWillCI. 'lbe

Yalu•• of transter t'Uncttons ot tile pru~nt work are tavourabl.J

eomP&rable With ttw lraularda of tljja1n (MUra 191.3), Ratllfll

( Blllore 19?3), KuJ\Ikahl!tra ( Ltngb an:J YadaY 19'74) anti

Mandl a ( Agnihotrt 1 :)?9 ).

In tbe terestrlal eooayatllm, aoil

204

acts as the source and sink of all the mineral elementa ... en­

-tial for the growth of Plantll. '!he ~vela ot the• easentlal

a14lt!Hnts V9J'Y in tm soU. 'Jhe tren:J ot mean anrual etarrlin&

state of these el9!11enta 1 n one metre square area upto 30 oa.

dePth of soil vas lt trogen > 14a.aD»a1wti ? PboapboiUs in botb

the sttes. 7tM concentration of nitrogen am masnesiUl!l in the

soil star~d decl"!attng in thll bG&1nn1na ot thlt ratrw ae~aaon

due to rap1111d uptaila of thue ele!llenta but lateron nitrogen

conc,.ntratton incr.taaed as a result of m1crob:1al act1vi tiel

vhere as -phosl)llotua ooncentratt.on remait'lltd more or leea constant

tlll October am thltn increased. lbl oonoant:rat1.on of pbo8Pho!U8

!ln:l magmsium 1n the ai:lil incl"!aaed after raii\Y seaaon. :the

tncll'!all& in the concentration of these elements after the ratrw

aeaeon has been attr1bu ted :>to thl :return of these lernenta

th1'0Ugh Uttar fall, consequently increaunc the percentaP ot

tl1ese el.,_m,.nte 1 n the soU. lbe tre rd of concentrat1on of these

element• in the soil vas nl trogen > macnesium > Ph08Pho:Na.

1U:r1ng tbe rairw season adequat. 1011

l!loUture 11 aYailable for the lrc:Ntb ot anl:llala ard perenntala.

Most or the snechl COilPlete thelr Ute eycle at the enS of rat.~

.... on and only a r.v re11a1n in the lr&l&land. 'Dw concentration

205

or lf, !:1 an:'! MI. varhs in th<> 11ft'erent pba••• or t.'leir lite

cYcle. .AJI ;»o:J.nted <:Alt by a rumber or vorkere ( Loehllin& 19'+2,

19!$1 cited by stenlted 19~8, Btrnard an:l Solaq 1977, Btrnard

al'd Pltz 1979, atrnstd an:' Melltsa 1979, WoodmaDIIM an:1 tunoan

1qr!O) in the herbaeaous plants inttially there is a rise of

concentrati<">n of ti'wse lemants when new tt.saues alt! foJ.'Wid but

a declil'lltd later on e.lil the uaau•• are apll. In tblt p-resent

investigation in moat of tM speelel ot the Protected al'li Grazed

Sites t;M percentage of M. Pam ;~. in the abarttg:tOUrd plant

parts rematned hign 1n the rat~ season w!wn ntv tissues vere

:!'ormed aoo then nil'ltd constdenbly. ln llfa.z:ooocolL QPQW!!WI­

t'l11 coneentratton ar P an1 Mg. were l'd.gh during ttl& rllllrv season

but the concentration of n1trogen was 0011'1Pant1vely lover tM.n

in other seasona. ibwever, tn mttu:S;abl,oa PU:t.IUI• , all the

3 elenH~nts na» shown fairlY Mgh valu .. durl.ng the rainy season

in comParison to SW!II:l&r and winter, in the Protected site. :aat tn thlt Grazed site thl8 concentration remained hign even atter

t!w !'lltnY season. lbl greater con~ntratlon ot these elem!&nta

ev~n af~r thl'! ra11'!7 season Iotas b.en attributed to the freq;.utnt

anmaran~ or new shoots &II a result or sraal na.

liimral elem~nt• ato11td ln the abovearounc

nlant Parts !"'turn to the soil CaDPart:me nt thrwgh l1 ttar taU.

1he ~oncentratlon ·:If Nan:! P were lus in ca:part.aon to ttwt 1n

the ab~•arourd atanUnc plant Parta. Hand ? are hl&hl7 mobile

el8IMnts a~ are cont1maual7 all'dllatlna 'Wl thin tlw Planta.

206 iJiddulpb (19~9) am WoodweU (1974) ltated that there u a

loas Of certat n el"'!!l!nta Prlor to ttw abaoUaion an:l it ocdll"ra

moat eoMPidllou&ly in ra.ttrienta that are ooauaonlJ in short

aupoly. Low con,antratlon or these •leraents in tbe litter llaJ

be e:J:Pla1 ned on this grcum that ttwae el•ents were Wi tbdraVn

from tm Plant parts bef'ore mov1n1 in to the delll ataae conse­

-quently decreall1~ tbs concentratlon in the deafi Parts and •_,;

tn the litter whareaa the concentratlon of Ma. in the litter waa

comParatbely h1.gher than If am P. Me. U an immobile elem-tnt

am ttt9rEt u no proof or its redistribution pnor to the death of

the ttaauea. .Tones ard Sparoow (197?) stated that Ca and Ma.

~ither increased or l'ltmatned at a constant J.eytl aa tbe shoots

apd. s.-, the eonoentratl.on tn the dead shoots 18 aUeast blab

as 1 n ttte youns a hoots.

:u.neral elements are absorbed by the

un:!ergT'Ou!'k! plant Parts ~i•ubseQuently aupPlytna 1t to tbe above­

-gT'Oul'l'l Plant parts. 'lhe concentration of I am Mg. in tblt

un:!tt!'!T'OUnd plant Parts deereaaed 1n the ra1nt seaaon but P

concentration was COIIIParativel.y low in tile early raiQF aea1on.

n. decline or concentration 1n the un.terarcun1 Planta dut'ina the

rainy seaton baa been C811"d by the upwa!d tranalooatlon ot tbeM

elenu~nts for jeveloP1na YCIIlftl aboota. 'nla conaantration ot I ani

Mg. vas h1&b 1n the auumer •eaton. 'lbe high concentration ot I

tn the lll!li!Der might be due to the downward movennt or tbU ele­

•rnnt "rt ~1" to the duth or aboveground Plant ;>arta ani the

tno~aled eonctntratlon ot M&. mirht be t!ue to tlw eont1ruOU8

·:;abao,.ptton ot thil elem.,nt by the bel01111"0Url.t ayatlla.

2fY7

Moat of the rutrtenta decline w1 th thl

a:!vanetng maturity in the vegetation ( Wht.tehe.-1 aid Jonea -1969,

Kvet 1973 am Dykyjova 1913). P ard Mg. oontentl incre .. ed

eonttruouaty in the graaaes- aedgea oattaor.r of tha Protected

site but If di(! not :show any dettntte trend. b higb ve.luea ot

thne ele!llente 1 n the SU!lli!IEt r wue :iue to tbe IJVater amount of

ubovegrourd stamtng biO'!!allll ot Pll'8nn1al SP!toiea. In tbe

grau,(>s• sedges thty i ncreas"!ld after the rt.!'lt raina in Juna

p_rd then fluctuated the79after due to the uneven mrbaae reaoval

in the 1 if tu ~ nt monthS 1 n thtt GruelS ai te • In Bt.tau:sa,posga.,_

c:Qnt,?rt!U\., N am Mg. ftlllowed tht tram of bioma .. and reacbld

itS r»ak in May ( 1.89 l.g.m.-2 an! 1.1111g.,4 8olll-2 ) WhlitD tbl

biomau was alSo 1n 11:111 peak ( lt84.95' g.m.-2) b\lt i' was not at

1 ~ 'Tialrimum ){0.23 g.m.-2) • In tnt lepmea, ?Amu, diphJlla_

haS s~011n a most notmal trend of N, P and Ma. 1bB stardin& state

of these elements inereaa~ f'rom Jurs to their P!ak valuea(0.83

N.g.m-2, o.tS P.g.111.•2 and 0.11 Mg.a.•.-2). In Septt;mber am

tbtn deeltmd ard reached their dlintmum values in 1-iarcb (0.003

N.a.m.-2, o.oOOS P.g.m.-2 ard 0.002 Hg.a.m.·2 ). lh:U tritnd haa

been auigntd to tile raPid uptake of these elementa 1n tbe earlJ

•tases or IT'Qol tb but it alawed down in the apd Ollants. b

impact of grasiDJ was aun on moat or ths s.oechs in thlt Gn.aed

•1,.. the~ waS no definite tr:!nd in A-1'11 oat of tbtt categories

or the•• •l••ntl. Only two apeotes in the Orued sua BracmatU

IIU&DL. and ll,gitad-a lorwJrlora raYe shown an increasing trerd

208 of these elemP.nta 1n the rainy season. 4nnoatta !MMDII_

bein,: a non-palatable 1 peoies an:! probabl7 Qilite.d• ;J,pqpflqra

I!'(!Wing pros trata on the aro1ud • escaped aranna am laY• a

normal t~nd ot mineral ac~latt.on.

The et~n:iing state ot N. P, am Ml•

t n t~ to hl a" •:mt grrn.un plant Pa rtl ot both the at tee 1 neue aaed

i.l"f the :rliliny $l!!a,on. It was obsernd that the 1111~aet ot &ra&in&

wns on th9 t!U'J.nt1 ty of tl'lue el"'menta present ln :lltf'erent

'llonths r"!thP.r than on the tr"rd tn the ratnr season.. h

~ neT'!!'l\!'t ng t~n:1 of these el'l'm'i'nts in th• rainy season has been

.ttt'!.b>Jted to their l'llltlid UPtall:e in the el'aly Ptr!.ad ot &t'Oiltbo

h tluctJJattons after rainy season were mainly due to the

dec!9ated bi.omaas ard Partly due to the decreased rate of mineral

UPtake by aging Plants.

:!he alllot.tnt of the•e · 3mi!MII$n't$ s to:red in

tM llttill' was high during the winter seaaon. It iS vel'7 Q;bi­

"'\fioua thA.t moat or the anmala canpleted their life a;vcle b7 the

f!m ot rat ny uason ard oonaequentl7 dead Parts, flower~ ard

... '!Ida increased tht ltttlr COIDPart•!ent. 'Jhe am011nt ot minerab

tn t~ lt t~r deo~aled afterwards due to the rttleaae ot thiM

e1.8"18nta thl'OUJh litter decorapoaitton. 1he absence ot Utter in

May, June am July :Ud not mean complete releaae of tMae ele­

-4m .. nta in to tiM soil oomPartaent but 1 t &PP8&1'8 that a conaide•

•rable IPIOUnt or 11 tter waa blown away in reaponae to the hilh

212

'lhbles· 71- Anl'l.lal uptake, l1b!ntton aftj 1"818&18 ot l'lltrtenta

( Kg.ha•1) by d11'f'lr9nt graasla.n:t• or Imia.

-----·-------------------·-----------------------------------------------,-----··

ntch~nthtum dootinated ungrazed (D',)J\\1 n )

Is~ili'l'"'n domtna~d gnzed (Ujj at n)

!leo t.h ~- ') rh1 oa d?l'llinat9d ungralilltd (H~mJ_!i)

'hthrloehloa dom1nat<KI grazed eta :'IC! J.a )

Upt11kli ~ r-~etantton 29 1\eleased 29

Up tnl'.e 264 :Re tsntl.on 180 fl~ l~· (i.1'11t 8a.

!rr•tal«Jt 121 fietentLon as ~l!?a!H!! 36

Ontal!lt 1 33.90 R~tentioll 1At.40 Rele118& 119.~0

trpta~ it'C' 1l<1 nt1 on ndease

16

~ 77 ~ 23

47 32 1,. 1.2 1.70

10.30

l'r->"1. cal grassland Uptake 41 0 • (!1.\nukshe tra } I-\e tention 289 .:;o -

J:'.ele ase 120.1 0 -

?rot<let'ld :\11 te { A:!bika :vr )

Grazed sttJt {k•otkarur)

tl'ptake attention :N3laase

Uptal!ia Retention Ralaase

-- Illlore & Mall 1976 --- lUl 010 197 8. -----------

--..-------------------------------------------

213

In the Pt9aent study an attampt has bean made

to ovalU.at<!! th~ i.'11Pact of grazing on biOlllaiiS structure arJI tuno­

-t1on, son- Plant nutrl'fnt ( N, P arrl Mg.), tem:>val of mtrl.enta

th.,.,,. .. Hth he'!'bag~ int,.l;0 and ::m the annual mtr19nt budget or the

two @!'MiSSlarrls, viz., ?rotlitcted ard Grazed grassland• of M!bik.ai»r

(M .? • ).

Pl'9ce:i1ng oag~s ·'llll' sl.lm.narlsed as umera•

1. 41 sPJcies ( 21 groE.wes-stedgea, 8 leaumes am 12 species

of f'orbs) were recJrd;td in the Protected site anll J1

s;,ecies ( 19 grasses-sedges, 4 leaumes and 11+ fo:rba) in

the Grazed s 1 ta. Ui21lll rPRQ£2!1. contox:11lt. was the meat

d:ltlimnt s?tcies in too ?rotectad sUe an.'! SotbrJ..Q.c!iJ.oa

at~ in the Gramd aita.

2. 'Ihl!l g~>&n bionass of grasses-sedges inc!'!ased cont1mou­

•sly from 0.99 g.m.-.2 in May to a peak v~.llue ot 326.69

g.m.-2 in Oct:>ber at tilt ?rotltctlltd sUa. In the Grazed

site it incre&JJed f'rom 8.73 g.m.-2 in .runt to a peak v!llue

of 96.60 g.m.-2 in Atgust. 3he areen biCDaSs at hgumea

increased fl'OOI a minl.mura of 1.'7? g.m.-2 in May to a maxir.aum

of 91t.5'5' g.m.-2 in ~ptember in the Jrotecbtd site. In

that Grazed a1 te the minimUnl biooaas was J.a.o g.m.-2 in

June and :nadiiiWD 31.61 g.m.-2 in October. 'lhe cretn

!:liomau of forba dieS not 1how &I'U' t~nd in ooti'l the 11tea.

'lbe total. areen b1oaaa .. or thl Protieotecl

Illite 1nct>eallled f'rom 3.12 g.m.-2 in 1'1ay to a peak val.lle ot 388.01

lolllo-2 in October. In the Grazed litlt it taorea .. c! t%'011 a lllinliDUIII

of 5'.63 &.m."'2 in May to a maxiliiUIIi of 12~.13 a.m.-.2 in JUguat.

3. 1ba total abovegrou.rd atamine dead bi0111aaa ln the

Protected site vas mlnlmWll ( 4S.S3 a.m.-2) ln October

ard maximum ( S'~.49 g.m.-2) in Ha7 while in tblt Oraaed

site 1 t waa min1IIIWII 1.29 g.m.-2 1n &eptsmber an:! max1JaUIII

91.00 g.m.-2 in November.

4. 'lbe tohl abovegraun:l bi0111aas ( areen + dead) in the

Prob!loted .Ute 11'1ereased trom a m1rd.IIIWII ot 179.89 loll'lo-2

in July to 499.09 g.a.-2 in lbrember bul: t.be maxtrawa

biomass ot S41.61 &om .-2 Wlllll present in Ma)' Wh111!'9&8 in

the Graaed •1 te , it did not allow an.v Parti ~lar tre n:l

except that thl mini.IIJUm biO!!Iasa vas S'6.87 s.m.-2 in

DltOI'tlllber and thlt maxillltl!ll waa 15'0.80 g.m.-2 in October.

5'. h litter in the Protected site 1nol'Qaled trora S.ptlJmber

ard reached it. J»ak or ,J.3.10 a.m.-2 in Ma;y and 12'1.~

•·•·"12 in Dte~tmber in tnt IJr&Hd atte.

6. 1be belca~grourd biowaas or both the si vas decreased

inl tially in the rairtf season and than increased. In

thlt Protected sitlt thlt P•alt value vas 33~.20 a.m.-2 in

September and 295'.47 g.m.-2 in October in tbe Qrased aibt.

1. '!he total biom .. a ot tbt~ ?rotected 11 tie inc'l"!ased fl'OIII

3~2.16 g.m.-2 in July to 776.42 g.m.-e in lbveraber vb~reaa

it M.uci»atltd throup.bou t thl year 1 n tM Grued a1 tie v1 th

a minlmWII biomaaa or 1?6.S1 , ••• 2 in Aprl.l ard max1IIUII

Of '+15'.5'2 llolllo-2 1n Octobltr.

a. 'lhe belowgrourd/ abovearoun:i rat1o in the .Prowoted

s1 w ranged tJetween 0.2'+ a11:1 1.0. an:l betloteen 0.5'7 atd

3.78 1n tile Grazed siw.

9· 71» abovesroul¥1 ntt proauctt.on ot both the attn has

bac<J~n caleUlatltd by difAirent metbodaa-

(1) lhe above grouoo net Produotton by positive d1t11t:renC.

!'!le tllod carne to 5'5'7 .47 a.m. -2year•1 in tbe Protect8d

at te and to 124.1; g.m. ·2y•ar•1 1 n the Graaed 81 te.

(11 ) ttf tl11!' post tt.ve 1 ncr& aN SID • tbOCI ot individual

s ;,111 ctea 1t eame to 1 ~7 .9 o ar¥1 298.01 g.m. -2year·1

for t~ Pro tlil cted and Grazed si tea :res Jlll otively.

(iU.) By the Wlllmatton of peak biO'Jiall8 ot 1td1v1dua]. s~c1ea,

th& anrual Prot!uot1on vaa 5'41.85' atd 2;?0.29 li!olllo •2year-1

in the Prot»c~ am Grand s1tl!t8 tell»cttvely.

(1•) 1be modified Wieprt· !lllallll method was applied to the

Protected ai te onl,y aoo tlw abovegrourd n.t Prodllctl.on

was ;>5'2.03 g.m.-2.

1 o. 1he belOW srour¥! net pro:iuctl.on was ~5'.5'9 atd 399.47

,.m.-2,rear•1 in tbe Probtct»d and Grand situ respecti•

'"'lelJo 'lhe rabt of praiuct1on was 1.49 g.m.-2dl.lY-1 in the

fo1'!14t r an:l 1. 09 lolllo '"12 day•1 1 n the la tt8 r.

11. 1bt total ,.t Productf.on waa 1497.62 g.r:a.-2Jear·1 in the

Protected st t8 an:l 619.76 s.m.-2year-1 in the CJra.aed Sits.

216

12. lbJ .bigbut rata or ll ttar c11aappearance in both thl

at tea vas bebfeen 23td ~Ptember ard 22rd Octe»>er. 1b1

values were 14.32 a.rd 1~.01 mg.w.-1c1aJ-1, 1be total

disappearanoe was 8?7 .oo g.m. -Qyear-1 ard 2?3.63

g.w. -.2year-1 1 n the Protacte::l ana Graa•d at tea

res l',)!t ct1 v~ly,

13. '1111e anrual llerbag-9 tr.t.ake was 433.32 g.m~-2.

14, An anmal budget .,r dry matt9r dynamics was prepared

for th"' PJ'I)teated an:J Grazed s1toea ard tlW system trans­

-fer fl.lnettons were also detel'lllitWd,

15'. 'D1e p&~re$ntage of aoU nl.t:roaen in the Protteted site

ranged bebl<t'in 0.12 ard 0,4? ptraent a!'d itl tba Grazed

stta betweu 0.17 ard o.lt2 pcu•eent. 21:!9 stamina state

or soU nttropn in the ~tectell sits ranpd between

2?.12 - 11)6,22 s.m.-2 am in tblt Grase<l still beb••n

40.46 ani 99.96 g,m.-2.

16. 'lhe P'reentage or nl.tropnin tbe abovegt'Ol.lnd Plant

Parts 'lf both tn. st tes nired a1gnlf1cantly in different

months and epectea.

he starding state or nl.troaan in

tne total above grouni plant Parts of the Protected si til

inct'lsSed frOm July to a P!Jak value of 2,!tl+J g,:11.-2 in

.september w!'leraaa in tna Grued ai te it inoreas•d fl'(llll

J'una to a ID&Xi!IUIII or 1.198 g.m.-2 in Octobar.

217

17. 'llle uero"\tntage of 111 trogen 1 n tbe 11 ttllr ot both the

&1 tes was nuatlu t1 ng thl'lU&bOU t thll year an.1 ranpd

betwe~n 0.16 and 0.12 percent in tb8 former wt.~eall

between o.rQ and o.aa percent in tb8 latter stt..

:the standing stat. of nttrosen tn th9

litter of the Pr:lteeted &1 te , .. maxf.l!IUIII 1.900 g.m.-.2

in J).,c?.1ber am of tbt ClrJused stta 0.91a. e.m.-.2 tn

March.

18. :lhe perOIJntap of nt. troaen 1n tbe belC*i e;rould plant

Parts of th& Protllcted stte :ranpd tram o.n~ to o.ao Pltrf!\~Jnt am of tbe Grazed s1tle from 0.13 pel;'COnt to

0.5'"l peree nt.

'.lhB atandtnc state ot ni tropn tn the

Proteewd site decreased &f'ter .Tul;y to October ani thltn

tncreas'!ld am f\'tacmd i tB ma.xtmum of 1.3~9 g.m.-2 in

~ eem be 1'. In the Grazed st te it de ere ased troo a r•uui­

-mu:.1 of 0.939 g.m.-2 in J'..tne to J&l!U,St. bn the tt9m

was fluetaattng.

19. 1M t:>tal s;~~aunt of nt. trogen content C abavearourd +

below grourd ; Plant i.)arta ) fluctuawd tl'lrougbou t the

year 1 n both tile s1 tes. lbe maximum ~¥Jount ot nitroaen

waa aceW'l!t.llatltd in <1&1 ( 3.267 g.m.-2) at tbe Protected

•U• am t n Jc tobe r ( 1 .848 a.m. -2 ) at thl Graaed 11 ta.

20. 'Jhe anrual uptake ot n1 trogen by the aboveerour¥1 Plant

Part8 wal 38~0.17 ma.m.•21n the Protacbtd •ita ar¥1

~61t.71t mg.m-2 in W Cira1•:i 11 t:.. 1M anrual uptake bJ

th! belO\Igrourd Plant Parts wu 2792.30 •s.m.-.2 ani

18.2 0.71+ mg.m-2 at the .Protact.d an:l Grand auea

'1"9S!~ct1vl!ly. 'lhe total uPtake ot n1. trosen vas 6632.'+'7

rng.r.a-2 in th~ fOti'JIIr s1 t.e and 2?8~.48 ma.m-2 in thtt

1\ tter. '1he raW ot UPtake sWaa 18.12 1111Jom-.2day•1 in

the ?r:>tecwd e1ta am '7.61 ms.m-2day-~ i.n the Grallld

ai t'l•

21. h annual Nl!'!ase of nttrogan through llttlllr deQOIIIpo•

-tton i;l!!~OUntl}d to 3615'.09 llliooJ•2 in the Protected atte

w h11~ t;;, 1 t133 .32 m g .m -2 1 n the Grazed ai w. :!be anmal

NhaiUI t'lrough !:l.'tlowgroum garts 811!;)1!ntud to 2697.32

mg.m•2 in th,~ <'rot""ct~j stte ani 1213.77 mg.m-2 in tbe

Gnzad. 'lhe tota.l l"'Jlaase ot n1 trot,'ell in the fOtmer sue

was 6312.1t1 m&.m•2year-1 at tbo rate ot 1?.25' mg.m-.2day•1

and that of the latter 2302.~ m;.m.-2year•1 at t.» rabl

of 6 • 29 111 g.m·2d a.v •1 •

22. '!he to t1l amount of n1 trogen J."Omov•d by cattla through

h!trb~ge intake was 28'75'.43 mg.m-.2year-1.

23. 1be n1 tr1gen bud set for the year 19'79-80 waa p,.. PaNCi

for both the s1 tu and syst.9m transtar tu.netlona we,.. calcubtted.

24. 'lM pe ree nt'lge of ohea Pho!Ua 1 n the soil tema1 ned mort

or leas constant throu1hout the year. It ranfJic! rrcn O.lll - 0.~ percent 1n tM Protected site an:S trca

0.02 • 0.~ ptreent in the Gnlaed aUe. h ata!'¥11ng Ita ..

of pboapb::nua :1 n ~ ao1l up to )') ~. depth ran~td f'roa

4.5'2 to 6.78 loll o-il ln the Protected si be ani rroo 4.'76

to 9S2 c.m.-2 in the Graae<l alta.

219

25. :the P"t'centage or ph.IJosphorus in t:tw abovesraund plant

Parts of both thn sibls varJ.t'Jd llienlrtoantly in dif,.•

"'l'f'nt months am spe.>eies.

'1bJ stan:!1na •tatll of £1b0aphoxus in

the t•:Jtal abovegrourd plant Parts of tht l'roteoteCI s1 ts

ineNaiJI?j aft.ar Jum an:l l'!laehttd 1 ta peak ValUe of

0.441t g .tn. _..2 1 n Oetobe r. 'Zbl re vas no ~lti n!. ta tre n:J

tn the \Jmzed si. te except tna t the mtn:llllum v alu• was

0.06 r;.m.-2 in May am mUilTIWil 0.1? e.m.-2 in October.

21?. 'lhil r>ercmntage of phoal'borus in thll litter at the

l,t''Jtectad 151 t9 dec-reased af'blr October from 0.1 Pf!rcent

and reachld 1 ts mt~mum of o.~% percent 11'.1 J\Prl,l.

hraaft<'l'r it lne~ased al'li reached its secolt1 peak ot

0.10~ in J"une. In the Grazed stte it rem!lintd constant

until H~blUa!'J and then deoltntd.

'.lhs pbos~hotus cont~nt in the litter of

th<2 P:rotAlctad site increas~1 from 1-0a,t:t'!':bar to a muimwa

or 0.202 g.m.·2 in Fltbr.taey. wbil• in tm Grazed sitll

1 t 1 ncl"i!a~ed frO!!l £-e >Jt~llb~tr to Dl ~l!'mbl! r ?.ni then de creaas

27. 'lhe ~t'c!'!ntage ot phoapbotul 1 n thlt balovground plant

Parts ~r both th9 s.t tu ranged betweqn o.C'+ an:! o.M

!ll'!r~nt.

'Ihe pbosphotus content in the bela~~~

grout~! varu or ttle Protecte~ at ta :reacl»d 1 ta peat ot

0.2~9 g.rn.-2 iD Ct!i)tel!lberW11ll8 1n thie ~azed site it Val

0.225 g.m.-2 in Oct:>ber.

220

28. 'lhe total l!f!!OUnt or phoapboJUI content ( abovesroun4

+ ~lcwgroum ?lllnt J)utl) in tt. proiltet.d aitll

tnc~ased oMttruoiUily f1'011 a llird.DNm or 0.212 g.m.-¥

in June to a peak value or o.68o g.111.-¥ in October. In

the ~ st te th~ trend Vall nuctuattna an:! the maxilltUIII

Yalu.es was 0.366 g.m.-2 in Octobitr.

29. 'ibt 'ln'l.lalttl>take of' phoe,Pbozus by thlt abovearoum plant

Part• was ~91.'+7 11tlolilo•2 in the Protected site aoo

11'18.2'1 mg.m.-2 :!.n tl'r! (}raztd. '1M anma.l uptake by the

b':'!l,.,groum Pbnt r>s:rts was 366.30 ••·m."''2 an:! 289.92

mg.m. •2 in the Proteet:P.d ard Gramlld s1 tae teli)eetivel.J.

1!'19 t.,tal upta'k:lt of pnosphows wae 8'17.7? as.m~-2 ani

3•}?..13 mg.m.-2 in tb9 fomer ami lattiJT Sites respectt.YelJ.

'!he M1:1'1 ot uptake va~ 2.34 rag.m.-2 day•1 ana 1.09

mg.m.-2tlay•1 in the Protected and Grased situ te•Pitctl•

-.lilY •

30. 'lbe ann.tal releaae of plloapborus through litter dec<n•

•posi t1on amounted to 48$.n1 mg.w.·2 and 199.00 mg.m.-¥

in the Protected am Clrurd sites l'"SP!ctlvely. b

anrual :release thTOUI!Il bdcwgrourn Parts a~~~ount.d to

J.Jl.rJ+ mg.m.-2 in tb! Probated site artl 2b9.CS :ag.m.-2

in t.~ Qrazed si ta. ,_ total release ot pboapboiUs in

the Protected st ta 11a,11 722.05 rors.m.-2vear-1 at till rata

or 1 .q( IJI!ollo -2da,y _, ar.:i 468. ce e! g.m. •2year-1 1 n the

Grued Sitlti at tba rata or 1.28 llillo!lo•2d&J-1.

31. 'lh9 total amount or ph08PtloiUa removed by cattle

through herbage 1 ntake vae 38J.26 mc.a.-Qyear-1.

221

32. 'll1e PhosphoNa bulitget tor the year 1979-60 ..., .. p~pared

f'or both the 11 tea ard systlllm tranlter tunctl.onl were

o!U. (j.llAted.

33. 1he Plreolntag~J of so1lmagne1111:n in tM Protected Sits

flu ct..la t'ld b!t twe~tn o.oo and n.29 J11!1 roe nt ani in tht

Gr·azed stt» be~gen 0.1,. am ,"J.41 perc&nt in difflt:tent

rnon ths. 1ht1! '11M Lmum a:;~ou nt of tllagoeal.t&tll in the i'rot.ctt~

$ita was 65'.5'11 g.m.-2 tn !(;)umber am 111.86 g.111.-2

1 n JaruarY 1'1 the Gt>u.Jd stbt.

34. 'nm ;»rcentage of magns•twn tn the aboveground plant

!Jarts of dU'fa~nt :Yllnecies fluctuated tht'OUthovt tile

''"~' tn both tbe attee.

fu'! magmsium eon tent 1 n the total

abov9 grou n:2 Plant ?arts of th~ ?r:; t"'oted iii te 1 nc:reased

after July to October ani Wn deolizwa. It 1ncreued

again am reached 1 ta Peak at 1 • .31S g.m.-e in APril.

In the Grazed 11 te the waxifllU1:1 amount of masneatum

( 0.3a.7 g.m.-e) Vall found in Oet'->ber.

3!5. T.1e ·»rc<!ntap of magnuiu'i: in tm !1 tb!r or both tbl

Si tell did n:>t ShrM a.n.J t~nd.

1M magrasiU!L conwn t 1 n tile :.1 ttar

at t'Je ?rotected si w was .;~aximU:d 1.1)9 ~.m.-.:! !n Marcb

ard 0.3~ g.w.-2 1n :.r>:i.l of th'!! JNlll«i sLt3.

36. "!he ..,~ntare of :'aS111ttu,;J 1n tb! bdoweroum Partll

at the l'~teot'!d s1 te nngP:i be +.wt-•n 'l.21+ arrl o.l+o

percent ard ".~2 'lm o.6o !»r·~nt at the Jn.i.~ site.

'lh! max1mWII aecu:~~ul:'.t1on or marnes1u:11 i'l the b~lo;~groun:! paru or th~t Protect•d

s1 te Waii 1.o1S' g.m.•.2 tr.: S.pt;~~mt:er ard ct the Graald

11 b 1 .2,..3 g.m. -2 1 n Mq.

Y/. 'lh~ total amount or m•cn!i'lium ( aoonsroum + belov·

grou !'d Plll nt Parts) 1 n both the si tea wae aJ!!Ximum 1 n

}la.7. lll9 valttii!S wew 2.070 g.11.-2 ani 1.Jt12 1•••"12 in

tl"te Pnt'leted am Gtazed 11 tell! t'\!t psectl.n l;y •

38. 1he anrut~.l u .. hkfl of magmli!um by the abovegl"''..ln.i plant

~<.rtf. ""all 1'4-7.43 mg.~t~.•2 an:! a.46.18 mg.m.-2 at the

l>r-:ltect'l'd '3.rrl Jrazl'!d sites 1"!!&9&ctiv'llly. lbll uptake

ay th~ ~·~ll)wg:round plant !)arts -w.aa 1469.1)3 lll£.m.2 in tbe

for<JJ'l':r and 1.3'+7 .14 mg.111.·J in the latwr. :&11e tltal

uptar.e of llagmuiUJJI w.~ 3016.5'1 lll€oi'41.-2 in the Protectli!lcl

stt.e.ara 1793 • .3.? mg.m.-2 f.n w Oram s1 w. ~h-l r.tte

of u~taltlll was 8.:?4 'Olflollo~day•1 ard 4.90 mg.m.-3day•1

39. '!hi! ~n:ud t"3l<!as<: or 'l!agn~tslurn through l1 tte r de com­

post tion wa!l 1=+0?' .96 m,.m. ~ in the ?J"' ~etPd •1 te ani

64~+.a.9 mg.fll.•2 in the Gran<t sttl. lb9 anmal. rehaH

tht'O'..!.~h tl!lawgrounl l'!lrtl amounted to 1139.?1 !:lg.m.-2

1"' the i:'Mwetet'! site a:"d to 12AS.5'4 rng.m.-2 1 n the

Gt'!ul,cj st te. 1he total r>tlr>aee of magnutum 1 n the

Pro~ct .. d site waa 2SitS.67 mg.m.·2year-1 an:! the rat.

vaa 6.96 a~.a.-2da.Y·1. In thlt \~rued site the total

~lttale va,~ 1930.03 Mg.ll-2year·1 alii tha rate vas S.2?

!!l&·•·-2dll1·1.

40. Magneatum rero09ed by cattle through nerbqe intake

amounted to 1101.2~ llllollo-2J8ar-1.

41. »» magMaium budset or 179-80 was prePared an::t

syatam tn1n11:!l!r functionl we~ oal~latltd.

42. t 11 view of' the ilt'!l&e nt f1 1111 nge, tlle Graad si tt U

uniet' l1<aavy 1.!1"1\Zin?. p~ssu~ am wnJ. lead to a turttwr

dear.,.:Iation of tbeae el'l!m~nta 1n fl.lture but looklng

to tl1S .tm !J8 11.1 tl"i e !l t :re se rv 01. r 1 n the ootl, 1 t aPPEtare

tnst wsa ra.t tT'hrrts will not af.t'il ct t.l1ill p'I."'duct1 vi t)'

of t111s sraztng lard, atl~ast tQr a f<:ll ;veare in

r>.• ture.