Shire of Mukinbudin...Pink poker grevillea Boundary Rd Roadside Vegetation and Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda. ... Forrestfield - Round-fruit banksia (Banksia sphaerocarpa)

July 2015

Qindanning-Darken Rd

Masons Rd – Pear-fruited mallee

Chapman Rd East Boundary Rd Pink poker grevillea

Boundary Rd

Roadside Vegetation

and Conservation Values

in the Shire of Kalamunda

COVER PAGE PHOTOS

Left to right from top left

McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook –– Forest red-tailed black cockatoos

Valento Road, Pickering Brook – Fringe Lily (Thysanotus sp.)

Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda – Gould’s monitor overlooking city

Motteram Road, Carmel – Marri (Corymbia calophylla) and Dampiera sp.

Buttercup Crescent, High Wycombe – Many-flowered honeysuckle (Lambertia multiflora)

Lewis Road, Forrestfield - Orange Eremaea (Eremaea pauciflora)

Railway Rd street sign

Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda - Goulds monitor

Ridley Road, Wattle Grove – Kangaroo paw (Anigozanthos manglesii)

Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook – Everlasting daisy

Reeds Road, Carmel – high conservation curved section with grass tree’s (Xanthorrhoea sp.)

Merrivale Road, Pickering Brook – Common hovea (Hovea trisperma)

Hawtin Road, Maida Vale – hairy caterpillar

Valento Road, Pickering Brook – high conservation value road

Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Pink myrtle (Hypocalymma robustum)

Motteram Road, Carmel - Common brown pea (Bossiaea ornata)

Hale Road, Forrestfield – Shire of Kalamunda sign

Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Morning Iris (Orthrosanthus laxus)

Zig Zag Scenic Drive – Diana Papenfus volunteer undertaking surveys

Pickering Brook Road, Pickering Brook – Blue leschenaultia (Lechenaultia biloba)

Morrison Road, Forrestfield - Round-fruit banksia (Banksia sphaerocarpa)

Hawtin Road, Maida Vale – Scented sun orchid (Thelymitra macrophylla)

Ridley Road, Wattle Grove – Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) buds and leaves

Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook – Tamara Wilkes-Jones collecting samples from weedy creekline

crossing road

Hinkler Road, Kalamunda – Donkey orchids (Diuris sp.)

Mabel Road, Lesmurdie – Spotted pardalote

Fern Road, Piesse Brook – Sticky star flower (Calytrix glutinosa) with grass tree

Lewis Road, Forrestfield – skink on burnt tree stump

Hewison Road, Pickering Brook - Yellow flags (Patersonia umbrosa)

Pickering Brook Road, Pickering Brook – Blue leschenaultia (Lechenaultia biloba)

Hartfield Road, Forrestfield – Drumsticks (Kingia australis)

Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe – Poison Gully Creek wildlife corridor sign

McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook –– Coral vine (Kennedia coccinea)

Motteram Road, Carmel – Milkmaids (Burchardia multiflora)

Zig Zag Scenic Drive – Tree decline – dead trees from bushfire a few years back, colourful understory

plants coming back after fire

Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe – revegetation sign

Woodbine Road, Pickering Brook – Holly-leaved mirbelia (Mirbelia dilatata)

Photos: Kylie.Payne, Roadside Conservation Committee

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………… 1

PART A: OVERVIEW OF ROADSIDE CONSERVATION................................................... 2

1.0 Why is roadside vegetation important? ……………………………………………….…… 3

2.0 What are the threats? ………………………………………………………………………. 4

2.1 Lack of awareness ………………………..………………………………………… 4

2.2 Roadside clearing ………………………………………………………………….. 4

2.3 Fire …………………………………………………………………………………… 5

2.4 Weeds...………………………………………………………………………….…… 6

2.5 Phytophthora dieback...……………………………………………………….…… 8

3.0 Legislative requirements …………………………………………………………………… 10

4.0 Environmentally Sensitive Areas …………………………………….…………………….. 11

5.0 Flora Roads…………………………………………………………………………………… 12

PART B: THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN KALAMUNDA……..………...…..………… 13

1.0 Flora………………………………………………………………………………………….… 14

2.0 Threatened and Priority flora ……………………….……………………………….……. 14

2.1 Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs)…..……………………………… 17

3.0 Fauna……………………………………………………………………………….……….. 19

3.1 Threatened cockatoos…..………………………………………………………… 21

3.1 Threatened bandicoots…..………………………………………………………… 21

4.0 Remnant vegetation cover………………………………………………….……………. 22

4.1 Kalamunda Vegetation Associations………………..………………………… 23

PART C: ROADSIDE SURVEYS IN THE SHIRE OF KALAMUNDA……………….…… 24

1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 25

1.1 Methods……………………………………………………………………………… 26

1.2 Mapping Roadside Conservation Values……………………………………….... 27

1.3 Roadside Conservation Value categories……………………………………….. 28

2.0 Using the Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) Map…………………….……………. 30

3.0 Results……………………………………………………………………………………… . 32

3.1 Threats……………………………………………..………………………………… 38

3.2 Roadside Conservation Value scores…………..………………………………… 52

3.3 Comparison of conservation status with nearby shires……………………….. 53

3.4 Flora Roads…………………………………………………………………….….. 54

PART D: ROADSIDE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………….. 56

1.0 Management recommendations……………………………………………………………. 57

2.0 Minimising disturbance………………………………………………………………………. 58

3.0 Planning for roadsides……………………………………………………………………. 59

4.0 Setting objectives…………………………………………………………………………….. 59

5.0 Specific recommendations for Kalamunda roadsides ………………………………….. 60 6

5.1 Weed management………………………………..…………………………… 60

5.2 Revegetation….………………………………………………………………….... 61

5.3 Education campaign………………………………..…………………………… 62

5.4 Habitat and protection for threatened fauna…………………………….... 62

6.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………... 63

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………. 64

FIGURES

Figure 1 The RCV map depicts roadside conservation values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 2 Width of road reserve in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 3 Width of vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 4 Native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 5 Number of native plant species along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 6 Extent of native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 7 Habitat value on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 8 Vegetation types along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 9 Weed infestations along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 10 Presence and abundance of chosen weeds along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 11A-F Maps showing the spatial extent of chosen weeds on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 12A-D Graphs of abundance of all weeds found on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 13 Evidence of rabbits on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 14 Possible reasons for tree decline on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 15 Adjoining land use on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 16 Roadside Conservation Value scores of all roadsides surveyed in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 17 Conservation status of roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 18 Comparison of the Shire of Kalamunda’s conservation status with nearby shires

TABLES

Table 1 Remnant vegetation remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda and surrounding shires

Table 2 Vegetation types and percentages remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda

Table 3 Summary of results from the roadside survey in the Shire of Kalamunda

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 RCC Verge Note: Guidelines for Managing the Harvesting of Native Flowers, Seed

and Timber from Roadsides

Appendix 2A RCC Verge Note: Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora Roads

Appendix 2B Flora Road Nomination Form

Appendix 3 Threatened and Priority Flora definitions

Appendix 4 Shire of Kalamunda - Roadside Conservation Value Map

Appendix 5 Overview of survey program (Smartphone survey devices - screen shots)

Appendix 6 Summarised survey sheet showing sample roads and explanation of fields used to

calculate Roadside Conservation Values

Appendix 7A&B Lists and graphs of all weeds recorded on Shire of Kalamunda roadsides

Appendix 8 RCC Verge Note: Roadside Environmental Weeds List

CD

1. Report (.pdf)

2. Report Appendices (.pdf)

3. Council Presentation (.pdf)

4. Roadside Conservation Value map (.pdf)

5. Chosen weed locations on RCV maps with insets (.pdf)

6. Comprehensive spreadsheet showing all survey data and fields

7. Metadata

8. Readme document

9. Shape files of roadside conservation values

10. Shape files of nominated roadside weeds

11. Flora species in the Shire of Kalamunda

12. Fauna species in the Shire of Kalamunda

13. Photos

Report compiled by Kylie Payne, Roadside Conservation Committee (RCC) Map produced by Geographic Information Services (GIS) Section, Department of Parks & Wildlife (DPaW). Data supplied by RCC from Shire of Kalamunda roadside surveys conducted by RCC staff and volunteers, and Shire of Kalamunda staff.

1 Survey of Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda

Executive Summary

This report provides an overview of the conservation status of roadside remnant vegetation in the Shire of

Kalamunda. The report primarily gives detailed results of the roadside vegetation survey and is accompanied

by management recommendations. It also describes the natural environment in Kalamunda, legislative

considerations and threats to conservation values.

Aware of the need to conserve roadside remnants, the Shire of Kalamunda liaised with the Roadside

Conservation Committee (RCC) to survey roadsides in the Shire. Surveys to assess the conservation values

of roadside remnant vegetation were conducted between May 2013 and February 2015. Over 220km of the

Shire’s rural roadsides and roadsides adjoining bushland (including national parks, nature reserves & shire

reserves) were assessed by the RCC for their conservation status, and maps were produced via a

Geographic Information System (GIS). Roadside locations of six nominated weeds (African lovegrass,

eastern states wattles, fleabane, plantain, tagasaste and Victorian teatree) were also recorded and mapped.

The results of the survey indicated that 42% of the roadsides surveyed in the Shire had high conservation

value, and another 11% had medium-high conservation value. Medium-low and low conservation value

vegetation occupied 12% and 35% of roadsides surveyed respectively. A more detailed analysis of results is

presented in Part C of this report.

It is envisaged that the primary purpose of the roadside survey data and Roadside Conservation Value (RCV)

map will be for use by Shire and community groups as a management and planning tool. Applications may

range from prioritising work programs to formulating management strategies. Past experience has shown that

this document and the accompanying maps are valuable in assisting with:

formulating a roadside vegetation management plan for road maintenance work;

identifying priorities for strategic weed control programs

identifying degraded areas for strategic rehabilitation or specific management techniques;

re-establishing habitat linkages throughout the Shire’s overall conservation network;

developing regional or district fire management plans;

identifying potential tourist routes (roads with high conservation value provide visitors with an insight into

the natural landscape of the district); and

planning for natural resource management or similar 'whole of landscape’ projects.

Successive surveys of some Shires have revealed an alarming decline in the conservation status of many

roadside reserves. In some cases the conservation value has declined at a rate of approximately 10% in nine

years. This trend indicates that without appropriate protection and management, roadside reserves may

become biological wastelands in the near future. However, proactive and innovative management of roadside

vegetation has the potential to abate and reverse this general decline. Opportunities exist for the Shire of

Kalamunda to utilise the RCV map in many facets of its landcare, tourism, road maintenance operations and

natural resource management (NRM) strategies.


PART A

OVERVIEW OF

ROADSIDE

CONSERVATION


1.0 Why is roadside vegetation important?

The south western part of Western Australia (roughly from Kalbarri to

Esperance) is home to Australia’s only globally significant biodiversity

hotspot, with a large number of species of native plants and animals, many of

which occur nowhere else in the world. Since European settlement, it is also

where large areas of native vegetation have been cleared for agriculture,

settlements and other development. The fragmentation of native vegetation

by clearing has resulted in a mosaic of man-made ‘islands’ of often small

native vegetation remnants.

The plants and animals in these areas are in jeopardy due to limited

resources, increased disease risk and reduced genetic diversity caused by a

diminishing gene pool. Some habitat fragments may be too small to provide

the requirements for even a small population; therefore it is essential to species’ survival that they have a

means of dispersing throughout the landscape. The presence of native vegetation along roadsides often fills

an important role in reducing this isolation effect by providing connectivity between bush remnants. While

many roadside reserves are inadequate in size to support plant and animal communities on their own, they

are integral in providing connections between larger areas of remnant vegetation. It is therefore important that

all native vegetation is protected, regardless of its apparent

conservation value in isolation. It is important to acknowledge that

even degraded roadsides have the ability to act as corridors for the

dispersal of a variety of fauna.

Other important values of transport corridor remnants are that they:

are often the only remaining example of original vegetation within

extensively cleared areas;

often contain rare and endangered plants and animals - roadside

plants represent more than 20% of the known populations of

threatened flora, and three species are known to exist only in

roadside populations (DPaW, 2015c);

provide the basis for our important wildflower tourism industry, as

roadside native vegetation in good condition is aesthetically pleasing

and colourful in season, and easily accessed by travellers;

provide a sense of place for tourists and residents alike;

often contain sites of Aboriginal or European historic or cultural

significance;

provide windbreaks and stock shelter areas for adjoining rural land,

helping to stabilise temperature and reduce evaporation;

assist with erosion and salinity control, in both the land adjoining the

road reserve and further afield; and

provide a valuable source of seed for regeneration projects, especially

shrub species, as clearing and grazing beneath farm trees often

removes this layer. Approval of the Shire and a Department of Parks

and Wildlife (DPaW) permit are required prior to collection. Guidelines

for seed and timber harvesting can be found in Appendix 1.

Wandoo tree hollows are of vital importance to breeding birds.

Photo: L. McMahon, Birds Australia

Aesthetically pleasing and colourful roadside vegetation on McCorkill Rd, Pickering Brook.

Photo: K. Payne, RCC

Flora Roads have high conservation value, and are often scenic drives.

Photos: RCC


2.0 What are the threats?

2.1 Lack of awareness

The general decline of the roadside environment can, in

many instances, be attributed to the lack of awareness of

the functional and conservation value of the roadside

remnants, both by the general community and those who

work in the road reserve environment. The lack of

awareness of the roadside vegetation’s values means that

those connected with the roadside are unable to modify their

actions to minimise their impact. As a result, activities such

as road maintenance and the use of fire can act as a

catalyst for decline in environmental quality.

2.2 Roadside clearing

Western Australia’s Intensive Land-use Zone, covers an

area of approximately 25 million ha, of which only 7.5 million

ha (30%) retains the original native vegetation. Of the 86

rural Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in this zone, 10

have less than 10% of the original remnant vegetation and a

further 38 LGAs have more than 10% but less than 30% of

native vegetation extent (DAFWA, 2011).

Road management practices have a significant impact on

the conservation of roadside vegetation. The decision to

clear selectively for road construction and maintenance,

avoiding unnecessary clearing which creates irreversible

damage, will enable roadside vegetation to continue to support native plants and animals. Intact native

vegetation also suppresses weeds on roadsides.

Due to the movement and disturbance of soil, all road

construction and maintenance activities have the

potential to introduce and spread weeds and dieback,

which have a devastating impact on native vegetation. It

is thus important to work from “clean” areas to “dirty” –

that is, from areas that are weed and/or dieback free to

those areas in which weeds and/or dieback exist. It is

also important to clean down machinery before moving

between work sites.

In 2004, amendments to the Environmental Protection

Act 1986 (EP Act) put in place a permit application

process designed to assess proposed native vegetation

clearing based upon a number of clearing principles

which ensure environmental values and land

degradation issues are considered. Under the EP Act clearing native vegetation requires a permit unless it is

for exempt purposes (see pgs. 11-12). The EP Act native vegetation clearing provisions are designed to

provide improved protection for native vegetation, maintain biodiversity and allow for some specified clearing

activities to continue without the need for a permit.

Care must be taken when clearing to ensure roadside vegetation remains, that the clearing is actually necessary and that the required permits are obtained.

Kings Mill Road, Pickering Brook, (above) and Ash Road,

Carmel (below).

Photos: RCC

Creative solutions include creating passing areas rather than widening a whole road.

Photo: C. Macneall, RCC


2.3 Fire

Although Western Australia’s flora and fauna have evolved with a

tolerance to pre-European fire regimes, these are generally not

present today. Fire is a potential threat to roadside native

vegetation; however the extent of impact is dependent on a

number of factors such as:

native and weed species present;

intensity of fire;

frequency of fire; and

seasonality of the fire.

The RCC’s policy on fire management is:

roadside burning should not take place without the consent of

the managing authority;

local government authorities should adopt by-laws to control roadside

burning;

roadside burning should be planned as part of a total Shire / area Fire

Management Plan;

only one side of a road should be burnt in any one year; this will ensure

habitat retention for associated fauna and also retention of some of the

scenic values associated with the road.

when designing a Fire Management Plan, the two principles which must be

kept in mind are the ecological management of vegetation and the

abatement of fire hazard;

no firebreaks should be permitted within the road reserve unless the

width of the roadside vegetation strip is greater than 20m;

a firebreak on any road reserve should be permitted only when, in the

opinion of the road manager, one is necessary for the protection of

the roadside vegetation. The road manager shall specify the

maximum width to which the break may be constructed; and

in the case of any dispute concerning roadside fire management, the

Department of Fire and Emergency Services (DFES) should be called

in to arbitrate.

Before any decision is made to burn a road verge, particularly if

threatened flora is present, the proponent should be aware of all values

present and the impact the fire will have. It is illegal to burn roadsides

where threatened flora is present without written permission from the Minister

for the Environment. Fire can also be particularly destructive to heritage sites of

either Aboriginal or European origin.

More information about fire management in roadsides can be found in the

RCC’s publication, Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail

Reserves: Management Guidelines (2011).

It is illegal to burn roadsides where threatened flora is present without Ministerial permission Photo: DPaW, Moora District

Before a decision is made to burn a road verge, the impact on natural, cultural and landscape values should be carefully considered and permission from the road manager should be obtained.

Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Roadside burnt by bushfire showing signs of regeneration. Weeds also come up after fire, so follow up weed control is needed to ensure flammable weeds don’t establish/expand in the bare ground.

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Controlled burning of roadside vegetation should result in a mosaic of burnt & unburnt patches.

Photo: DFES


2.4 Weeds

Weeds are generally disturbance opportunists, and the soil disturbance common on road verges provides an

easily colonised niche. Their establishment can impinge on the survival of existing native plants, increase

flammability of the vegetation and interfere with the engineering structure of the road. The effect of weed

infestations on native plant populations can be severe, often with flow-on effects for native fauna such as

diminished habitat or food resources.

Once weeds become established in an area, they become a long-term management issue, costing

considerable resources to control or eradicate. The roadside survey recorded populations of six significant

weeds:

• African lovegrass – Eragrostis curvula

• Eastern states wattles - Acacia sp.

• Fleabane – Conyza sp.

• Plantain - Plantago lanceolata

• Tagasaste - Chamaecytisus palmensis

• Victorian teatree - Leptospermum laevigatum

Roadside populations of these weeds can be observed on the Shire of Kalamunda Roadside Conservation

Value maps provided which highlight the locations of each weed. These maps will assist the shire and

community in planning, budgeting and coordinating strategic weed control projects. Further information on the

presence of these nominated weeds is presented in Part C of this report.

Eastern states wattles - were introduced into native vegetation as garden escapes or during tree plantings. They are now becoming a growing problem along roadsides and within native vegetation.

Flinders Range wattle (A. iteaphylla) -shrub 2-5m, leaves silvery blue green, flowers yellow from March to September

Sydney golden wattle (Acacia longifolia) - shrub or tree 2-10m, flowers yellow from July to September

Cyanides in the leaves can lead to stock poisoning

Golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha) shrub or tree, 2-8m, flowers: yellow from July to October.

Biology for these wattles: 2-3 years to first flowering. Fire stimulates mass germination of stored seed and adult plants can resprout after fire.

FloraBase. florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/17861

florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18217

florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/3504

Accessed March 2015

African lovegrass – Perennial grass growing in dense tufts, 0.3-1.2m high

Flowers: purple/green from August to December or January to May

Grows in: a variety of soils in disturbed sites

Dispersal: birds, foxes, rabbits, water, soil, machinery –slashing, vehicles, garden refuse. Time to first flowering: 12 years and seedbank persistence of 5 years. Often only top killed by fire and rapidly resprouts, forming dense monocultures, creating large fuel loads

FloraBase: florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/376

Accessed: March 2015

.

Acacia iteaphylla

https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18217


Tagasaste - Erect shrub or tree, 0.7-6 m high.

Flowers: white-cream-yellow from April to October.

Grows in: white sand, grey sandy clay, lateritic loam.

Invades disturbed bushland and roadsides.

Naturalised in almost all areas where it has been planted as a fodder shrub. Forms a dense infestation that can smother native vegetation.

Flowers after 3 years, seedbank persistence over 10 years, seeds are poisonous to humans

Soil stored seed germinates prolifically following fire and mature plants occasionally resprout.

FloraBase. florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18156

Accessed March 2015

Plantain - Rosetted perennial, herb, 0.1-0.9 m high.

Flowers: green-yellow-brown from November to December or January to March.

Grows in: a variety of soils, in gardens, roadsides and other disturbed sites.

Dispersal: soil, water, birds including galahs and cockatoos. Reproduces mainly from seed and also stem fragments. Resprouts after fire.

Deep persistent taproot gives some drought tolerance


Accessed March 2015

Fleabane – Erect annual, herb; 0.15-1.5 m high

Flowers: white from January to December.

Grows in: a variety of soils, waste places & roadsides.

Dispersal: wind, water run-off

Seedbank persistence: 3 years. Light stimulates germination. Resprouts after fire.


Accessed March 2015

Victorian teatree is a large shrub or tree, 1.5 to 6m high

Flowers: white with 5 broad petals from July to October.

Leaves: greyish-green, leathery

Grows in: white or grey sand, loam

Native to south eastern Australia; a garden escape in Western Australia and was planted for revegetation, dune stabilisation and windbreaks.

Dispersal: wind, vehicles, soil movement, water, garden refuse

Adults are killed by fire but seed is released from woody fruits and germinates prolifically after fire

FloraBase florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/5850


http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18156



http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/5850


2.5 Phytophthora dieback

Another major threat to the biodiversity of Western Australia’s ecosystems is Phytophthora dieback.

Phytophthora dieback is caused by the microscopic soil-borne pathogens in the Phytophthora genus. These

cause the roots to rot in susceptible species. Plant death occurs because plants cannot take up the water and

nutrients they need for survival. Infected plants often appear to be dying from drought conditions.

Over 40% of native WA plant species are susceptible to this pathogen (Dieback Working Group, 2014).

Phytophthora cinnamomi, the most widespread and well known species, usually affects plants in rainfall

zones of greater than 400mm. Maintenance of roads and firebreaks often provide an avenue for the spread

of the disease as soil is moved along by machinery.

Dieback can cause:

Significant loss of biodiversity including loss of

key canopy and understorey species and

disruption to woodland vegetation structure;

loss of habitat and food sources for birds, small

mammals and insects;

extinctions of threatened plant and animal

species;

disruption of ecological function/ change in

ecosystem cycles;

increased fire risk;

altered hydrology and increased erosion; and

the increased dominance of resistant plants such

as grasses, rushes and sedges.

The pathogen is spread through the movement of infested soil and mud, especially by vehicles and footwear.

It also moves in free water and via root to root contact between plants.

Phytophthora dieback does not have a cure. However, it has been shown plants can improve their resistance

to the pathogen by being sprayed or injected with the fungicide phosphite (a derivative of phosphorus acid).

The most cost effective way of managing Phytophthora dieback is by limiting the spread of the disease rather

than managing the impacts of the pathogen once it is introduced into bushland.

Management practices include:

information signs and education;

seasonal or permanent road and trail closures;

vehicle washdown using established cleaning

stations where available to avoid transport of

contaminated soil and vegetative material.

Please note: Dry cleaning (cleaning

vehicles/machinery when dry) is preferable to

wash-down if the cleaning stations are off-site;

Universal Dieback signage system

Recent infestation: Banksia species are very susceptible. Moving gravel and bringing infected soil/gravel to a new area can spread Phytophthora.

Photo: K.Payne, RCC


cleaning of all equipment that comes into contact with soil or plant material (vehicles, tools and

footwear) before a job, and before moving to next job

(eg. with stiff brush, rag, methylated spirits);

using only dieback-free construction and revegetation

material. Ensure gravel and seedlingsare sourced from

a dieback-free supplier/location; and

applying phosphite to infected plants to help combat symptoms.

Where an infestation has been identified, it is important that

works crews take great care to:

schedule activities for low rainfall months and plan

activity for dry soil conditions;

grade toward the infestation area (rather than away

from it);

lift the blade frequently to minimise the distance

that dirt is carried;

clean (dry clean or wash down) the blade (and the

whole machine) before leaving the infested area;

A little time and care taken can ensure the disease is not spread to another area.

It is also important to note that where dieback-free areas

are mapped, emphasis should be given to the protection

of these areas.

Plan activity for dry soil conditions only.

Start clean, stay clean – clean machinery before

arriving/working in these areas. This also includes

footwear or any equipment which comes into

contact with any soil or plant material.

Phytophthora dieback tends to occur in low-lying areas

following drainage lines, flats, swamps etc. Upland areas

are more often dieback-free and it is important to be

aware of this when moving vehicles/equipment from

lowland areas to upland (e.g. hills) potentially spreading

infection. When moving through the landscape you can

stay low or stay high in the profile or clean when moving

from low to high areas.

Cleaning/disinfecting also reduces other biosecurity

threats such as weeds so it has multiple benefits.

More information about managing Phytophthora dieback

can be obtained from the Dieback Working Group

website www.dwg.org.au where you can also download

the ‘Managing Phytophthora Dieback: Guidelines for

Local Government’

http://www.dwg.org.au/files/dieback_lga_guidelines.pdf.

Recent infestation: Some species are very susceptible

which suggests that the infestation has just reached this

area. Close by is a firebreak and it is very likely that the

spread of the infestation was accelerated by moving dirt

along the firebreak

Photo: J. Brooker, Project Dieback

Dieback protection area at the end of Hill Street in Gooseberry Hill which adjoins Kalamunda National Park

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Dieback boot cleaning station.

Photo: South West Catchments Council

http://www.dwg.org.au/

http://www.dwg.org.au/files/dieback_lga_guidelines.pdf


3.0 Legislative requirements

Uncertainty often exists about the ‘ownership’, control and management of 'the roadside'. This problem is also

exacerbated by the multitude of legislative reference to activities within a transport corridor.

The legislation pertaining to the management of road reserves is complex and includes those listed below.

State legislation:

- Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972

- Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007

- Bush Fires Act 1954

- Environmental Protection Act 1986

- Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004

- Heritage of WA Act 1990

- Land Administration Act 1997

- Local Government Act 1995

- Main Roads Act 1930

- Mining Act 1978

- Soil and Land Conservation Act 1945

- State Energy Commission Supply Act 1979

- Water Authority Act 1984

- Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, 1979

Commonwealth legislation:

- Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Department of Parks and Wildlife has the legislative responsibility to manage and protect all native flora

and fauna in Western Australia. It is important to note that all native flora and fauna is protected under

provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Wildlife Conservation Act) and cannot be impacted on

unless relevant permits are held. In addition to the general provisions relating to protected flora under the

Wildlife Conservation Act, special protection is afforded to flora that is declared as rare or threatened under

Section 23F of that Act.

Under the Environmental Protection Act 1986 all clearing of native vegetation requires a permit, unless it is for

an exempt purpose as described in Schedule 6 of the EP Act and the Environmental Protection (Clearing of

Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004. Clearing applications are assessed against ten clearing principles,

which incorporate the:

biological diversity of the vegetation;

potential impact on wetlands, water sources and drainage;

existence of rare flora and threatened ecological communities; and

land degradation impacts.

There are two types of native vegetation clearing permits available: area and purpose. For example, where

clearing is for a once-off clearing event such as clearing for pasture or development, an area permit is

required. Where clearing is necessary for a specific purpose, such as a road widening program, a purpose

permit is needed. Clearing of regrowth to maintain an existing road formation is exempt, to the width and

height legally cleared for that purpose within the last 10 years (refer to Schedule 2 of the Regulations).


A clearing permit is required for road upgrades. More information can be found on the Department of

Environment Regulation’s (DER) website www.der.wa.gov.au/your-environment/native-vegetation or contact

Clearing Regulation at DER on 6467 5020.

It is recommended that a precautionary approach be taken when working within roadsides and that the

relevant authority be contacted if there is any doubt about the management or protection of heritage or

conservation values present in the roadsides.

4.0 Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are protected under the

Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations

2004. They require special protection due to their environmental values

at state or national levels. Some of the reasons include protection of:

threatened species or threatened ecological communities;

wetlands and water courses;

sites that have other high conservation, scientific or aesthetic

values; and/or

Aboriginal or European cultural sites.

Environmentally Sensitive Areas can be delineated by the use of site

markers. The RCC publication Guidelines for Managing Special

Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors (2000) has advice on the

design and placement of ESA markers. Workers who come across an

ESA marker in the field should not disturb the area between the markers

unless the markers were specifically mentioned in their

instructions. If in doubt, the Works Supervisor, Shire

Engineer or CEO should be contacted. Western Power and

Brookfield Rail also have systems for marking sites near

power or rail lines.

To ensure that knowledge of threatened flora and other sites

does not get lost due, perhaps, to staff changes, is it

recommended that the Shire establish an Environmentally

Sensitive Area Register. This should outline any special

treatment that the site should receive and be consulted prior

to any work being initiated in the area. This will ensure that

inadvertent damage does not occur.

Local governments are also encouraged to permanently mark ESAs to prevent inadvertent damage to

threatened flora or other values being protected. Markers of a uniform shape and colour will make recognition

easier for other authorities using road reserves.

Threatened flora marker Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook

Photo: K Payne, RCC

Roadside ESA markers are highly visible to ensure roadside workers see them and are aware of the significance of the area.

Photo: RCC


5.0 Flora Roads

A Flora Road is one which has special conservation

value because of the vegetation contained within the

road reserve. The managing authority may decide to

declare a Flora Road based on the results of the

survey of roadside conservation value and upon

recommendation of the RCC. The RCC has prepared

Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of

Flora Roads (Appendix 2). The Flora Road signs

(provided by the RCC) draw the attention of both the

tourist and those working in the road reserve to the

roadside flora, indicating that it is special and worthy

of protection. The program seeks to raise the profile

of roadsides within both the community and road

management authorities.

There are currently no Flora Roads in the Shire of Kalamunda.

The roadside survey and the RCV map highlighted a number of

roads or sections of roads that have the potential to be

nominated as Flora Roads. These roads can be investigated

further to see if they warrant declaration as a Flora Road (see

Part C of this report). A number of shires have produced Flora

Drives pamphlets in conjunction with the RCC.

In order to plan roadworks so that important areas of roadside

vegetation are not disturbed, road managers should be aware of

these areas. To ensure this is not overlooked, it is suggested that

areas declared as Flora Roads be included in the Shire’s

Sensitive Environmental Area Register.

Attractive roadsides are an important focus in Western Australia,

the "Wildflower State". Flora Roads will by their very nature be

attractive to tourists and would often be suitable as part of a

tourist drive network. Consideration should be given to:

promoting these roads by means of a small brochure or booklet;

showing all Flora Roads on a map of the shire; and

using specially designed signs to delineate the Flora Road section

(provided free of charge by the RCC).

Flora Roads also provide habitat for fauna


Flora Roads are high conservation value roadside remnants

Photo: C. Wilson, RCC

Roadsides are one of the most accessible places tourists to view wildflowers. Pickering Brook Road (left)

Some landholders are doing their bit by planting local native shrubs on their verges.

Isaacs Road, Pickering Brook (right) Photos: K Payne, RCC


PART B

THE NATURAL

ENVIRONMENT IN

KALAMUNDA


1.0 Flora

On a global scale Western Australia has almost ten times more vascular plant varieties than countries such

as Great Britain (JNCC, 2014). In fact, Western Australia has about four percent of the 281,600 known

vascular flora present on Earth (Australian National Herbarium, 2012). The native flora of the south-west of

Western Australia (which includes the Shire of Kalamunda) is internationally renowned for its diversity and

uniqueness, with over 8000 species of native flora. Of these, over 75% are endemic to WA and found

nowhere else in the world. (DPaW, 2015a).

The WA Herbarium has recorded 1149 species of native plants from the Shire of Kalamunda. The most

prolific families are Fabaceae (peas - 141 species), Proteaceae (eg banksias and grevilleas - 94 species),

Myrtaceae (eg eucalypts and melaleucas - 76 species), Orchidaceae (orchids - 70 species), Poaceae

(grasses 68 species) and Asteraceae (daisies - 55 species) (NatureMap, DPaW, 2007-2015). The complete

list of recorded flora can be viewed on the CD attached to this report.

2.0 Threatened and Priority flora

Threatened flora species are of great conservation significance and should

therefore be treated with special care when road and utility service,

construction or maintenance is undertaken. Populations of threatened flora

along roadsides are designated ESAs and should be delineated by yellow

markers. It is the responsibility of the road manager to ensure these markers

are installed in consultation with Parks & Wildlife. The RCC suggests using

the publication Guidelines for Managing Special Environmental Areas in

Transport Corridors (2000) as a guideline for managing these sites.

Priority flora are species which may be threatened, but insufficient

information is available to make an assessment. ‘Priority’ refers to the

priority of searching other appropriate habitat as circumstances and

resources allow.

As of March 2015, there are eleven species of threatened flora and thirty

seven species of priority flora throughout the Shire of Kalamunda (DPaW,

2015c).

Four species of threatened flora are found on nine shire-managed roadside locations, and four species of

priority flora are found on four databased shire-managed roadside locations (DPaW, 2015c).

There was also a possible new location of Priority 4 species Grevillea pimeleoides found during the surveys.

Threatened flora sites should be clearly marked with these yellow posts.

Photo: RCC


Threatened flora on Kalamunda roadsides

Grass wattle (Acacia anomala)

Wavy-leaved smokebush (Conospermum undulatum)

Keighery's macarthuria (Macarthuria keigheryi)

Star sun orchid (Thelymitra stellata)

Grass wattle

Acacia anomala slender, rush-like shrub

grows 0.2-0.5m high

yellow flowers August to November

found in lateritic soils on slopes



Wavy-leaved smokebush

Conospermum undulatum erect, compact shrub

0.6 to 2m high

white flowers from May to October

found in grey or yellow-orange clayey sand



Keighery's macarthuria

Macarthuria keigheryi

erect or spreading perennial herb or shrub

0.2 to 0.4m high, 0.3 to 0.6m wide

cream flowers from September to December

found in white or grey sand



Star sun orchid

Thelymitra stellata

tuberous perennial herb

0.15 to 0.25m high

yellow & brown flowers from October to November

found in white or grey sand



http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/3219





Priority flora on Kalamunda roadsides

Cats-paw grevillea (Grevillea pimeleoides) - Priority 4

Bloodroot (Haemodorum loratum) Priority 3

Granite tetratheca (Tetratheca sp. Granite) - Priority 3

Crystal Brook star orchid (Thelymitra magnifica) - Priority 1

Lindley’s featherflower (Verticordia lindleyi subsp. lindleyi) - Priority 4

Bloodroot

Haemodorum loratum

Priority 3

bulbaceous perennial herb

0.45 to 1.2m high

black, brown, green flowers in November

found in grey or yellow sand or gravel



Granite tetratheca

Tetratheca sp. Granite - Priority 3

erect shrub

grows to 0.4 m high

pink to purple flowers in Spring

found in clay, moist loam, clayey sand and near granite boulders



Lindley’s featherflower

Verticordia lindleyi subsp. lindleyi

Priority 4

erect shrub

0.2-0.75 m high

pink flowers in May or November to January

found in sand, sandy clay or winter-wet depressions



Crystal Brook Star Orchid

Thelymitra magnifica - Priority 1

perennial, herb

0.15 to 0.25m high

yellow & brown flowers from September to October

found on stony ridges

similar to Thelymitra stellata but T. magnifica flowers 2-3 weeks earlier


Volunteer survey report

http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-

animals/threatened-

species/Volunteer_surveys_for_Crystal_Brook_sun_orchid.pdf


Cats-paw grevillea

Grevillea pimeleoides - Priority 4

non-linotuberous shrub, hairy leaves, clustered flowers

0.4 to 2.4m high

yellow-orange flowers from May to November

found in gravelly soils over granite on rocky hillsides


Accessed: June 2015





http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/threatened-species/Volunteer_surveys_for_Crystal_Brook_sun_orchid.pdf





For definitions of threatened and priority flora refer to Appendix 3. For more detailed information regarding

threatened and priority flora in the Shire of Kalamunda, contact Parks and Wildlife’s Threatened Flora

Administrative Officer in Perth via [email protected]; the Conservation Officer (Flora) in Parks and

Wildlife’s Perth Hills District on 9290 6100 for the majority of the Shire; or Parks and Wildlife’s Swan Coastal

District on 9303 7740 for the western part (west of Roe and Tonkin Highways). The district borders can be

seen on the map in Appendix 4.

Knowledge of roadside populations may change over time, so it is important that the Shire update information

through Parks and Wildlife periodically to avoid inadvertent damage to newly discovered populations of

threatened or priority flora. If roadworks need to be carried out near known threatened flora sites, contact

Parks and Wildlife at least six weeks in advance to obtain necessary permits and have an inspection to

confirm exactly where plants occur near the road.

2.1 Threatened Ecological Communities (TECs)

An ecological community is a naturally occurring group of plants, animals

and other organisms that occur in a particular habitat (DPaW, 2014d). The

Minister for Environment may list an ecological community as being

threatened if the community is at risk of becoming totally destroyed.

There are a number of TECs in the Shire of Kalamunda including:

Banksia attenuata and/or Eucalyptus marginata woodlands of

the eastern side of the Swan Coastal Plain - Endangered

Banksia attenuata woodland over species rich dense

shrublands - Endangered

Eucalyptus calophylla - Eucalyptus marginata woodlands on

sandy clay soils of the southern Swan Coastal Plain –

Vulnerable

Eucalyptus calophylla - Kingia australis woodlands on heavy

soils, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered

Eucalyptus calophylla - Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands

and shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically

Endangered

Herb rich saline shrublands in clay pans – Vulnerable

Shrublands and woodlands of the eastern side of the Swan

Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered

Shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone –

Endangered

Shrublands on dry clay flats – Endangered

Southern wet shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain -

Endangered

Banksia attenuata woodland over species rich dense shrublands – Endangered - Forrestfield

Photo: Val English, DPAW

Banksia attenuata and/or Eucalyptus marginata woodlands of the eastern side of the Swan Coastal Plain - Endangered – Watsonia Rd, Gooseberry Hill Photo: Val English, DPAW

mailto:[email protected]


These all occur in the western urban part of the shire.

There is also a Priority Ecological Community (PEC)

Central Northern Darling Scarp Granite Shrubland Community – Priority 4

Eucalyptus calophylla - Kingia australis woodlands on heavy soils, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered – Dundas Road, High Wycombe


Herb rich saline shrublands in clay pans – Vulnerable – Wattle Grove

Photos: Val English, DPAW

Eucalyptus calophylla - Xanthorrhoea preissii woodlands and shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain – Critically Endangered, High Wycombe / Hazelmere


Shrublands on dry clay flats – Endangered – Wattle Grove

Photo: Jill Pryde, DPAW

Shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone – Endangered

Photo: Jill Pryde, DPAW

Central Northern Darling Scarp Granite Shrubland Community – Priority 4

Photos: Val English, DPAW


3.0 Fauna

The Western Australian Museum records approximately 304 species of fauna from the Kalamunda area.

This list can be viewed on the CD attached. WA Museum fauna records comprise specimen records, museum

collections and observations from 1850 to present and therefore it is intended to act only as a general

representation of the fauna in the area. Of the fauna species recorded in the Kalamunda area, there were 13

amphibia, 143 bird, 3 fish, 67 invertebrate, 28 mammal and 50 reptile species (DPaW, 2007-2015).

Many fauna species, particularly small birds, need

continuous corridors of dense vegetation to move

throughout the landscape. Roadsides therefore

are of particular importance to birds because they

can contain the only continuous vegetation

connection in some areas.

The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 provides for

native fauna (and flora) to be specially protected

where they are under an identifiable threat of

extinction, and as such, are considered to be

"Threatened". According to distributional data from

NatureMap (DPaW, 2007-2015), 23 species of

threatened and priority fauna have been

recorded or sighted within the Shire of Kalamunda,

and these are listed below.

Birds

Australian peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus subsp.

macropus) Specially protected

Baudin's cockatoo, long-billed black-cockatoo

(Calyptorhynchus baudinii) Threatened

Carnaby's cockatoo, short-billed black-cockatoo

(Calyptorhynchus latirostris) Threatened

Common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) International

agreement

Common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) International

agreement

Eastern great egret (Ardea modesta) International agreement

Forest red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii subsp.

naso) Threatened

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) Specially protected

Rainbow bee-eater (Merops ornatus) International agreement

Invertebrates

Cricket (Kawaniphila pachomai) Priority 1

Forest red-tailed black cockatoos in bushland adjoining McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook


Rainbow Bee-eater

Photo: Kimberley Page

Adult male Baudin's cockatoo

Photo: Zara Kivell


Mammals

Chuditch, western quoll (Dasyurus geoffroii) Threatened

Numbat, walpurti (Myrmecobius fasciatus) Threatened

Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) Threatened

Quenda, southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) Priority 5

Southern brush-tailed phascogale, wambenger (Phascogale tapoatafa

subsp. tapoatafa) Threatened

Rakali, water-rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) Priority 4

Western brush wallaby (Macropus irma) Priority 4

Woylie, brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata subsp. ogilbyi)

Threatened

Reptiles

Black-striped snake (Neelaps calonotos) Priority 3

Carpet python (Morelia spilota subsp. imbricata) Specially protected

Dell's ctenotus, Darling Range heath ctenotus (Ctenotus delli) Priority 4

Southern death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) Priority 3

Mammal Photos

From top: chuditch family, chuditch on the move (K. Page), quenda (K. Page), western brush wallaby

From left: numbat (A. Thomas), brush-tailed phascogale, woylie

All photos: © B. & B. Wells, DPaW unless labeled otherwise

Black-striped snake

Photo: Jordon Vos

Southern death adder Photo: Rob Valentic, Gondwana reptile

productions

Carpet python

Photo: © B. & B. Wells, DPaW

Dell’s ctenotus

Photo: WA museum

Southern death adder Photo: Rob Valentic, Gondwana Reptile

Productions


3.1 Threatened cockatoos

Three species of threatened black cockatoo are found in the Shire of

Kalamunda. All are endemic (restricted) to the south west of Western

Australia. The Carnaby’s cockatoo has been most extensively studied

due to the destruction of habitat (urbanisation) on the Swan Coastal

Plain and clearing in the Wheatbelt. Since the late 1940s the species

has experienced a thirty percent reduction in range and a fifty percent

decline in population (DPaW, 2013).

The Shire of Kalamunda is a significant Carnaby’s cockatoo feeding, breeding and

roosting area and is also important for the Baudin's and forest red-tailed black

cockatoos. They feed on flowering shrubs such as banksia, grevillea and hakea

species and also on seeds of tree species, such as marri and pines.

Old wandoo trees provide ideal breeding sites for these threatened birds. However,

remaining nesting and feeding areas are becoming degraded due to clearing,

urbanisation, weed invasion, storm damage, firewood collection, changes in fire

management, grazing, water logging and salinity. There is a lack of new eucalypt

trees growing to replace dead trees in remaining nesting sites and existing nesting

hollows are deteriorating.

Threatened black cockatoos face competition for hollows from other species (eg.

galahs and corellas) that use hollows to nest in. In the metropolitan area, galah and

corella flocks are boosted by aviary escapes, increasing competition further. Feral

bees also cause problems when they use suitable nest hollows for their hives.

While roadsides aren’t the ideal place for nesting birds, with so much of their habitat

destroyed, roadsides are now a significant habitat for Carnaby’s cockatoos. It is

important that the vegetation around tree hollows is retained or replaced to ensure

close-by feeding areas remain. A recent report confirms the importance of native

vegetation close to breeding areas to ensure chicks fledge successfully (Saunders

et al, 2014). Roadsides also provide corridors to allow movement between nesting

and feeding areas in larger patches of remnant vegetation.

3.2 Threatened Bandicoots

The Shire of Kalamunda includes a substantial amount of quenda habitat and there have been numerous

recorded sightings in the shire. A number of these sightings have been on roads or road verges. Dead

vegetation on roadsides can provide important habitat for bandicoots due to much of their habitat being

cleared due to urbanisation.

Carnaby’s cockatoo chicks

Photo: R. Dawson, DPaW

Carnaby’s cockatoo in roadside hollow

Photo: R. Dawson, DPaW

Carnaby’s cockatoo food source Banksia woodland Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Forest red-tailed cockatoos with chicks in a marri tree in bushland alongside McCorkill Rd, Pickering Brook Photo: K.Payne, RCC


4.0 Remnant vegetation cover

The Shire of Kalamunda retains 72.9 per cent of the original native vegetation (Table 1) which compares

favourably to surrounding shires. The remaining native vegetation is located in a variety of tenures including

shire bushland reserves, privately-owned land, road reserves, national parks and nature reserves. While this

is higher than most of the other surrounding shires, the remaining vegetation could easily be depleted without

proactive management of this priceless resource.

Table 1. Remnant vegetation remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda and surrounding shires (Govt. WA, 2013)

Shire Total Area (ha) Area Cleared

(ha)

Vegetation Cover Remaining

(ha) (%)

Kalamunda 32,388 8,774 23,614 72.91

Mundaring 64,372 20,955.55 43,416.18 67.45

Gosnells 12,716.25 9,043.70 3,672.55 28.88

Armadale 55,948.71 12,893.98 43,054.73 76.95

Belmont 3,939.30 3,513.31 425.99 10.81

Swan 104,435.40 58,778.59 45,656.82 43.72

York 213,260.36 137,100.20 76,160.16 35.71

Canning 6,432.09 5,986.77 445.32 6.92

The continued presence of the flora and fauna living in these remnants is dependent on connectivity

throughout the landscape. This enables access to habitat and food resources, essential for the survival of

species and the overall biodiversity of the region. In many situations remnant native vegetation in transport

corridors is of vital importance as it provides a continuous link through the landscape.

Jarrah, Marri, Sheoak, Parrot bush - Mabel Rd, Lesmurdie

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Jarrah Marri with grass trees - Sadler Drive, Maida Vale

Photo: K.Payne, RCC


4.1 Kalamunda Vegetation Associations

The vegetation associations known from the Shire of Kalamunda, noted in Table 2, provide an indication of

the assemblages of native vegetation present prior to European settlement. It should be noted that these

assemblages are indicative of the shire overall and not specifically representative of roadside remnants.

Table 2. Vegetation types and percentages remaining in the Shire of Kalamunda (Govt. WA, 2013)

Kalamunda Vegetation Association Types* % Remaining

Medium forest; jarrah-marri (3) 80.49

Medium woodland; marri & wandoo (4) 71.04

Medium woodland; jarrah, marri & wandoo (968) 16.10

Medium very sparse woodland; jarrah, with low woodland; banksia & casuarina (1001) 8.22

Medium woodland; marri & river gum (Eucalyptus rudis) (1009) 5.30

Mosaic: Medium forest; jarrah-marri / Low woodland; banksia / Low forest; teatree / Low woodland; Casuarina obesa (1018) 12.13

* Numbers in brackets refer to the identification numbers of vegetation associations listed in the Statewide Vegetation Statistics Report (Govt. WA, 2013).

Figure 8 in Part C of this report shows the vegetation types and amounts recorded along the Shire of

Kalamunda roadsides during the survey.

Jarrah-marri forest – Elson Road, Piesse Brook

Wandoo woodland – Girrawheen Drive Gooseberry Hill

Photos: K.Payne, RCC

Jarrah-marri, banksia

Ash Road, Carmel Jarrah-marri, sheoak, parrot bush

Horace Road, Lesmurdie


PART C

ROADSIDE

SURVEYS IN THE

SHIRE OF

KALAMUNDA


1.0 Introduction

The roadside survey and mapping program was developed

to provide a method of determining the conservation status

of roadsides. Using this method, community volunteers are

able to participate in a ‘snap-shot’ survey of roadside

vegetation to identify a range of attributes that, when

combined, give an overall indication of the conservation

value of the vegetation.

Usually the survey is undertaken by a group of local

volunteers, who, aided by their knowledge of the area, are

able to provide a useful and cost effective method of data

collection. Community participation also ensures a sense of

'ownership' of the process, which increases the likelihood of

its acceptance and use by the local community and road

managers.

Over 220km of the Shire of Kalamunda’s roads were

surveyed between May 2013 and February 2015. This is

almost 100% of the shire’s urban roads adjoining bushland

reserves and rural roads. RCC, Shire of Kalamunda staff

and volunteers surveyed the conservation status of the 204

road reserves. The enthusiastic effort of the roadside

surveyors ensured that this project was successfully

completed. A total of 220 volunteer hours were contributed

to this project, plus hundreds of staff hours. The roadside

surveyors were:

Alexandra Kirkby

Andrea Wernli

Annette Morris

Carmel O’Halloran

Chris Morris

Chris Munro

Diana Papenfus

Djuarli Taylor

Gillian Stack

Glen Speering

Jade Kelly

Katherine Hope

Katrina Zeehandelaar

Kaye Amann

Kendra Vallejo

Kylie Payne

Lynne King

Marilyn Grenda

Mark Anthes

Peta Douglas

Ray Maher

Robin Faulkner

Rosemary Zeehandelaar

Steve Cam

Tamara Wilkes-Jones

Roadside surveyors: Glen Speering, Kaye Amman, Jade Kelly & Tamara Wilkes-Jones.



1.1 Methods

The roadside surveys were undertaken in a

vehicle, generally with two people per vehicle. The

passenger recorded the roadside survey data

using a smart phone with software developed

specifically for the roadside surveys, as shown in

Appendix 5. The survey devices have inbuilt GPS

and camera and collect a large amount of data

including vegetation type, tree decline,

environmentally sensitive areas, fauna habitat

features and weeds. The data is uploaded to a

purpose-built RCC survey website via the mobile

phone network. This data is then downloaded and

analysed by the RCC. The RCC then works with Parks and Wildlife’s Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) section to generate the Roadside Conservation Value and weed maps.

The methods to assess and calculate the conservation

value of the roadside reserves are described in Assessing

Roadsides: A Guide for Rating Conservation Value

(Jackson, 2002). However, this has been expanded with

the new computerised system. All volunteers participate in

a one day pre-survey training session. During this session,

volunteers are given an overview of the survey process,

information to assist with identifying vegetation types and

weeds, step by step instructions on how to use the survey

device and survey safety information.

The survey process involves choosing an option from a set of attributes, which when combined represent

a roadside's conservation status.

The following attributes are used to produce a quantitative measure of conservation value:

the structure of native vegetation (e.g. layers - trees, shrubs, groundcovers) (Scores: 0-2)

the extent of native vegetation (% of native vegetation cover) (Scores: 0-2)

the approximate number of different native plant species (diversity) (Scores: 0-2)

the degree of weed infestation (% weed cover) (Scores: 0-2)

habitat value/value as a biological corridor (Scores: 0-3)

(i) connects to other bushland areas;

provides habitat or food for reptiles, birds and other animals e.g. (ii) hollow logs, (iii) tree hollows and

(iv) flowering shrubs;

(v) environmentally sensitive areas (yellow hockey stick markers)

width of vegetated roadside (Scores: 0-1).

Roadside surveyor volunteer: Diana Papenfus


Surveying Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook


Each of these attributes is given a score ranging from 0 to 3 points (see above). Their combined scores

provide a Roadside Conservation Value score ranging from 0 to 12. The conservation values are

represented on the roadside conservation value map by the following colour-coded conservation status

categories.

Conservation Value Conservation Status Colour Code

9 – 12 High Bright Green

7 – 8 Medium High Pale Green

5 – 6 Medium Low Orange

0 – 4 Low Yellow

The following attributes are also noted but do not contribute to the conservation value score:

adjoining landuse;

width of road reserve;

vegetation type;

tree decline;

revegetation;

clearing;

rabbits;

presence of utilities/disturbances;

general comments;

presence and percentage of six nominated weeds; and

presence and extent of additional weeds.

It is intended that the recording of these attributes will provide a dataset capable of being used by a broad

range of shire staff as well as other community and land management interests.

1.2 Mapping Roadside Conservation Values

The RCC in conjunction with Parks and Wildlife’s GIS section produced maps at a scale of 1:50,000 and

1:1,000,000 for the Shire of Kalamunda. Known as the Roadside Conservation Value map (RCV map), it

shows the conservation status of the roadside vegetation within the Shire of Kalamunda. The data used

to produce both the map and the following figures and tables is on the CD attached. A simplified data

sheet with a small sample of roads can be found in Appendix 6.

Digital information of roads, remnant vegetation and watercourses on both Crown estate and privately

owned land used in the map was obtained from Main Roads WA, Landgate, Parks and Wildlife,

Department of Agriculture and Food WA and Geoscience Australia.


1.3 Roadside Conservation Value categories

High conservation value roadsides are those with a score

between 9 and 12, and generally display the following

characteristics:

intact natural structure consisting of a number of

layers, often ground, shrub and tree layers;

extent of native vegetation greater than 70%, i.e. little

or no disturbance;

high diversity of native flora, i.e. greater than 20

different species;

few weeds, i.e. less than 30% of the total

plants; and

high value as a biological corridor; i.e. may

connect uncleared areas, contain flowering

shrubs, tree hollows and/or hollow logs for

habitat, and/or environmentally sensitive

areas.

Medium-high conservation value roadsides are those with a score of 7 or 8, and generally have the

following characteristics:

generally intact natural structure, with one layer disturbed or absent;

extent of native vegetation between 30 and 70%;

medium to high diversity of native flora, i.e. between 6 and 19 species;

few to half (less aggressive) weeds, i.e. between 30 and 70% of the total plants; and

medium to high value as a biological corridor and with some habitat features.

High conservation value

Lewis Road, Forrestfield

(above) and Valento

Road, Pickering Brook

(right) - contain intact,

undisturbed and diverse

remnant vegetation with

a variety of habitat

features.

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Medium-high conservation value roadsides contain

a moderate number of native species, some weed

invasion, but have relatively intact natural structure.

For example: Hewison Road, Pickering Brook and

Tanner East Road, Carmel.



Medium-low conservation value roadsides are those with a score between 5 and 6, and generally have

the following characteristics:

natural structure disturbed, i.e. one or more vegetation layers absent;

extent of native vegetation between 30 and 70%;

medium to low diversity of native flora, i.e. between 0 and 5 species;

half to mostly weeds, i.e. between 30-70% of total plants; and

medium to low value as a biological corridor and with few habitat features. May still contain ESAs

with yellow hockey stick markers.

Low conservation value roadsides are those with a score

between 0 and 4, and generally have the following

characteristics:

narrow roadsides with no natural structure i.e. two or more

vegetation layers absent;

low extent of native vegetation, i.e. less than 30%;

low diversity of native flora, i.e. between 0 and 5 different

species;

mostly weeds, i.e. more than 70% of total plants, or ground

layer totally weeds; and

low value as a biological corridor and minimal habitat value.

Medium-low conservation value roadsides have some native vegetation but may not have understorey plants and often have many weeds. For example, Forrest (left) and Hewison (right) Roads, Pickering Brook have some local eucalypts but the shrub layer is dominated by eastern states wattles and ground layer by watsonia.


Low conservation value roadsides are often dominated by weeds (for example, soursob, cotton bush and a variety of other weeds on Aldersyde Road, Bickley).


Low conservation value roadsides have little or no native vegetation due to clearing (for example Anderson Road, Forrestfield (above)or Buttercup Rd, High Wycombe(below)).

Photos: K. Payne, RCC


2.0 Using the Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) map

The Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) map (Figure 1 and Appendix 4) initially provides an inventory of

the condition of the roadside vegetation. This is important as the quality of roadside vegetation has far

reaching implications for sustaining biodiversity, tourism and landcare values.

Moreover, the data and map can be incorporated as a management and planning tool for managing the

roadsides, as it enables the condition of roadside vegetation to be easily viewed. This information can

then be used to identify environmentally sensitive areas, high conservation roadsides or strategically

important areas, and thus ensure their conservation. Conversely, it enables degraded areas near high

conservation values (eg nature reserves) to be identified as areas important for strategic rehabilitation or

in need of specific management techniques or weed control programs.

The map can also be used as a reference to overlay other information relevant to roadside conservation.

This enables the roadside vegetation to be assessed in the context of its importance to the Shire’s overall

conservation network. Using the shire’s GIS system and the data sheet and shape files provided with the

CD, other data layers could be added to the map via GIS such as the degree of weed infestation, the

location of environmentally sensitive areas, habitat value, vegetation type, vegetation decline or future

planned developments, to aid roadside management.

Figure 1. The RCV map depicts Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda


As well as providing a road reserve planning and management tool, the RCV map can also be used for

developing:

roadside vegetation management plans;

regional or district fire management plans;

natural resource management projects that would be able to incorporate the information from this

survey into 'whole of landscape’ projects; and

tourist routes, i.e. roads depicted as high conservation value would provide visitors to the district with

a view of the native flora of the district.

Figure 1. The RCV map depicts Roadside Conservation Values in the Shire of Cranbrook

Weed control along a rural roadside

Photo: D.Morgan, Morgan Rural Services

Landcare projects, such as revegetation programs can utilise the information conveyed on roadside conservation value maps.

Photo: D. Perrie, Wagin Woodanilling Landcare Zone

The road manager can declare high conservation value roads as Flora Roads. Repatriation Road - a potential Flora Road in the Shire of Kalamunda


The survey data and map can be used in developing regional or district fire management plans.

Photo: K. Payne.


3.0 Results

Data collected during the Shire of Kalamunda roadside survey has been compiled and a summary is

presented in Table 3. Total distances and percentages of roadside vegetation within each of the

conservation status categories and the attributes used to calculate the conservation values are provided.

As roadsides occur on both sides of the road, roadside distances (km) are equal to twice the actual

distance of road travelled.

Table 3. Summary of results from the roadside survey in the Shire of Kalamunda

Total (km) (%) Score Total (km) (%)

High (9-12) 186.28 42.25 0 6.20 1.4

Medium-high (7-8) 49.50 11.23 1 21.23 4.8

Medium-low (5-6) 50.48 11.45 2 41.76 9.5

Low (0-4) 154.66 35.08 3 44.69 10.1

Total 440.92 100.00 4 40.78 9.2

5 24.79 5.6

6 25.69 5.8

Total (km) (%) 7 25.39 5.8

2-3 vegetation layers 297.12 67.4 8 24.11 5.5

1 vegetation layer 93.80 21.3 9 21.15 4.8

0 vegetation layers 50.00 11.3 10 27.29 6.2

Total 440.92 100.0 11 61.42 13.9

12 76.42 17.3

Total 440.92 100.0Total (km) (%)

Over 20 species 159.81 36.2

6 to 19 species 91.08 20.7 Total (km) (%)

0 to 5 species 190.03 43.1 1 to 5 m 225.65 51.2

Total 440.92 100.0 5 to 20 m 61.47 13.9

Over 20 m 4.87 1.1

Unfenced 148.93 33.8

Total (km) (%) Total 440.92 100.0

Cleared 19.68 4.5

Scattered 44.31 10.0

Native Veg 174.95 39.7 Total (km) (%)

Plantation 2.10 0.5 Over 70% 176.02 39.9

Orchard 23.54 5.3 30% to 70% 96.67 21.9

Planted Natives 2.52 0.6 Less than 30% 168.23 38.2

Urban/farm houses 164.58 37.3 Total 440.92 100.0

Other 9.24 2.1

Total 440.92 100

Total (km) (%)

Low (0) 113.33 25.7

Total (km) (%) Medium low (1) 106.73 24.2

Light <30% weeds 274.33 62.2 Medium high (2) 106.12 24.1

Medium 30-70% weeds 131.78 29.9 High (3-5) 114.74 26.0

Heavy >70% weeds 34.81 7.9 Total 440.92 100.0

Total 440.92 100.0

Habitat Features

Weed Infestation

Roadside surveys were carried out in the Shire of Kalamunda from May 2013 to February 2015

Summary Information: Shire of Kalamunda 2015

Length of roadsides surveyed (left & right): 440.92km (Length of road 220.46km)

Roadside Conservation Status Roadside Conservation Values

Structure of Native Vegetation

Number of Native Plant Species

Width of Vegetated Roadside

Adjoining Land Use

Extent of Native Vegetation


Width of road reserve

The RCV map indicates the width of

assessed road reserves as well as their

conservation value. The width of road

reserves was recorded in increments of

20 metres, generally from fence to fence.

The majority (61%) of road reserves were

20 metres wide (Table 3, Figure 2). Thirty

six percent of road reserves were

unfenced. These are usually found along

roads adjacent to uncleared vegetation,

for example nature reserves and national

parks.

Width of vegetated roadside

The width of roadside vegetation is closely

linked with its resilience and is often related

to conservation value. The wider the

reserve, the more resilient to disturbance it

is, and often the higher conservation value it

has (i.e. more bush equals more habitat,

generally in better condition).

The width of vegetated roadside was

recorded by selecting one of four

categories: 1-5 metres, 5-20 metres or

over 20 metres or unknown in width. The

left and right hand sides were recorded

independently, and then summed to give the

figures presented here (Table 3 and Figure

3). Most roadsides (51%) had vegetation

between 1 and 5 metres wide. 34% of

roadsides were ‘unfenced’ where no fence

line defined the edge of the road reserve.

These results indicate that a majority of

roadsides in the shire are highly vulnerable

to disturbance, and that care will be needed

to prevent a marked decline in condition.

Figure 2. Width of road reserve in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 3. Width of vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda


Structure of native vegetation on roadsides

The number of native vegetation

layers present (i.e. tree, shrub and/or

ground layers) determined the ‘native

vegetation on roadside’ score. Most

of the surveyed roadsides (68%) still

had two to three layers of native

vegetation present (Table 3 and

Figure 4). This vegetation will

maintain more natural ecosystem

function than that with one or no

layers of native vegetation. It will also

have value to a greater range of

plants and animals. The tree layer is

often retained in road management - this is very positive, as they are long-lived and provide both home

and food for many vertebrates and invertebrates. Retaining the shrub and ground layers is also

extremely important for conservation, as they provide home and food for a different set of species. These

layers also do a great deal to suppress weeds, and in wildflower season will provide a colourful display for

residents and tourists. If care is taken during maintenance such as pruning, slashing and clearing, these

layers should persist with minimal input.

Number of native plant species

As mentioned in Section B, Western Australia has a very high number of native plant species in world

terms, with many restricted to small areas of the state. In Kalamunda, a diverse range of native plant

species would be expected in intact vegetation. The ‘number of native plant species’ score provides a

measure of the diversity of the roadside vegetation. Survey sections with over 20 plant species spanned

36% of the roadsides surveyed, while 43% of surveyed roadsides contained less than 5 indigenous plant

species (Table 3 and Figure 5).

These figures suggest that natural

plant diversity is dropping in

roadside vegetation and with it the

range of animals that can be

supported there. Hopefully these

species persist in larger remnants

of vegetation, but the ease with

which residents and tourists can

see and appreciate local flora and

fauna is falling. Likewise, the

animals’ ability to traverse the

landscape to meet their various

needs is also dropping. Measures

need to be taken to ensure this diversity is not lost altogether.

Figure 4. Native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 5. Number of native plant species along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda


Extent of native vegetation

The ‘extent of native vegetation’

cover refers to the continuity of the

roadside vegetation and takes into

account the presence of

disturbances such as weeds.

Gaps in vegetation cover provide

more opportunity for weeds to

establish and spread. Roadsides

with extensive vegetation cover,

i.e. greater than 70%, occurred

along 176km (40%) of the

roadsides surveyed. Survey

sections with medium vegetation

cover, i.e. 30% to 70%, accounted

for 96km (22%) of the roadsides. The remaining 168km (38%) had less than 30% native vegetation cover,

and would therefore be very vulnerable to weed incursion (Table 3 and Figure 6).

Habitat value

This factor considered the presence

of five attributes: connection of

remnant vegetation patches;

presence of flowering shrubs;

presence of large trees with hollows;

presence of hollow logs; and

environmentally sensitive areas.

Roadsides with a high number (more

than 3 out of 5) of habitat features

were present along 26% (115km) of

the roadsides surveyed. Roadsides having no habitat features at all were recorded along another 26%

(113km) of the roadsides (Table 3 and Figure 7). This indicates that three quarters half of the roadsides

surveyed in the shire are serving at least some habitat function.

Flowering shrubs, tree hollows, branches, leaves and hollow logs provide food source/nectar, nesting and habitat value for birds, bees and caterpillars and reptiles.


Figure 6. Extent of native vegetation on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 7. Habitat value on roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda


Roadside vegetation types

Surveyors were asked to record the main vegetation type along each section of roadside to identify the

variety of types present. There was an extensive range of vegetation types found within the shire. The most

common vegetation type recorded along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda was jarrah marri (23%). Non-

native weeds bare ground was the next most common at 12%, followed by jarrah marri parrot bush (9%)

jarrah marri sheoak parrot bush (8%) and planted non-natives (8%). Sparse shrubs and weeds, mixed

shrubland and jarrah marri sheoak were each found on 5% of roadsides.

Less common vegetation types included wandoo, found on 4% of roadsides (2% of that being with jarrah

and marri), flooded gum and grass trees which were each found on 1% of roadsides. Banksia dominated

woodland and melaleuca were the other minor vegetation types. (Figure 8).

Some of the vegetation types found on Kalamunda roadsides:

Jarrah Marri Banksia (left) – Francais Road, Pickering Brook.

Mixed shrubland (right) – Zig Zag Scenic Drive, Gooseberry Hill.



Environmentally Sensitive Areas

ESA markers were noted along:

Carmel Rd East, Carmel;

Falls Rd, Lesmurdie;

Pipers Place, Kalamunda; and

Repatriation Rd, Pickering Brook.

A possible new location of Priority 4 species Grevillea pimeleoides was found in Bickley.

There are other roadsides in the shire which contain threatened and priority flora which has either not

been marked or was not noted during the surveys.

It is important to maintain contact with the local Parks & Wildlife Office when road upgrades and

maintenance work are to be undertaken to find out about any threatened or priority flora populations

which may be impacted. Sometimes these populations are found in weedy and otherwise unattractive

roadsides, so it is important to check even if it appears there is nothing there but weeds. The Flora

Conservation Officers in the Perth Hills District of Parks and Wildlife can be contacted for information and

advice on 9290 6100.

ESA markers marking threatened flora on roadsides

Left: Burnt bushland on neighbouring property dangerously close to threatened flora on roadside. Photo: DPAW, Moora District.

Middle: Priority 3 species Tetratheca sp. Granite on a roadside in Kalamunda.

Right: Threatened flora marker on a roadside in Pickering Brook. Photo: K. Payne, RCC


3.1 Threats

Weed infestation

Light levels of weed infestation (weeds

comprising less than 30% of total plants), were

recorded on most of the roadsides surveyed

(274km, 62%), while heavy infestations (more

than 70% of the plants present were weeds)

were recorded on 35km (8%) of roadsides

surveyed (Table 3 and Figure 9). Roadsides

with light or no weed presence are a priority

for protection and minimising soil disturbance.

This is because it is more efficient and cost

effective to prevent weed invasion by retaining

native vegetation than it is to control weeds

once established.

Nominated weeds

The following weeds were chosen for the Shire

of Kalamunda survey:

• African lovegrass – Eragrostis curvula

• Eastern states wattles - Acacia sp.

• Fleabane – Conyza sp.

• Plantain - Plantago lanceolata

• Tagasaste - Chamaecytisus palmensis

• Victorian teatree - Leptospermum laevigatum

Roadside populations of nominated weeds were

recorded as being present in the road reserve,

and were not recorded specifically for the left

and/or right hand sides. Therefore, the

occurrence of each weed (in kilometres)

indicates the presence of the weed within the

road reserve generally.

Of the selected weed species, African lovegrass was the most prevalent and was recorded on 134km of

the roads surveyed. For 13km of this distribution it was at a density greater than 30%. This was followed

closely by eastern states wattles which were found on 133km of road. Over 20km of weedy wattles

were found at a density greater than 30% and 2km at greater than 70%. Plantain was found on 85km of

roadside, mostly at low density.

Tagasaste (55km), Victorian tea tree (53km) and fleabane (52km) occurred along smaller sections of

roadside (Figure 10). However the densities of Victorian tea tree and tagasaste were significant.

Victorian tea tree occurred at a density greater than 30% on 14km of road, while tagasaste occurred at

density greater than 30% on 6km of road. If a targeted program to control the nominated weeds is

instigated along with an education program for property owners the outbreaks could become more

manageable. Contact RCC if advice on control methods is required.

Figure 10. Presence and abundance of chosen weeds along roadsides

in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 9. Weed infestations along roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda


Figures 11A to 11F show the spatial extent of these chosen weeds on the Kalamunda Roadside

Conservation Value map. There are also inset maps for each weed plus broom on the PDFs plus

shapefiles for each weed on the CD attached to this report.

Figures 12A-D show graphs of abundance for all the weeds recorded along roadsides throughout the May

2013 to February 2015 surveys.

Most records of weeds were at a density of less than 30%. Therefore, control will need to be done with

care to minimise harm done to the native vegetation. If the native vegetation maintains or improves in

health, it will help to suppress future weed levels.

Appendix 7 shows the weed tables which the graphs were produced from.

The final data sheet (on CD attached) is a comprehensive spreadsheet which includes all the data for all

the roads surveyed, including which weeds were recorded on each section of each road during the

surveys.

Roadside Weeds

Top inset: Tangier pea on Reserve Rd, Pickering Brook

Top left: Tagasaste and African veldt daisy on Valencia Road, Carmel

Top middle: Eastern states wattle on John Street, Gooseberry Hill

Top right: Flaxleaf broom on Mottram Road, Carmel

Bottom left and insets: Tambookie grass on Kalamunda Road

Bottom right: Bridal creeper, fumitory and soursob on Brook Road, Wattle Grove



Figure 11A - Spatial extent of African lovegrass


Figure 11B - Spatial extent of Eastern states wattles


Figure 11C - Spatial extent of Fleabane


Figure 11D - Spatial extent of Plantain


Figure 11E - Spatial extent of Tagasaste


Figure 11F - Spatial extent of Victorian tea tree


All weeds

Figure 12: Graphs showing all weeds recorded on Shire of Kalamunda roadsides.

Graphs show distance of roadside each weed was recorded along and the degree of infestation:

less than 30%, 30-70% or greater than 70%.

* weed is on Roadside Conservation Committee’s Roadside Environmental Weed List



* On Roadside Conservation Committee - Environmental Roadside Weed List







Feral animals – rabbits

There was no evidence or sightings of rabbits

on 98% (434km) of the roadsides surveyed. On

2% (7km) of road reserves there was evidence

(e.g. warrens) of the presence of rabbits (Figure

13). This is positive for the condition of

vegetation, as rabbits foster weeds through their

disturbance of soil and spread of weed seed.

Rabbit presence was noted along sections of:

East Terrace, Kalamunda;

Kings Mill Road, Pickering Brook;

McCorkill Road, Pickering Brook;

Morrison Road, Forrestfield;

Mottram Road, Carmel;

Snowball Road, Kalamunda;

Valcan Road, Wattle Grove; and

Watsonia Road, Gooseberry Hill.

Tree decline

Roadside surveyors were asked to

record areas of tree decline and to

suggest a possible reason for that

decline. Of the roadsides surveyed, 84%

(370km) did not have noticeable signs of

tree decline. The majority of tree decline

recorded (71%) was from an unknown

cause. Recent fire was the likely cause of

18% (12.6km) of tree decline, while

dieback was the probable cause of 9%

(6.4km) and recent clearing was the

cause of 2% of tree decline (Figure 14).

Nightshade

Figure 13. Evidence of rabbits on roadsides in Kalamunda

Figure 14. Possible reasons for tree decline

Rabbit on roadside of Morrison Road, Forrestfield

Photo: K.Payne, RCC


Adjoining land use

Most (40%) of surveyed roadsides

adjoined land that supported native

vegetation. Another 37% of roadsides

surveyed adjoined urban land. Ten

percent of the roadsides were next to

land which was mostly cleared but

retained scattered native vegetation.

Five percent adjoined orchards and 4%

was cleared with no vegetation or

housing. It is important to protect the

areas adjoining native bushland

particularly from weed invasion to

prevent the roadside acting as a launch

pad for weeds into these larger areas of vegetation. (Figure 15). The photos below show some of the

different adjoining landuses.

Figure 15.

Adjoining land use

Planted natives- Morrison Road, Forrestfield

Remnant native vegetation - Lewis Road, Forrestfield

Orchard – Repatriation Road, Pickering Brook


Scattered native vegetation Hewison Road, Pickering Brook Photos: K. Payne, RCC

Transition zone – cleared front on left, then planation, then native vegetation.

Canning Road, Canning Mills

Urban - Palmer Crescent, High Wycombe


3.2 Roadside Conservation Value scores

Roadside Conservation Value (RCV) scores were calculated for each section of roadside surveyed. Scores

ranged from 0 to 12, from lowest to highest conservation value respectively (Figure 16). The graph shows the

scores were generally at the high conservation value end rather than low conservation value. The single

most commonly occurring RCV score was 12, followed by 11, which is very encouraging and is also a

reflection of the amount of roadsides adjoining native bushland. There were also quite a few roadsides with

very low conservation value - 128km of roadside scored 2, 3 or 4.

Conservation Status

The conservation status category

indicates the combined conservation

value of roadsides surveyed in the

Shire of Kalamunda. A total of

154km (35%) of roadsides surveyed

rated as low value (coloured yellow

in Figure 17), and 50km (12%) rated

as medium-low value (orange).

Eleven percent of the surveyed

roadsides were of high or medium-

high conservation value, with 49km

(11%) rated as medium-high (pale

green) and 186km (42%) rated as

high (dark green) (Table 3 and

Figure 17). Although a number of these roadsides are alongside nature reserves and national parks,

considering all the pressures that roadside vegetation has faced and continues to face, this resilience is

considerable.

Figure 16. Roadside Conservation Value scores of all roadsides surveyed in the Shire of Kalamunda

Figure 17. Conservation status of roadsides in the Shire of Kalamunda


3.3 Comparison of conservation status with nearby shires

Roadside conservation mapping has been undertaken in two other urban rural fringe shires with comparable

vegetation and landscapes to Kalamunda: Mundaring and Serpentine-Jarrahdale. The Shire of Kalamunda

had the highest percentage of high conservation value roadsides of the roadsides surveyed (42%), followed

by the Shire of Mundaring (25%), and Serpentine-Jarrahdale (24%). In contrast the Shire of Serpentine-

Jarrahdale had the highest percentage of low conservation value (42%) roadside vegetation followed by the

Shire of Kalamunda with 35%. The Shire of Mundaring had the lowest occurrence of low conservation value

roads with 29%. (Figure 18). However, it should be noted that the roadside conservation status values

recorded for the other shires may have decreased since being surveyed 5 to 15 years ago, due to the general

trend of declining vegetation condition along roadsides.

Figure 18. Comparison of the Shire Kalamunda roadside conservation status with nearby mapped shires


Zig Zag Scenic Drive, Gooseberry Hill

3.4 Flora Roads

A Flora Road is one which has special conservation value

because of the vegetation contained within the road reserve.

The Roadside Conservation Committee has prepared

Guidelines for the Nomination and Management of Flora

Roads (Appendix 3).

There are currently no Flora Roads in the Shire of

Kalamunda. However, the roadside survey and the 2015 RCV

map highlight a number of roadsides that have the potential to

be declared as Flora Roads. Roadsides determined as having high

conservation value in the Shire of Kalamunda include:

Asher Road, Paulls Valley;

Canning Mills Road, Canning Mills;

Dodd Road and Punai Place, Bickley;

Gladstone Road, Kalamunda/Walliston;

Edward, Francis, Gilchrist, Horace,

Mabel, Moffett and Reid Roads,

Lesmurdie/Carmel;

Palmateer Drive,

Walliston /Bickley;

Westons Road,

Pickering Brook;

and

Zig Zag Scenic Drive,

Gooseberry Hill.

These were not assessed

for access or other

Flora Road

characteristics, but

they all had high

conservation value vegetation for most or all of their length.

Above: Native fuchsia (Grevillea wilsonii) Moffett Road, Carmel

Sticky Starflower

(Calytrix glutinosa) - Edward Road, Lesmurdie


Mabel Road, Lesmurdie

Francis Road, Carmel

Canning Mills Road

Gilchrist Road, Lesmurdie – Main photos from left: Sundew flower (Drosera), pink myrtle (Hypocalymma), Insets: Sundew (Drosera) hibbertia, dampiera and milkmaids (Burchardia multiflora).


Roads with large sections of medium to high

conservation value vegetation can also become

Flora Roads. In some cases these roads can be

targets for weed control or revegetation to

improve the consistency of conservation value.

The following roads have some sections of low

value vegetation, but also high value sections

which may be long

enough to be

considered for Flora

Road nomination:

Canning Road, Carmel/Canning Mills;

Elson and Fern Roads, Piesse Brook;

Glenisla Road, Carmel;

Mitchell Road, Bickley (middle section

through national park);

Patterson Road, Pickering Brook/Bickley

(northern section);

Reeds Road,

Carmel/Bickley;

Repatriation Road,

Pickering Brook

(northern section);

Tanner East Road,

Carmel;

Valento Road, Pickering

Brook (first section off

Repatriation Road); &

Walnut Road, Bickely

(some sections after

Dodd Rd particularly on

the southern side of the road).

These roadsides have sections which could be

targeted for revegetation & weed control.

Several of these roads could be linked into a

wildflower drive or tourist route through the

area.

There may be other roads in

the shire which could also be

considered for Flora Road

nomination. Nominated Flora

Roads are assessed by the

RCC to determine their

suitability with regard to

landscape, tourism, access and

other factors, in addition to their

high roadside conservation

value.

Elson Road, Piesse Brook is a quiet road in the north east of the shire with pink Tetratheca hirsuta and yellow hibbertia.

Below: Fern Road, Piesse Brook - grass tree and sticky starflower (Calytrix glutinosa)


Potential Flora Roads – Valento Road, Pickering Brook.

Lovely wildflowers in spring including yellow flags (Patersonia umbrosa) and fringe lily’s (Thysanotus sp.)

These are all relatively quiet roads with safe areas for tourists to pull off road and reserves to

explore.

Reeds Road, Carmel

Tanner East Road, Carmel

Top: large overhanging marris produce a cathedral effect.

While the road has some weed issues, it has a diverse array of colourful wildflowers including purple hovea and

yellow hibbertia.


PART D

ROADSIDE

MANAGEMENT

RECOMMENDATIONS


1.0 Management recommendations

The primary aim of road management is the creation and maintenance of a safe, efficient road system.

However, there are often important conservation values within the road reserve and thus this section

provides general management procedures and recommendations that will assist in retaining and

enhancing roadside conservation values, where possible.

The Executive Officer of the Roadside Conservation Committee is available to provide assistance with

roadside conservation matters, and can be contacted on (08) 9334 0423. The following RCC publications

provide guidelines and management recommendations that will assist Local Government Authorities:

Guidelines for Managing Special Environmental Areas in Transport Corridors

Handbook of Environmental Practice for Road Construction and Maintenance Works

Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines

Relevant Verge Notes – Roadside Weeds List, Flora Roads, harvesting flowers, seeds and timber.

They are available for download from the RCC website (www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/rcc), or as hardcopy from

the RCC on request.

1.1 Protect high conservation value roadsides by maintaining the native plant communities.

This can be achieved by:

retaining remnant vegetation;

minimising disturbance to existing roadside vegetation;

minimising disturbance to soil; and

preventing or controlling the introduction of weeds.

1.2. Promote and raise awareness of the conservation value associated with roadside vegetation

by:

establishing a register of Shire roads important for conservation;

declaring suitable roadsides as Flora Roads; and

incorporating Flora Roads into tourist, wildflower and/or scenic drives.

1.3 Improve sections of medium to low conservation value roadside by:

minimising disturbance caused by machinery, adjoining land practices and fire;

retaining remnant trees and shrubs;

encouraging regeneration or revegetation projects

by adjacent landholders;

carrying out a targeted weed control program,

ideally followed by measures to increase native

plant cover to suppress future weeds;

where good native cover exists, allow natural

regeneration;

where natives are a bit sparse, spread local native

seed to encourage regeneration; and

where natives are very patchy to non-existent,

more intensive planting would be needed to

provide suppressive native cover.

Revegetation area – Keats Road, Gooseberry Hill

Photo: K. Payne, RCC.

http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/rcc


2.0 Minimising disturbance

Some methods of minimising disturbance include:

adopting a road design that occupies the minimum space;

diverting the line of a table drain to avoid disturbing valuable flora;

removing minimum material necessary for sightlines to be maintained, such as lowering height of

shrubby vegetation by slashing rather than removing altogether;

pruning branches rather than removing the whole tree or shrub;

not dumping cleared vegetation or pushing spoil into areas of native flora;

applying the Fire and Roadside Assessment before burning roadside vegetation and using

methods other than fuel reduction burns to reduce fire threat. Refer to the Management Strategies

recommended in ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management

Guidelines’;

following good hygiene practices like machinery clean-down to prevent spread of Phytophthora

dieback and weeds;

encouraging adjacent landholders to set back fences to allow roadside vegetation to proliferate;

encouraging adjacent landholders to plant windbreaks or farm tree lots adjacent to roadside

vegetation to create a denser windbreak or shelterbelt; and

encouraging revegetation projects by adjacent landholders.

Widen a road to one side only so that a wider section of roadside vegetation is retained on the other side of the

road reserve.

Creative solutions: A high value Flora Road in the Shire of Plantagenet. Passing bays were established at various locations along the road to eliminate the need for widening the whole road.

Photo: C. Macneall, RCC.


3.0 Planning for roadsides

The RCC is able to provide examples of Roadside Management Plans and encourages all shires to adopt

this practice of planning for roadside conservation.

The following actions greatly enhance the likelihood of a plan which changes behaviour and results in on-

ground actions:

Community support - encourage ongoing community involvement and commitment by establishing a

local Roadside Advisory Committee or working group within the Shire Environmental Committee;

Contract specifications - maintain roadside values by developing environmental specifications for

inclusion in all tender documents or work practices (WALGA has templates that can assist with this);

Community education - use of innovative and relevant material can increase community understanding

of roadside values; and

Training - promote local roadside planning initiatives and gain acceptance and understanding by

involving shire staff, contractors, utility provider staff and the community in workshops, seminars or

training days. The Roadside Conservation Committee can provide this training.

Training develops recognition and understanding of roadside values and highlights best work practices.

Workshops are developed to ensure that local issues and environments are dealt with and they include site

visits to high conservation value sites and/or current projects and works. For training enquiries please

contact the RCC Executive Officer on (08) 9334 0423.

4.0 Setting objectives

The objective of all roadside management should be to:

Protect

- road users

- native vegetation

- rare or threatened flora or fauna

- cultural and heritage values

- community assets from fire

Maintain

- safe function of the road

- native vegetation communities

- fauna habitats and corridors

- visual amenity and landscape qualities

- water quality

Minimise

- land degradation

- spread of weeds and vermin

- spread of soil borne pathogens

- risk and impact of fire

- disturbance during installation and

maintenance of service assets

Enhance

- native vegetation communities

- fauna habitats and corridors

- visual amenity


5.0 Specific recommendations for Shire of Kalamunda roadsides

5.1 Weed management

Target the six chosen weeds, African

lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), eastern states

wattles (Acacia sp.), fleabane (Conyza sp.),

plantain (Plantago lanceolata), tagasaste

(Chamaecytisus palmensis), and Victorian

teatree (Leptospermum laevigatum) as the

highest priority for control. Work first on

roadsides which have high conservation value

followed by roadsides of medium-high

conservation value. Refer to RCC’s Roadside

Environmental Weeds List Verge Note and Roadside Environmental Weeds webpage for practical

suggestions for weed management, or additional sources of information.

Be clear about the goal of any weed control program – grassy weeds like veldt grass and African lovegrass

are too abundant to eradicate from the shire, but can be reduced near high value assets, and spread

contained by controlling outlier populations. Dense grassy weeds are also a fire hazard so could be

slashed prior to setting seed to reduce dry biomass. Note that slashing after seed set will spread the seed

to new areas, increasing the scale of the problem.

Montpellier and flaxleaf broom are Weeds of National Significance known to be aggressive and is

much easier to control while plants are small. While it was found on a number of roads, the infestations

were generally small enough to control. Some of the other weeds which cover less than 5km could be

eradicated from the shire if a targeted program is undertaken while infestation levels are still manageable.

A watch should be maintained for new incursions, as some weeds are spread by birds over some distance.

Identify five to ten significant weeds to target for control in high value areas such as potential Flora

Roads and high conservation value roads. For example:

Lavender and broom on Mottram Road, Carmel

Broom and many other invasive garden plants on Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda. Broom is spreading

rapidly into the adjoining Mundy Regional Park on the southern and western side of the road.

False bamboo and eastern states wattles on Reeds Road, Carmel.

Bridal creeper and tagasaste along

Tanner East Road, Carmel.

Victorian teatree in thickets on eastern

part of Welshpool Road East, Carmel.

Tambookie grass along Kalamunda Road

southern side from Davies Crescent to

Gray Road and Sadler Drive, Maida Vale

near Ridgehill Road.

Fountain grass on Girrawheen Drive,

Gooseberry Hill

Most of these roads have high

conservation value sections.

Bridal creeper and tagasate along Tanner East Road


Lavender and broom on Mottram Road, Carmel



Identify five to ten significant weeds with small

infestations on one or a small number of roadsides to

target for eradication. (See Figures 12C & 12D ‘Extent

of weeds covering less than 1-5km of roadside and

less than 1km’). For example:

Black flag on Norwood Rd

Dolichos pea on Carinyah Road, Pickering Brook,

Kalamunda Road, Sadler Drive, Maida Vale and

Welshpool Road East, Lesmurdie.

Morning glory and false bamboo on Hartfield Road.

Golden crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) on

Hale Road south west of Tonkin Highway

There are many other weeds and roads that deserve attention. For information to guide choices, refer to

the:

(i) weed pdfs provided on the CD and with the Roadside Conservation Value Map;

(ii) maps and graphs Figures 11 and 12 in Part C and tables in Appendix 7 of this Report;

(iii) RCC Roadside Environmental Weed List verge note in

Appendix 8; and

(iv) the comprehensive data available on the CD.

Refer to the RCC website for information and links to

resources on weed identification and management

http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/management/off-reserve-

conservation/roadside-conservation/338-roadside-

environmental-weeds?showall=&start=1

and to the Parks and Wildlife website for information on control

methods and resources www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and-

animals/plants/weeds/155-how-to-control-weeds

5.2 Revegetation

Identify five to ten areas on high value roads suitable for

revegetation. For example:

Ozone Terrace, Kalamunda once weedy garden plants

and flammable weedy grasses are removed.

Mottram and Tanner East Road, Carmel once weeds

are removed.

Sections along Lewis Rd and Hartfield Rd in

Forrestfield

small sections on other roads suggested as potential

Flora Roads on pages 54 and 55 of this report.

Reeds Road, Carmel - False bamboo and eastern states wattles and general weedy section opposite and adjacent to Marko Travich Reserve which could be targeted for weed control and then revegetation.

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Roadside revegation along Morrison Road, Forrestfield (above)

Revegetation sign - Whimbrel Green, High Wycombe


http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/management/off-reserve-conservation/roadside-conservation/338-roadside-environmental-weeds?showall=&start=1



http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and-animals/plants/weeds/155-how-to-control-weeds

http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/plants-and-animals/plants/weeds/155-how-to-control-weeds


Refer to the RCV Map and look for small low conservation value sections in otherwise high to medium-high

conservation value roads. In most of these sections, the revegetation would need to be preceded by weed

control (see Section 5.1). Contact RCC (9334 0423) or Parks and Wildlife for advice.

5.3 Education campaign

Some ideas to consider:

Produce a pamphlet for residents who live alongside or opposite native bushland highlighting

environmental weeds to watch which should not be planted due to their invasive potential into the

native bushland eg. Eastern states wattles, Victorian tea tree, tagasaste and broom.

Have a monthly weed profile in shire newsletter or local paper. A large number of the roadside

weeds are escaped garden plants, so a regular campaign highlighting some of the worst weeds

would be beneficial, as would promotion ofthe shires weed booklet.

Organise a ‘wallop a weed’ action weekend to control specific weeds in specific areas. Promote as

a street (eg. Ozone Terrace) or suburb event; similar to a litter clean-up day.

5.4 Habitat and protection for threatened fauna

Retain all large eucalypt trees, unless they are a public

safety hazard.

Plant banksia, grevillea and hakea species as a food

source for threatened cockatoos.

Work with the recovery teams to install cockatoo

signage on roads where cockatoo deaths have occurred

due to being hit by vehicles.

Install wildlife signage for any roads where fauna deaths

and sightings eg. Bandicoots are known

Roadside Carnaby’s cockatoo signage

Photo: K.Payne, RCC

Bandicoot

Photo: Kimberley Page

Female Carnaby’s cockatoo at entrance to hollow. Recently hatched chick in roadside tree hollow north of Perth

Photos: R. Dawson, DPaW


6.0 Conclusion

The Shire of Kalamunda has a number of high

conservation roadsides with intact native vegetation,

a high diversity of species and habitat for native

fauna. Selective weed management near these

areas is a priority to ensure they remain intact;

otherwise they will gradually decline in condition.

Many of the low and medium-low conservation

roadsides have been cleared in the past and are

being taken over by weeds. These are causing a

greater fire hazard and smothering the native plants

which may also be found on these roadsides. The

scarcity of native vegetation on these roadsides may

also be contributing to other problems including

flooding and aesthetics of the road. Overgrown

weeds look unsightly and if bare ground isn’t

replaced with something, weeds will inevitably take

over. Some of these roadsides could be targeted

for revegetation.

A number of roadsides contain large trees, some with hollows for sheltering breeding birds. Other

roadsides have logs and native debris which provide habitat for ground-dwelling reptiles and small

mammals like bandicoots.

The environmental, landcare, aesthetic, tourism and cultural values of roadside vegetation are many.

Degradation of road verges by weeds spreading from gardens can also exacerbate the introduction of

weeds into adjacent bushland areas. Once roadside vegetation is removed or degraded, it requires

considerable effort, time and expense to reinstate.

Prickly Moses (Acacia pulchella) roadscape

Skink on burnt tree trunk – Lewis Rd, Forrestfield

Spotted pardalote on Mabel Road, Lesmurdie



References

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Department of Environment & Conservation (2008). Declared Rare Flora and Road Maintenance. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road-conservation/rcc/marking_roadside_declared_rare_flora.pdf

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Roadside Conservation Committee. (2011). Biodiversity Conservation and Fire in Road and Rail Reserves: Management Guidelines. Roadside Conservation Committee. Kensington, Western Australia. http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation-management/off-road-conservation/rcc/rcc_fire_guidelines.pdf

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Documents

Shire of Mukinbudin...Pink poker grevillea Boundary Rd Roadside Vegetation and Conservation Values in the Shire of Kalamunda. ... Forrestfield - Round-fruit banksia (Banksia sphaerocarpa)