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7/27/2019 Sharvari Karandikar-Chheda
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Gender-based Violence Among Female
Sex Workers Of Kamathipura, Mumbai,India: A Contextual Analysis
Sharvari Karandikar
College of Social Work
The Ohio State [email protected]
May 27, 2010
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Presentation Outline
Location of research:
Mumbai, India
Nature of Sex-trafficking in
India Nature of Sex Work in India
Purpose of the Research
Overall Findings of the
Research
Trafficking in person study
Commission: research sub-
commission
Research Part I Research Part II
Major Findings
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Location of Study: Kamathipura
Asias largest red-light area(Menen, 2007)
Almost 200 years old
5,000 sex workers (male,female and transgendered)
90 percent sex workers havesome sexually transmittedinfection at any given pointof time (Gangoli, 2006)
70 percent are estimated tobe HIV positive (Avert,2006)
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Location of Study: Kamathipura
Kamathipura was originallysettled by construction
workers called Kamathis
In 1800s, British troops
brought European womenfor sex work to Bombay
They were provided rooms
in Kamathipura which were
later termed as brothels Gradually sex workers from
India settled in this area
(Tambe, 2004)
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Nature of sex work in Kamathipura India
Kamathipura is divided in14 lanes
7 lanes have brothels andare populated by sexworkers
Other lanes have low-income houses, shops, teastalls, small factories etc
Sex workers are both,Brothel-based and Street-
based Sex workers earnings range
from $1-$200 per day
Sex workers of all agegroups are seen in
Kamathipura
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Nature of sex trafficking in Kamathipura
India
Destination city fortrafficking victims
Majority sex workers arevictims of sex-trafficking
Average age of entry is 12years
From rural areas to Mumbai
Nepal and Bangladesh toMumbai
South India to Mumbai
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Purpose of the Study
To exploreexperiences ofgender-basedviolence amongfemale sexworkers ofKamathipura
To study the
social, economic,political and legalcontext in whichviolence occurs
Macro-context
Legislatures,
policymakers, health
ministers, etc.
Micro-context
Intimate partners,
pimps, clients, brothel-
owners
Female
Sex
Worker Mezzo-context
Police, social
workers,
health-care
workers
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Research Questions
How do sex workers of Kamathipura, India define and explaingender-based violence (GBV) in their day-to-day lives?
What are the perceptions of stakeholders on sex work ingeneral?
What are the perceptions of stakeholders on violence against sexworkers of Kamathipura?
How do sex workers individual experiences relate to thebroader social, economic, political and legal context ofKamathipura?
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Research Methods
Phase I (pilot)
[May-June, 2006]
10 Female Sex Workers
Interviews were done in
collaboration with
Prerana and the TataInstitute of Social
Sciences
Phase II
[December-February,
2008]
10 Female Sex Workers
13 Male Clients, Pimps,
Partners
5 Female Brothel-keepers
5 Social Workers
2 Police Officers
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Results
Severe forms of coercion
and violence reported from
intimate partners, pimps,
clients, and the police
Expressed anxiety over
safety and security in the
red-light area
Difficulty in condom
negotiation and HIV
prevention
Majority of sex workers
were HIV positive
Transition in the role of
male partners from
Clients to Intimate
Partners to Pimps
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Female sex workersreported partners
becoming pimps,managing their
business
Male partnersconsidered pimping to
be a way of helping
Male partnersperceived their roles asprotectors
Males followed sexworkers, controlledtheir time, number ofclients and income
Female sex workersviewed help as anuisance
Female resistance wasdealt with by actual
physical, sexualviolence
Results Continued
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Sex workers identified
themselves as victims of
violence
Male intimate partners did
not identify themselves as
perpetrators
Male partners
acknowledged use of
violence
Normal household issue
Women have to be beatenfor their mistakes
We have a right to beat if
she does not listen
Results
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The research highlighted the macro and micro-context of
sex work, particularly with reference to India
Analyses of these contexts indicated sex workerseconomic, social, political and legal vulnerabilities
At a macro-level, sex workers were victims of thecriminalization policy
At a micro-level, sex workers were physically, sexually
and financial exploited on a regular basis
The findings provide a unique and in-depth understandinginto the lives of sex workers in India and generated ideasfor research, social work practice, and policy
Overall Summary of the Research
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Developing strategies to
work with male partners on
violence prevention in
Kamathipura
Gender sensitization
workshops to break
patriarchal myths
Interventions such as
Bystander intervention
model andJohns School
Practice Implications
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AVERT. (2005).HIV/AIDS in India. Retrieved September 19, 2005 from
http://www.avert.org/aidsindia.htm
Dutton, M.A., & Goodman, L.A. (2005). Coercion in Intimate PartnerViolence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52,743-756.
Gangoli, G. (2000). Silence hurt and choice: Attitudes to prostitution inIndia and the west. London School of Economics.
Lim, L. (1998). The sex sector: The economic and social bases of
prostitution in Southeast Asia. Geneva: International Labor Organization.
Menen, R. (2007).Karma Sutra, Essays from the margin. Canada: SagaBooks
References
http://www.avert.org/aidsindia.htmhttp://www.avert.org/aidsindia.htmhttp://www.avert.org/aidsindia.htm7/27/2019 Sharvari Karandikar-Chheda
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Graham-Kevan, N. (2006). Partner violent typologies. In J. Hamel & T.Nicholls (Eds.), Family interventions in domestic violence: A handbook ofgender-inclusive theory and treatment (pp. 145-163). New York: SpringerPublishing.
Guttman, M. C. (1997).Trafficking in men: The anthropology ofmasculinity. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26, 385-409.
Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence:Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and theFamily, 57, 283-294.
Johnson, M. P. (2001). Conflict and control: symmetry and asymmetry indomestic violence. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.),Couples in conflict (pp. 95-104). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.
References
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Human Trafficking in Ohio
Research Sub-commission established (July 2009) within the
Ohios State Trafficking in Persons Study Commission
Research sub-commission decided to undertake research in
two parts Part 1: Estimate the number of victims of human trafficking in
Ohio
Part 2: Understand the experiences ( problems, difficulties) of
victims of human trafficking in Ohio
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Research Part 1
Research Committee Members
Celia Williamson, Ph.D. Chair University of Toledo
Sharvari Karandikar-Chheda, Ph.D. Ohio State
Jeff Barrows, M.D. Gracehaven
Trisha Smouse, Coalition on Human trafficking
Gene Kelly, Clark County Sherriffs Office
Peter Swartz, Toledo Police Department Nadia Lucchin, Not for Sale Campaign
Mark Ballard, Immigration Customs Enforcement
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Methods
Based on reports, databases, newspaper articles, and research
articles, the team developed risk factors for foreign-born
victims that may be most prevalent in Ohio.
The framework for estimating the prevalence of human
trafficking in Ohio was taken from Clawson, Layne, and
Smalls (2006) study entitled,Estimating Human Trafficking
into the United States: Development of a Methodology.
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Ohio: Case Study
Transit, Destination and Origin State
The Presence of Markets for Human Trafficking
Demand for Sexual and Labor Services in NeighboringStates
The Presence of Sizable Populations of Foreign BornIndividuals
Weak Laws that would Attract Potential Traffickers & TheirVictims
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Factors contributing to trafficking in Ohio
include
Ohios response to trafficking is weak,
Ohios first responders to human trafficking remain
unaware and unprepared and services are insufficient
Customers who purchase youth remain protected, and
traffickers suffer minimal consequences
Ohio youth experience high rates of vulnerability
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Major Findings
Ohio Youth Ages 12 to 17 =675,922
Estimate of the Total At-Risk Ohio Youth Population= 3,016
Estimated to be Trafficked=1,078