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By:
SHARIFAHMAZRAHSAYEDMOHAMEDZAIN
9Jun2015
Occupa&onalHealthUnitEnvironmentalHealthResearchCentre
Ins&tuteforMedicalResearch
Presenta&onOutline
• Introduc&on• Objec&ve• Methodology• Results• Conclusion
Introduc&onFormaldehydesymptomsofhumanexposure(ACUTEEFFECT)byIARC,1979:1. Irrita&onofeyes2. Tightchest3. Burnsinnoseandthroat4. ShortnessofbreathFormaldehydeisclassifiedasacarcinogen(CHRONICEFFECT):1. Known human and animal carcinogen causing nasopharyngeal cancer
byInterna&onalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)2004.2. CarcinogenictohumansbyWorldHealthOrganiza&on(WHO).3. Class A2 (suspected for human) by the American Conference of
GovernmentalIndustrialHygienists(ACGIH).4. Probablehumancarcinogen(GroupB1)byUnitedStatesEnvironmental
Protec&onAgency(USEPA).
5. Sleeplessness6. Nausea7. Derma&&s8. Sneezing
Introduc&on� Formaldehyde listed as one of the Common Chemicals Used InHospital as “a fixa've in histopathology specimens in mostlaboratoriesandinmorguestopreservedeadbodies”.
� “Personnelworking in thePathology,PharmacologyandRadiologyDepartmentsareathigherriskofexposuretochemicals”.
� “Poormanagementofchemicalscanleadtooccupa'onaldiseases,poisoningandcancers”.
(GuidelinesonChemicalManagementinHealthCareFacili'esMinistryofHealth,
QualityinMedicalCareSec'on,MedicalDevelopmentDivision,MOH,2010)
Objec&veTo evaluate the formaldehyde exposurelevel and its symptoms among healthcareworkers in histopathology laboratories whowereexposedtoformaldehydeascomparedtothenon-exposedworkers.
SamplingMethodologyResearchDesign:Compara&vecrosssec&onalstudywithcomparisongroup(exposedandunexposed):1.Ques&onnaire2.Airsampling(TWA8&STEL15min)StudyGroup:1. 19respondentsfromexposedgroup:workersinhistopathologylab.2. 71respondentsfromunexposedgroup:workersinthe
administra&ondepartment.SampleSite(GovernmentHospitalinKlangValley):1. Hospital1:24th–26thMarch20152. Hospital2:7th–9thApril2015
SamplingMaterials
SKCpumppouchSamplingpumpAirChek5000
Collarclip
Tripod
SorbenttubesSKC226-117
TubebreakerSKC222-3-50
Tygontubing TripodAirflowcalibrator
FormaldehydeSamplingMethodTWA8
TWA8
8-hrTimeWeightedAverageSamplingarea
Ambientworkplaceofexposedandnon-exposed(LabandAdmin)
Time 8.30amto4.30pm
Flowrate 0.1L/min
Airvol. 24L
Dura\on 4hourspersamplingx2&mes
Procedure Airsamplescollectedusingpersonalsamplingpumpbydrawing24LofairthroughsamplingtubescontainingXAD-2adsorbent-coatedwith2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine.
Reference USOSHASamplingandAnaly&calMethods:Acroleinand/orFormaldehyde,52
Tygontubing
Samplingpump
FormaldehydeSamplingMethodSTELSTEL
15minShortTermExposureLimitSamplingarea
Atbreathingzoneofexposedworkers(Labworkersonly)
Time 8.30amto4.30pm(whenexposed)
Flowrate 0.2L/min
Airvol. 3L
Dura\on 15minpersampling
Procedure Airsamplescollectedusingpersonalsamplingpumpbydrawing3LofairthroughsamplingtubescontainingXAD-2adsorbent-coatedwith2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine.
Reference USOSHASamplingandAnaly&calMethods:Acroleinand/orFormaldehyde,52
Tygontubing
Samplingpump
AnalysisMethod
GCColumncapillary,30mx0.32mmODx0.5µmfilm,DB-Wax
Sorbentstransferredto2mLvial
1mLoftolueneisaddedineachvial
Vialsagitatedinultrasonicwaterbathfor60min
AnalyseusingGasChromatography,FID
TWA8FormaldehydeExposure
*IndustryCodeofPrac&ceonIndoorAirQuality2010,DepartmentofOccupa&onalSafetyandHealthMalaysia
TWA8 0.1ppm
USOSHAPermissibleExposureLimit(PEL)–GeneralIndustry TWA8 0.75ppmNa&onalIns&tuteforOccupa&onalsafetyandHealth(NIOSH)RecommendedExposureLimit TWA 0.016ppmAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienist(ACGIH)2007 TLV 0.3ppmOccupa&onalSafetyandHealth(UseandStandardsofExposureofChemicalsHazardoustoHealth)Regula&ons,OSHA1994
C 0.3ppm
0.241
0.154
0.116
0.055
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
Hosp.1 Hosp.2
HistopathologyLab Administra&onDept.
Form
alde
hyde
con
c,ppm
15minSTELFormaldehydeExposure
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08 S09 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19
Form
alde
hyde
con
centra&o
nSTEL(p
pm)
Std1:USOSHAPermissibleExposureLimit(PEL)–GeneralIndustry
Std2:Na&onalIns&tuteforOccupa&onalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH)–RecommendedExposureLimit
Std.1
Std.2
Symptoms
30 30.0
60.0 60.0
30.0
0.0
20.0 22.9
34.3
11.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Chest&ghtness
Runnynose
DrowsinessHeadache Rednessofeyes
Exposed Nonexposed
Percen
tage
11.1
33.3
77.8
22.2
44.4
5.7
20.025.7
20.017.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Chest&ghtness
RunnynoseDrowsiness Headache Rednessofeyes
Exposed Nonexposed
Percen
tage
HOSP.1 HOSP.2
Conclusion� TheTWA8andSTEL-belowtheUnitedStateOccupa&onalSafetyandHealthAdministra&on(USOSHA)standardof0.75ppmand2ppm,respec&vely.
� Althoughtheconcentra&onswereundertheUSOSHAlimit,presenceofsymptomssuggestsignificantexposureandfurthercontrolmeasuresareneededtoimproveindoorairqualityandtoensureworker’shealth.
THANK YOU…
