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Shared Mobility: A Part of a Low Carbon Culture
plus
THE RISE OF THE SHARING ECONOMY
Sharing is nothing new. However, since 2010, different media
and authors have shown an increased interest in the trend
for sharing. Sharing, or collaborative consumption has been
defined as: a class of economic arrangements in which parti-
cipants share access to products or services, rather than
having individual ownership.
The rise of the sharing economy has many reasons:
• Ashiftinprioritiesfromowningtosimplywantingtouse
an item
• Increasedawarenessonclimatechangeandscarcityof
space and resources
• Financialcrisisandthehighcostsassociatedwithowning
items that are seldom used
• Accesstotechnologyandsocialmediamakessharingmore
convenient than owning.
Forgenerationsgrowingupwithinternetandsocialmedia,
sharingisnotsorry,it’s“sexy”.However,sharingisnotjust
foryoungpeople,itcanprovidemobilitysolutionsforall
ages.
Therearemanydifferentkindsofsharing:Money-drivenvs.
impact driven, and centralised vs. decentralised. This paper
willfocusontheimpact-drivensharingeconomy(alsoknown
as“initiativesoflocalresilience”)throughdiscussingthe
mostprevalentformsofsharedmobility:Carsharing,
plus
Source: Michel Bauwens, Peer-to-Peer Foundation
CAR SHARING
Carsharing(alsoknownascarclubsintheUK)isamodelof
car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time,
oftenbythehour.Theyareattractivetocustomerswhomake
onlyoccasionaluseofavehicle,aswellasotherswhowould
likeoccasionalaccesstoavehicleofadifferenttypethan
theyuseday-to-day.Theorganisationloaningthecarsmay
beacommercialbusinessortheusersmaybeorganisedasa
company,publicagency,cooperative,oradhocgrouping.
ride-sharingandbikesharingwhileprovidingdefinitions,
examples,describingbenefitsandpolicyrecommendations.
Centralized
De-centralized
Money-driven(capital)
Impact-driven(commons)
There are 4 different types of Car sharing:
1. Fleet-owned station-based Car sharing: Here, operators
offerafleettotheirusers.Thecarsalwayshaveafixedcar
sharingstation.Thecarshavetobebroughtbacktothesame
station.Examples:cambio(Germany,Belgium),Co-Wheels
(Scotland),Greenwheels(Netherlands).
2. Fleet-owned free-floating car sharing (one-way): Inthis
kindofprogram,carscanbepickedupatpointAand
droppedatpointBinacertainzone.Therearenodedicated
parkinglots.Examples(Car2Go,Germany,Netherlands).
AGermanstudy(http://matters.civity.de/index_en.html)on
free floating car-sharing has shown that the average distance
offreefloatingcar-sharingis5km.Likethat,one-way
car-sharing is also competition for urban public transport,
taxi,walkingandbiking.Nevertheless,itcreatesapositive
imageonsharedmobilityanditmighthaveanimpacton
car-ownership as well.
3. Centralised peer-to-peer car sharing: Anoperatorof
peer-to-peer car sharing offers an open platform to bring
privatecar-ownersincontactwithusers.Anonlineplatform
bringsofferanddemandtogether.Theoperatorskimsa
Shared by Taxistop #WeLoveSharing
Car-Sharing (UK: Car Club)
Ride-Sharing (Carpooling, UK: Car-Sharing)
Bike-Sharing
Centralized Fleet owned station based car-sharing (cambio, greenwheels)
Fleet owned one way/free floating car-sharing (drivenow, car2go)
Peer-to-peer car-sharing With access technology (getaround, mywheels) Key Swap (snappcar, mywheels)
Decentralized Decentralized peer-to-peer/private car-sharing (autopia, caruso)
Planned journeys Ride-sharing without e-payment (corporate ride-sharing) (carpool.be, liftshare)
Monetized ride-sharing (blablacar, carpooling.com)
Dynamic (instant) E-hiking (flync, avego)
(Peer-to-peer) taxi (über, djump)
Urban Urban bike-sharing (copenhagen city bikes, vélo antwerp)
Last-mile Last-mile bike-sharing (ov-fiets, bluebike)
Bike-leasing Bike-leasing programs (fietsenwerk, opwielekes)
certain percentage of the transaction cost between the owner
and user to provide an appropriate insurance, and the
operatingcosts.Examples:Tamyca(Germany),Mywheels,
Snappcar(Netherlands).
4. Decentralised car sharing: This is the most spontaneous
formofsharingprivatecars.Thistypeofpeer-to-peercar
sharingdoesn’tdeliveranopenplatformbutsupports
groups who are sharing their car in their neighbourhood.
Examples:Autopia(Belgium)
What’s the difference between sharing and renting a car?
CAR SHARING
Pay-as-you-go(distancerelatedprice)
Longtermcustomerrelation(subscription,seasonprice,…)
Short trips (mileageandtime)
Short reservation procedure andaccesstechnology
CAR RENTAL
Duration related price
Customerrelationrelatedon transaction
Longtrips
Contracthandlingandkeyswap
plus
“I’m on my way to [see] you”: Car sharing promotes
multimodal journeys in Bremen.
Inadditiontotheconventionalcarsharingstations,apilot
E-MobilitySharingStationwasalsoopenedinBremenin
2014:thefirstofitskindtofeaturesuchabroadmixof
vehicles!The“VahrVernünftig”Projectisacooperative
venturebetweenthelocaltransitorganisation(BSAG),a
housingsocietybasedinBremen(GEWOBA)andtheelectric
carsharingprovider,MoveAbout.
Thesharingstationislocatednearatramstop,iseasily
accessible and allows users to continue their individual,
low-emissionjourneythroughtherentalofthevehicle
suitedbestfortheircontinuedjourney:beitane-bike,
cargo
Example of a new “small” mobility station in a neighbour-
hood with narrow streets and a high demand for parking
space. Test drive at new mobility station, to show the benefits
of keeping intersections free of illegally parked vehicles
(Autumn 2013).
CASE STUDY:
Station-based Car Sharing in Bremen
ThebaseofcarsharingusersinBremenandinGermanyin
generalisincreasingsteadily.
Bremen’sambitiousCarSharingActionPlanseekstopromote
thebroadscaledeploymentofCarsharinginthecityinorder
toreach20,000usersbytheyear2020.
StreetspaceinBremenisscarceandthenumberofcarslead
tovariousproblems,suchasillegalparkingwhichhinders
pedestrians,cyclistsandthepassageoflargevehicles(i.e.
firetrucksandtrashcollectiontrucks).Byincreasingthe
availablesupplyofcarsharingoffers,residentswhodonot
needtheircarsonadailybasisarepresentedwithatrans-
portation alternative and are able to get rid of their own car,
savetimeandmoney.CustomersurveysinBremenshowthat
one car sharing vehicle replaces 10-11 private cars.
ThecarsharingoffersinBremenarestation-basedand
generallylocatednearbusand/ortramstationstoencourage
multi-modal travel.
“The already existing mobil.punkte (Car sharing stations
on public street space) verifiably relieve pressure on the
parking situation in our neighbourhoods. We want to
expand on this success story and continue to provide
space for Car sharing on public street space.”
Joachim Lohse, Minister for the Environment, Construction
and Transportation, Free Hanseatic City of Bremen.
In October 2014, Filip Watteeuw, Counsellor for Transport of the City of Ghent, announced the Ghent Car Sharing Action Plan. The very ambitious plan set the goal of growing from 4.000 car-sharers to 20.000 by 2020. This Car Sharing Action Plan was inspired by Bremen, through CARE-North plus dissemination activities.
Ich bin unterwegs zu dir
TAXI
UDo_post_RZf.indd 901.03.2013 15:24:42 Uhr
CASE STUDY:
City Car Club schemes in West Yorkshire, UK
LeedswasoneofthefirstcitiesintheUKtoembracethecar
clubmodelin2004.Asaresult,therearecurrentlymore
than2,000CityCarClubmembersinLeedsusinganetwork
of32pay-as-you-drivevehicles.CityCarClubhasalsoproved
tobeavaluabletransportoptionforpeoplevisitingthecity,
withtouristsandbusinessesmakinghundredsoftripsand
addingtothecity’sthrivingeconomy.LeedsCityCouncilhas
workedinclosepartnershipwiththeoperatorCityCarClubto
deliver and grow the scheme.
CASE STUDY:
Decentralised Car-Sharing through Autopia
Autopia,aBelgiannon-profitorganisation,offerstoolsfor
sharing own private cars in local communities to neighbour-
hoods, cities and organisations. Their ultimate goal is to
enhancesustainablemobility,particularlytroughprivatecar
sharing.Autopia’sactivitiesinclude:supportingnewand
existinggroupsofpeoplewhowanttosharetheirowncars
bydevelopingtoolssuchascontracts,onlinereservation
tools, schedules to determine and calculate prices and on-
line search engines to find other candidates for car sharing;
lobbyingforincentivesandalegalframeworkandinnovative
experiments.
SomeresultsofAutopia’seffortsinclude:
1. Parking incentivesforprivatecar-sharers.Duetolobby-work,
privatecar-sharershavededicatedparkinglots,orafree
parkingpermitforthewholecityinvariousFlemishcities
(Antwerp,Mechelen,Hasselt).
2. Home-parties. People can invite neighbours and other
friends and acquaintances to their house for a
peer-to-peer informational session about car sharing.
3. Some municipalities are too small for commercial car
sharingoperators.Autopiasupportsthosemunicipalities
to share the municipal car fleetwithcitizensonthe
weekendwhenthevehiclesarenotinuse.It’savery
cost-efficient solution in less dense or rural areas.
4.AVIRA,AutodelenVoorIedereenmetRolstoelvriendelijke
Auto‘s‘–iscarsharingforpeoplewithwheelchair-friendly
cars.Pegodevzwsharesitswheelchairvanswithits
members in Edegem and the inhabitants of Edegem and
surroundings.
City of Ghent: Subsidies for electric cars if you share
them with your neighbors.
Howcanyoucombinecarsharingandthepromotion
ofelectricvehicles?TheCityofGhenthasananswer:
Itprovidessubsidiesifyoubuyanelectriccar,butonly
ifthecarisofferedtoothers.Carsharingoperatorscan
enjoythesefundsinadditiontoprivatepersons.
Alltypesofcarsharinghavethepotentialtoincitepeopleto
makeashiftfromownershiptosharingbecausetheycreate
ashiftfrommobilityasareflex(hopinyourcaratyourfront
dooranytime)tomobilityasarationalprocess(thejourney
made,thetypeofmodeusedoreventhetypeofcarusedis
well-considered).Thiscanleadtoamodalshiftfromcaruse
tomorefrequentuseofenvironmentallyfriendlymodes
(walking,cyclingandpublictransport).
plus
RIDE-SHARING
Ride-sharingorcarpoolingisthesharingofcarjourneys
sothatmorethanonepersontravelsinacar.Aswithcar
sharing,thereareseveralkindsofride-sharing.
1. Planned journeys - Matching software for ride-sharing
without payment:Thisride-shareserviceismainlyused
to bring commuters together. This service is sometimes
subsidisedorpaidbyemployerswhowanttoreducethe
numberofcarstowardswork.Asride-sharinghappens
regularly.Examples:Carpool.be,Liftshare.co.uk.
2. Planned journeys - Monetised ride-sharing: This is a
ride-sharingbusinessmodelbasedonskimmingthe
transactioncostbetweendriverandpassenger.Driverslike
toshareridesintheseschemesastheyhaveaguarantee
tosharethecosts.Examples:Carpooling.com,Blablacar.
3. Dynamic ride-sharingisreal-timeorinstant(notplanned)
ride-sharing.It’sthenewhitchhiking,usingyourthumb
for the smartphone instead of using the thumb as a sign
fordriversontheroad.Examples:Carma,Flync.
What about Uber?
Uberandotherpeer-to-peertaxiservicescallthemselves
‘newride-sharingoperators’.However,ride-sharingmakes
use of additional capacities in vehicles; the offered rides
arecarriedoutregardless.Uberofferstransporton-
demand,likeataxiservice.ServicesofferedbyUberand
similarprovidersdonotreallyqualifyassharingeconomy,
but fulfil the potential for transport on-demand. However,
such services have potential for the future: real ride-
sharingbyUberPool,andtaxi-sharing.Anexampleof
therevitalisingimpactofUberistheraiseofstart-up
PickMeUpinFlanders:Ataxi-app,whoprovidestaxi
on-demand,anewtechnologyformanydifferenttaxi
operators,offeringsameuserexperienceasUber.
BIKE-SHARING
Bike-sharingisaserviceforbikeaccessasanalternativeto
bikeownership.Ithasbeenproveninmanycities,likeParis,
BarcelonaandRiodeJaneiro,thatbike-sharinghasthe
potentialtocreateacycleculturewhereitdoesnotyetexist.
Therearealsodifferenttypesofbike-sharing:
1. Urban bike sharingisabikesharingnetworkofferedina
certaincity.Userscaneasilypick-upbikesatdifferentbike
stationsinthecity.Thebicyclescanbedroppedatother
stations.Veryoftentheshort-termuseisveryinexpensive.
Longerusebecomesexpensive:Thepriceschemeisdefined
likethis,toconvinceuserstoputthebikebackinthe
systemafterusingitandtoavoidparkingthebike
elsewhere.Examples:Velo(Antwerp),Copenhagenbike.
2. Last mile bike sharingisnotconcentratedinonecity,but
inanetworkofdifferentcities.Thebikesareofferednear
trainstationsorpublictransporthubs.Thebicyclesare
mainlyusedforthelastmileafteratrainjourneyby
visitorstoacity.Thebikeshavetobedroppedinthesame
bikesharingstation.Therentalpriceistypicallyperdayor
half-day,asthisnatureofthetripmakesitdifficultto
returnthebike,forinstance,duringameeting.Thistype
ofbikesharingencouragesmultimodalmobility.Examples:
OV-Fiets(TheNetherlands),BlueBike(Belgium),
Call-a-bike(Germany).
3. Bike leasing: Bikeleasingislong-termbikerental.This
typeofbikesharingsupportscertaintargetgroupstohave
saferandbetterqualitybikes.Someexamples:FietsenWerk
(Belgium),abikeserviceforemployees;StudentenMobiliteit
(Ghent),abikeserviceforstudents.
IMPACTS OF SHARED MOBILITY
ON MODAL CHOICES
Studieshaveshownthatvariousformsofsharedmobility
tendtocomplementoneanother.Intermsofmobilityimpacts,
thediagramshowsthesamefindingsandwhichkindsof
sharedmobilityhavethemostconsiderableimpacton(urban)
mobility.Themainimpactsofsharedmobilityareondaily
travel behaviour and the choice of transport mode for various
distances.
Shared by Taxistop #WeLoveSharing
Low impact High impact
Sporadic
Overall: Long-term impact on space consumption and mobility patterns ownership mobility = reflex
sharing mobility = ratio
short journeys long journeys
urban bike-sharing
peer-to-peer taxi
one-way car-sharing
train + last mile bike-sharing
corporate ride-sharing
decentralized car-sharing station based car-sharing
peer-to-peer car-sharing with access
technology
peer-to-peer car-sharing
with key swap
monetized ride-sharing
Competitive for walking, cycling or public transport
Allsharedmobilityservicesinthisclassificationhavethe
potentialtomakeashiftfromcarownership,leadingto
reflective car use and toward rational transport behaviour
because their users tend to choose the most appropriate
modeperjourney.Inotherwords:The more alternatives
people have, the more opportunities they have to become
a multimodal transport user.
Cargo bike sharing in Ghent, Belgium
plus
CASE STUDY:
Corporate carpooling by Taxistop
Taxistophasofferedcarpoolmatchingsoftwareforcompanies
andprivatepersonsformanyyears.Duringthestart-up,
Taxistophaslearnedmanylessonsabouttheneedsof
corporate users:
1.Changingdailyhabitsistough.Therefore,Taxistop
organisescampaignstostartwithonedayoroneweek
(e.g.CarFreeDay,Carpoolweek).Thesoftware(carpool.be)
isadjustedtofindcarpoolpartnersforoccasionalor
irregularjourneys.
2.Acompanyneedscustomisedadviceandpromotional
activities,notjustasubscriptiontoacarpoolwebsite.
3. Statistics and administration tools are also important.
Taxistopcreatedatoolforregisteringdailycarpool
behaviour:Thistoolmakesitpossibletoenabletax
incentives for the carpoolers.
CASE STUDY:
ShareFest in Belgium
ThefirstShareFestwasbornin2011withacarsharingfocus.
Sincethen,theannualeventorganisedbyTaxistopand
Autopiahastransitionedintoafestivalthatappealstomany
aspectsofthesharingeconomyandgivesvarioussharing
initiatives a platform.
TheattractionsofthemostrecentShareFestincludedmany
attractionstoengagethevisitors’curiosity,including:a
surrealisticAnti-Sharelobby(here,peoplecouldsignape-
titionagainstthecollaborativeeconomy,theonlyproblem
beingthatthelobbyistswouldn’tsharetheirpens,which
madeitdifficulttosign),arepaircaféandbookswapping.
TheShareFestcreatesmanyopportunities:neighbourhoods
caninspireeachother,peoplecangetincontactwithmany
sharingeconomyprojectsandorganisations,representatives
fromthecitycouncilgainabetterunderstandingofthereal
potentialofthecollaborativeeconomy.
ShareFest Ghent at Car Free Sunday, September 2013
CASE STUDY:
Carpool lanes in Norway
Asubstantialincentiveforride-sharinginNorwayisthe
alloweduseofcarpoollanes.InBergen,thereisa2.5km
longcarpoollanebetweentheairportandthecity.Vehicles
with two or more passengers are allowed to use this carpool
lane.Thelanesarenotonlyaccessibleforcar-poolersbut
alsoforbuses,taxisandelectriccars.
Thisroutewasverycongestedbecauseoftravellerjourneys,
butalsohighemploymentatandneartheairport.The
congestion problem has been alleviated
somewhat due to the carpool lanes.
TofindcarpoolpartnersinBergen,
thepeoplecanusetheCarmaApp.
ProjectNumber/JournalID:35-2-4-13
ProjectName:CARE-Northplus-Carbonresponsibletransport
strategiesfortheNorthSeaArea-CARENorthplus
FundingPeriod:2013-2015
EuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFund
EuropeanTerritorialCooperation2007-2013
Partners
PROMOTING SHARED MOBILITY
IN YOUR CITY OR REGION
Don‘t just “Like” sharing, plan sharing and focus on its impact!
Manypublicauthoritiesaremakingthesamemistake.
Inpolicyplans,itcanoftenbereadthatpublicofficials,
citiesandregionswillsupportnewformsofsharedmobility.
And,yes,thisisagoodstart.However,realvisionsforshared
mobilityarestillmissing!Sharedmobilityshouldnotsimply
beviewedasagoalbutasarealandviablestrategyfor
reducing congestion, regaining public space and improving
theliveabilityandattractivenessofcitiesandregionsforits
citizens.So,insteadofjustlikingsharing,createarealplan
withambitiousobjectives.Herearesomerecommendations
forpromotingsharedmobilityinyourregion:
1. Leadbyexample: Start to promote carpooling for own
employees,reduceyourowncarfleet,andbecome
memberofcarsharingandbike-sharingoperators
2. Start with a vision onsharedmobility.Whatkindof
sharedmobilitydoyouwantinyourcity?
3.Create awareness:Sharingissexy,notsorry.Sharingis
easy,notcomplicated.Sharingiscost-saving,not
expensive.
4.AdoptarealCarsharing(orevensharedmobility)
action plan, instead of ad hoc measures. Define goals:
Howmanycarsdoesyourcityneed?Howmany
car-sharersin202x,averagecaroccupancy,etc.?
5.Createpublic spaceforsharedmobility:SharedMobility
mustbeeasyaccessiblenearpublictransporthubs,and
veryvisible.
6. Createalegal frameworkforsharedmobility,removelegal
barriers.Definingsharedmobilityisthefirststeptocreate
incentives.
7.Giveincentivestoboostsharedmobility:Parking
incentives,subsidiesorreducedtax.
8. Embrace bottom-up initiatives
9.Getinspiredbygoodexamples!
Aberdeen
Leeds
Ghent
Leeuwarden
Bremen
Bergen
ICLEI
Malmö
Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
MinistryoftheEnvironment,Construction
and Transportation
CARE-NorthplusProjectCoordination
Contrescarpe72
D28195Bremen
Michael Glotz-Richter
Phone+49.421.361.6703
Rebecca Karbaumer
Phone+49.421.361.59427
E-Mail:[email protected]
Web:www.care-north.eu
Contact Taxistop
K.M.Hendrikaplein65B
9000Gent
Belgium
Angelo Meuleman
Phone +32 9242 32 18
E-Mail:[email protected]