PRESENTED BY:SHANKARAIAH, NSHANKARAIAH, NPAK-9120PAK-9120Jr.MSc.Ag.ExtnJr.MSc.Ag.Extn

AudioAudio refers to sound waves that can normally be heard by the human ear.

Visual Visual implies relating to the sense of seeing.

AidsAids implies those instructional devices or teaching aids which make teaching more effective.

Audio visual aids Audio visual aids are those instructional devices that may be used by a teacher or a communicator in order to facilitate better understanding on the part of learners by involving their many senses, particularly those relating to seeing and hearing.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

DefinitionsDefinitions

According to DALE(1965): All materials used in the class room or other teaching situation to facilitate the understanding of the written or spoken words are Audio visual aids

According to kinder(1959): audio visual aids may be any device which can be used to make learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

•CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDSAV AIDS

CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDSCLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS

• According to Evolution1) First generation media: Hand made charts, graphs,

exhibits, models, hand writing materials.2) Second generation media: Printed/illustrated texts,

printed graphs, workbooks etc.3) Third generation media: photographs, slides, films-

strips, films, recordings, radio , tele-lectures etc.4) Fourth generation media: TV, programmed

instruction, language laboratories, electronic digital computers.

According to Kumar,1995

1. Projected materialsOHP, Slides, Films

2. Non-projected materialsBooks, posters, Charts, Leaflets

3. Electronic materialsComputers, Interactive video,

Video programmes

According to uses

Individual contacts

Group contacts

Mass contacts

Farm and home visits Method demonstration Bulletins

Office call Leader training meeting Leaf lets

Telephone call Lecture meeting News stories

Personnel letters Conferences Circular letters

Result demonstration Discussion meetings TV, exhibition

According to form

Written Spoken Objectives or visual

Bulletins General meeting Result demonstration

Leaflets Farm and home visits Exhibitions

News articles Office call Posters

Personal letters Telephone call Slides

According to K.R.Ganapathy

• Audial :Audial : Human voice( talk, lecture, speech, discussion, interviews, drama etc.), music and other sound transmission.

• Visual Visual : : written/printed(books, pamphlets, posters, notices), elements for media(scripts, drafts, lecture notes, caption), media for writing(chalk board, black board), projected and non projected

• Audio visual media: Audio visual media: cinema, motion picture, TV, Recorded exhibition.

According to DALE

Words

Numbers

Signs symbols

Charts, graphs

Radio, recordingPosters, Flat picture

Flash cards, Flannel boardsFilmstrips, film slide

Exhibits , fieldtrips, demonstration

Demonstration, models, objects, specimens

Direct purposeful experiences

INDIRECT

SYMBOLINGS

OBSERVING

DIRECT DOING

ABSTRACT

CONCRETE

CONE OF AUDIO-VISUAL CONE OF AUDIO-VISUAL EXPERIANCEEXPERIANCE

PREPARATION OF AUDIO-VISUAL PREPARATION OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDSAIDS

The following factors should be taken into

consideration before preparation of audio-visual aids

Nature of audience and their level of understanding.

Facilities available

Teaching objectives

Cost of aid

Teachers competency

Complexity of subject matter

Size of the audience

Convinced

Familiarity of audience with the subject though

PREPARATION OF AUDIO-VISUAL PREPARATION OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDSAIDS

• The following “ABC” principles are to be considered in preparation.

• A- Attractiveness

• B- Brevity

• C- Clarity

Tips for development of audio-visual aids

More visualizationLegible aidsLetter should be written large enoughEach visual should countProvide varietyFamiliar with the use of aidsTesting should be done in advance.

Preparation of visual aidsPreparation of visual aids

1. Caption

2. Lettering

3. Illustration

4. Colour

5. Balance

6. Constract

1.Caption • Caption should be clear, brief, understandable,

catchy and relevant for instance.

“MILK FOR MILLIONS”

“VARALAKSHMI FOR DHANALAKSHMI”

“KILL THE PEST GET THE BEST”

2.Lettering

• Lettering depends on Style, Colour, Size and Spacing between letters, shape of the letters.

• letter can be arranged in many ways vertically, horizontally, diagonally and zigzag way.

• Height of the letter depends upon size of the audience.

Size of the letters and their visibility

Distance from farthest

viewer(feet)

Height of the letter(in cm)

Thickness of the letter (in mm)

(1/5 of height)

15 3.00 6.00

30 4.00 8.00

45 5.00 10.00

60 6.00 12.00

75 7.00 14.00

90 8.00 16.00

Conti….Conti….Shape of the letter:Shape of the letter:

• Unusual shape should be avoided, because they hindrance to clear understanding of the message.

• Always use letters of usual shape.

A (√) A (×)

Spacing Spacing • Mechanical method: Distance between the

letter is taken to consideration.

• Optical method: Area between the letters is taken into consideration.

Style 1. Gothic : Thickness of the letter uniform

through the letter

“Thickness”2. Roman : No uniform thickness

“Thickness”3. Text : Old English style writing letters in a

slanting format is considered as italics.

“Thickness”Always prefer for Gothic style for clarity

3.ILLUSTRATION3.ILLUSTRATIONPhotographs Cutouts PicturesDrawings Symbols Stick figures

• Use of illustration depends upon many factors like- skill of the teacher and availability of visual aids

44.. CCoolloouur r

• Attracting attention.

• Emphasis or contrast.

• Help to create a mood

• Making distinction.

• Heightening our reconstruction of reality.

• Other ways to contributes to learning.

5.Balance 1. Formal type balance: It is created by

symmetrical arrangement of all the elements in the layout.

5.Balance

2. Informal type balance: The elements appears to be balance, even though each side of the arrangement is difficult.

6.Contrast 6.Contrast

The contrast between letters, illustration and their background is an important factor in their readability.

Back and dark colours are usually stronger.

Light coloured letters should be used on a dark back ground or dark letters on a light coloured background.

RESEARCH EVIDENCESRESEARCH EVIDENCES

Don L. TolliverDon L. Tolliver May (1973) May (1973)

• Color functions in information perception and retention

• This paper reviews key research findings related to color and how this phenomenon affects the perception and retention of information.

Nira HativaNira Hativa (1986) (1986)

• The microcomputer as a classroom audio visual device: The concept, and prospects for adoption

• The microcomputer with appropriate software may serve as an effective teaching aid

Mary Anne AndrusyszynMary Anne Andrusyszyn (June 1990) (June 1990)

• The effect of the lecture discussion teaching method with and without audio-visual augmentation on immediate and retention learning

• This study determined whether students taught using the lecture-discussion method augmented with audio-visuals would achieve a higher mean score on an immediate post-test and delayed retention test than students presented with a lecture-discussion without audio-visuals.

Dirk-Jan Povel, Nico ArendsDirk-Jan Povel, Nico Arends (February 1991) (February 1991)

• The visual speech apparatus: Theoretical and practical aspects

• Designing a visual aid for speech training of the hearing-impaired presupposes the solution of problems in various fields such as automatic speech recognition, speech perception and production, learning theory, system development and computer programming.

Joline MorrisonJoline Morrison (January 1998) (January 1998)

• The impacts of presentation visuals on persuasion

• Today's microcomputer applications enable users to create and display elaborate presentation visuals that include color, clip art, and special effects such as animation and dynamic transitions.

Nessa CoyleNessa Coyle (February 2002) (February 2002)

• Audio-Visual Communication and Its Use in Palliative Care

• The technology of telemedicine has been used for over 20 years, involving different areas of medicine, providing medical care for the geographically isolated patients, and uniting geographically isolated clinicians

Frederic BerthommierFrederic Berthommier (September 2004) (September 2004)

• Seeing to hear better: evidence for early audio-visual interactions in speech identification

• Lip reading is the ability to partially understand speech by looking at the speaker's lips

• It improves the intelligibility of speech in noise when audio-visual perception is compared with audio-only perception

Jeesun Kim, Chris DavisJeesun Kim, Chris Davis (October 2004) (October 2004)

• Investigating the audio–visual speech detection advantage

• Seeing the moving face of the talker permits better detection of speech in noise compared to auditory only presentation, an Audio–Visual (AV) facilitation effect.

Annie Magnan, Jean EcalleAnnie Magnan, Jean Ecalle (May 2006) (May 2006)

• Audio-visual training in children with reading disabilities

• This study tested the effectiveness of audio-visual training in the discrimination of the phonetic feature of voicing on the recognition of written words by young children

• these results contribute to an understanding of the nature of reading difficulties and successful training.

Mohiuddin Ahmed, Charles M. BoisvertMohiuddin Ahmed, Charles M. Boisvert (September 2006)(September 2006)

• Using computers as visual aids to enhance communication in therapy

• This study determined whether students taught using the lecture-discussion method augmented with audio-visuals would achieve a higher mean score on an immediate post-test and delayed retention test than students presented with a lecture-discussion without audio-visuals.

Esra Yucel, Deray DerimEsra Yucel, Deray Derim (June 2008) (June 2008)

• The effect of implantation age on visual attention skills

Emilio SanchezEmilio Sanchez (December 2008) (December 2008)

• The use of modality in the design of verbal aids in computer-based learning environments

• Computer-based learning environments include verbal aids helping learners to gain a deep understanding.

Yuji WadaYuji Wada (March 2009) (March 2009)

• Sound enhances detection of visual target during infancy: A study using illusory contours

• These results suggest that audio–visual enhancement in visual target detection emerges at 7 months of age

ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES • Capture audience attention arose their interest.

• Highlights main points of the message clearly.

• The possibilities of misinterpreting concepts is reduced.

• Structure the learning process more effective.

• Hold attention, make teaching more realistic.

Conti…

• Message perceived with several senses are

understood and retained better.

• Speed up the process of learning.

• Stimulate self activity.

• Save time of teacher and learner.

• Overcome language barrier.

• Learn more, thoroughly, faster and remember

longer

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

• Audio visual aids do not necessarily give a true picture of the ideas they present.

• Audio visual aids do not always appropriate for the meaningful content to topic under study.

• Audio visual aids not always appropriate for the age, intelligence, and experience of learners.

Conti…

• Audio visual aids not always worth the time, expenses and effort involved.

• By introducing Audio visual aids in teaching learning situation many physical and psychological disturbance are likely to be introduced.