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397
Appendix I: Chart of Chinese finals (Old Chinese to Middle Chinese)
Under each traditional rhyme group are listed the Middle Chinese (Guângyùn) rhymes in
which Middle Chinese reflexes are found. Roman numerals indicate the ‘division’ of the
rhymes according to their placement in rhyme tables. For those rhymes with chóngniû
doublets, III-3 represents the third-division doublets and III-4 the fourth-division doublets.
For convenience, words with acute initials are grouped with the III-3 doublets.
The development is given according to four systems of reconstruction: Li Fang-kuei
(1971) in column 1, Gong Hwang-cherng (1997) in column 2, Baxter (1992) in column 3,
and Pulleyblank (1977-78) in column 4. Since the development of vowels is often
conditioned by the natural class of the initial, several cover symbols for initials are
employed:
P: labials
T: dental stops, dental nasal, *l-, *r,- *j-, etc.
TS: dental sibilants
K: velars and laryngeals (non-labialized)
KÖ: labiovelars and labiolaryngeals
These initials may be further grouped into larger natural classes according to common
features. For example, T will stand for both T + TS (i.e. all acute initials) unless an
explicit contrast with TS is noted.
We can arrange the classes of initials into complementary pairs along different
dimensions:
Labialization: PTK vs. KÖRounding: PKÖ vs. TK
Gravity: PKKÖ vs. T
398
When a development holds true for all possible initials, C is used. Square brackets
are placed around developments for which no examples are given, but which are either
listed by the author or inferred from his reconstruction system.
Notes on individual transcriptions:
Li (1971). Since *-rj- always has the same effect on vocalic development as *-j-,
finals are conventionally written with *-j- instead of *-(r)j- with no loss of information.
(The presence of *-r- does of course influence the development of the acute initials.)
Gong (1997). This is not a complete reconstruction. Gong (1997) is concerned
only with syllables involving grave initials (K, KÖ, P) and *r- > l-. Thus the finals listed
are only relevant for this limited set of initials. In this chart I have included only
third-division reconstructions so that Gong’s use of *-rj- can be compared with Baxter’s.
Note that Gong uses the same Middle Chinese notation as Li (a minor revision of
Karlgren’s Ancient Chinese), so I have not repeated it.
Baxter (1992). In general the qù-tone words in *-ps, *-ks, and *-ts develop like
their píng- and shâng-tone counterparts (e.g. *-uts like *-uj, *-aks like *-a) so I do not
list them separately. However, the JÌ group (*-ats, *-ets, *-ots) is an exception in
that it does not develop like the G�E group (*-ajs, *-ejs, *-ojs), and is given
separately. In some cases Baxter’s *w-neutralization after labials is not indicated in the
charts below. In his Middle Chinese transcription Baxter only writes -w- after P if the
entire rhyme is strictly hékôu (Baxter uses Qièyùn, not Guângyùn, rhymes). So in some
cases the developments shown here need to be adjusted, e.g. PKrjut > -wit should be
interpreted to mean Krjut > Kwit and Prjut > -it.
Pulleyblank (1977-78, 1996). Pulleyblank has not as yet published a full description of
his Old Chinese sytem. The contents of this column are mostly taken from charts in Baxter
1992), and may be incomplete.
399
OC gp. MC rhyme Li Gong Baxter Pullbk. zhï häi TKúg > -é»ai TKÉï > -oj |úü
huï Púg > -ué»ai PKÖÉï > -woj w|úÚü hóu Púg > -«úu P(r)o > -uw jië TKrúg > -«ai
PKÖrúg > -w«aiPTKrÉï > -�jKÖrÉï > -w�j
r|úü
zhï TKjúg > -�î TKjúg TK(r)jÉï > -i \úü zhï Pjiúg > -ji
KÖjiúg > -jwi-rjúg PrjÉï > -ij
KÖrjÉï > -wijw\úü
yóu PKÖjúg > -j«úu PKÖjúg PKÖjÉï > -juw w\úü
Note: Baxter argues that *P(r)o words rhymed with *ÉÉï in the dialect of the Shïjïng, butdeveloped into Middle Chinese with other *-(r)o words. See the HÓU group below.
zhí dé PTKúk > -úkKÖúk > -wúk
PTKÉïk > -okKÖÉïk > -wok
|úk
m\ai PTKrúk > -�kKÖrúk > -w�k
PTKrÉïk > -�kKÖrÉïk > -w�k
r|úk
zhí TKjúk > -júkPKÖjiúk > -jwúk
-(r)jiúk TK(r)jÉïk > -ikPrjÉïk > -ikKÖrjÉïk > -wik
\úk
wü PKÖjúk > -juk -(r)júk PKÖjÉïk > -juwk \úk
Note: In all rhyme groups, Gong’s *-ji- does not occur after dentals T. So everyoccurrence of *-ji- in the Gong’s column should be replaced with *-j- when the initial is adental.
zhëng dëng PTKúng > -úngKÖúng > -wúng
PTKÉïng > -ongKÖÉïng > -wong
|ú≥
gëng PTKrúng > -�ngKÖrúng > -w�ng
PTKrÉïng > -�ngKÖrÉïng > -w�ng
r|ú≥
zhëng TKjúng > -júngPKÖjiúng > -jwúng
-(r)jiúng TK(r)jÉïng > -ingPrjÉïng > -ingKÖrjÉïng > -wing
\ú≥
döng PKÖjúng > -jung -(r)júng KÖjÉïng > -juwng \ú≥
400
yöu háo CúgÖ > -»au Cu > -aw |úw hóu PúgÖ > -«úu Pu > -uw yáo CrúgÖ > -au Cru > -áw
Criw > -áwr|úw
yóu PTKjúgÖ > -j«úu
KÖjúgÖ > -j«úu
-júgÖ T(r)jiw > -juwPTK(r)ju > -juwKÖju > -juw
\úw
zhï KÖjiúgÖ > -jwi KÖrju > -wij yöu PKjiúgÖ > -ji«úu -rjúgÖ PKKÖ(r)jiw > -jiw \úw xiäo CiúgÖ > -ieu Ciw > -ew j|úw
jué w\o CúkÖ > -uok Cuk > -owk |úkÖ jué CrúkÖ > -�ak Cruk > -áwk
[Criwk > -áwk]r|úkÖ
wü CjúkÖ > -juk -(r)júkÖ C(r)juk > -juwkC(r)jiwk > -juwk
\úkÖ
zhí PjiúkÖ (?) > -júk -- xí CiúkÖ > -iwek Ciwk > -ek j|úkÖ
Note: Li employes *-ji- only to explain a single exceptional character *bjiúkÖ (?) >bjúk.
döng CúngÖ > -uong Cung > -owng |ú≥Ö zhöng jiäng CrúngÖ > -�ang Crung > -áwng r|ú≥Ö
döng CjúngÖ > -jung -(r)júngÖ C(r)jung > -juwng \ú≥Ö
xiäo háo CagÖ > -»au Caw > -aw áw yáo CragÖ > -au Craw > -áw
Crew > -áwráw
xiäo CjagÖ > -j�au -rjagÖ C(r)jaw > -jewT(r)jew > -jewPKKÖrjew > -jew
\aw
xiäo CjiagÖ > -ji�au -jagÖ PKKÖjew > -jiew j\aw xiäo CiagÖ > -ieu Cew > -ew jáw
Note: Baxter does not reconstruct *-rjew for any words.
y\ao w\o CakÖ > -uok Cawk > -owk ákÖ duó CakÖ > -»ak Cawk > -ak ákÖ wü CakÖ > -uk Cawk > -uwk ákÖ jué CrakÖ > -�ak Crawk > -áwk
Crewk > -áwkrákÖ
y\ao CjakÖ > -jwak -(r)jakÖ C(r)jawk > -jakC(r)jewk > -jak
\akÖ
xí CiakÖ > -iwek Cewk > -ek jákÖ
401
hóu hóu Cug > -«úu TKKÖ(r)o > -uw áÛ
yú Cjug > ju -(r)jug C(r)jo > -ju \aÛ yóu TSrjo > -juw
Note: Baxter’s *TSrjo > -juw affects only some words with TS- initials.
wü wü Cuk > -uk Cok > -uwk ákÛ
jué Cruk > -�ak Crok > -áwk rákÛ
zhú Cjuk > -jwok -(r)juk C(r)jok > -jowk \akÛ
döng döng Cung > -ung Cong > -uwng á≥Û
jiäng Crung > -�ang Crong > -áwng rá≥Û
zhöng Cjung > -jwong -(r)jung C(r)jong > -jowng \a≥Û
yú mú Cag > -uo Ca > -u á(ü) má PTKrag > -a
KÖrag > -waPTKra > -áKÖra > -wá
rá(ü)
yú TKjag > -jwo K(r)jag TK(r)ja > -jo \a(ü) >-Éï�ú
má Tjiag > -ja TjA > -já \aÚ(ü) >-ia
yú PKÖjag > -ju P(r)jag PKÖ(r)ja > -ju \a(ü)
duó duó PTKak > -»akKÖak > -w»ak
PTKak > -akKÖak > -wak
ák
m\o PTKrak > -ëkKÖrak > -wëk
PTKrak > -ákKÖrak > -wák
rák
y\ao TKjak > -jak
PKÖjak > -jwak
-jak T(r)jak > -jakPKjak > -jakKÖjak > -jwak
T\ak >-ÉïakPK\ak >-Éïak
m\o Kjiak > -jëk -rjak PKrjak > -jákKÖrjak > -jwákTrjak > -ják
PKr\ak >-iajk
xí Tjiak > -j�akPjiak > -j�ak (?)
TjAk > -jek T\aÚk >-iajk
402
yáng táng TKang > -»angPKÖang > -w»ang
PTKang > -angKÖang > -wang
á≥
gëng PTKrang > -ëngKÖrang > -wëng
PTKrang > -ángKÖrang > -wáng
rá≥
yáng TKjang > -jang
PKÖjang > -jwang
-jang T(r)jang > -jangPKjang > -jangKÖjang > -jwang
\a≥
gëng Kjiang > -jëngPKÖjiang > -jwëng
-rjang PKrjang > -jángKÖrjang > -jwáng
rá≥
jiä jiä PTKrig > -a�îKÖrig > -wa�î
PTKre > -�ÉÉïKÖre > -w�ÉÉï[Crej > -�ÉÉï]
ráj
zhï PTKjig > -j«e
?? > -jw«e
-rjig T(r)je > -jePKrje > -jeKÖrje > -jweT(r)jej > -je[PKrjej > -je]
\aj
zhï PKjig > -ji«eKÖjig > -jwi«e
-jig PKje > -jieKÖje > -jwiePKjej > -jie
qí PTKig > -ieiKÖig > -iwei
PTKe > -ejKÖe > -wej[Cej > -ej]
áj
Note: Note that Baxter reconstructs a few words assigned to this group as *-jej, whichshould properly be in the traditional GË group below (Baxter 1992:418-420).
xí m\ai PTKrik > -�k
KÖrik > -w�kPTKrek > -�kKÖrek > -w�k
rákj
xí Tjik > -j�ak T(r)jek > -jek \akj
xí PKjik > -ji�akKÖjik > -jiw�ak
-jik PKjek > -jiekKÖjek > -jwiek
m\o [PKjik > -jëk][KÖjik > -jwëk]
-rjik PKrjek > -ják[KÖrjek > -jwák]
xí PTKik > -iekKÖik > -iwek
PTKek > -ekKÖek > -wek
ákj
403
gëng gëng PTKring > -�ng
KÖring > -w�ngPTKreng > -�ngKÖreng > -w�ng
rá≥j
qïng Tjing > -j�ang T(r)jeng > -jeng \a≥j
qïng PKjing > -ji�angKÖjing > -jiw�ang-jing PKjeng > -jieng
KÖjeng > -jwieng gëng PKjing > -jëngKÖjing > -jwëng
-rjing PKrjeng > -jángTSrjeng > -(j)ángKÖrjeng > -jwáng
r\a≥j
qïng PTKing > -iengKÖing > -iweng
PTKeng > -engKÖeng > -weng
á≥j
gë gë TKar > -»a PTKaj > -a ál gë PKÖar > -u»a
Tuar > -u»aKÖaj > -waCoj > -wa
ál
má PTKrar > -aKÖrar > -waTruar > -wa
PTKraj > -áKÖraj > -wáCroj > -wá
rál
zhï Kjar > -j«ePTjiar > -j«eKÖjar > -jw«eTjuar > -jw«e
-(r)jar/l/d PTK(r)jaj > -je
KÖ(r)jaj > -jweC(r)joj > -jwe
\al > -i�ú
má Tjar > -ja TjAj > -já \aÚl > -ia
j\î t\ai TKad > -»aiPKÖad > -w»aiTuad > -w»ai
PTKats > -ajKÖats > -wajCots > -waj
át∆
gu\ai TKrad > -aiPKÖrad > -wai
PTKrats > -ájKÖrats > -wájKÖrets > -wáj
rát∆
jië TKriad > -«aiPKÖriad > -w«ai
PTKrets > -�jCrots > -w�j
rját∆
j\î Tjad > -j�aiPKjiad > -j�ai
KÖjiad > -jw�ai
Tjuad > -jw�ai
-rjad T(r)jats > -jejPKrjats > -jejT(r)jets > -jejPKrjets > -jejKÖrjats > -jwejKÖrjets > -jwejT(r)jots > -jwejPKKÖrjots > -jwej
\at∆
j\î [PKjiad > -ji�ai][KÖjiad > -jwi�ai]
-jiad PKjets > -jiejKÖjets > -jwiej
j\at∆
f\ei PKjad > -jëiKÖjad > -jwëi
-jad PKjats > -jojKÖjats > -jwojPKKÖjots > -jwoj
\at∆
qí PTKiad > -ieiKÖiad > -iwei
PTKets > -ejKÖets > -wej
ját∆
404
yu\e hé TKat > -»at PTKat > -at át m\o PKÖat > -u»at
Tuat > -u»atKÖat > -watCot > -wat
wát
H xiá TKrat > -atPKÖrat > -watTruat > -wat
PTKrat > -átKÖrat > -wátKÖret > -wát
rát
xiá TKriat > -«atPKÖriat > -w«at
PTKret > -�tCrot > -w�t
rját
xuë Tjat > j�atPKjiat > -j�at
[KÖjiat > -jw�at]
[Tjuat > -jw�at]
-rjat T(r)jat > -jetPKrjat > -jetT(r)jet > -jetPKrjet > -jetKÖrjat > -jwetKÖrjet > -jwetT(r)jot > -jwetPKKÖrjot > -jwet
\at
xuë [Kjiat > -ji�at][PKÖjiat > -jwi�at]
-jiat PKjet > -jietKÖjet > -jwiet
j\at
yu\e Kjat > -jëtPKÖjat > -jwët
-jat PKjat > -jotKÖjat > -jwotPKKÖjot > -jwot
\at
xi\e PTKiat > -ietKÖiat > -iwet
PTKet > -etKÖet > -wet
ját
yuán hán TKan > -»an PTKan > -an án huán PKÖan > -u»an
Tuan > -u»anKÖan > -wanCon > -wan
wán
shän PTKran > -anKÖran > -wan
Tuan > -wan
PTKran > -ánKÖran > -wánKÖren > -wánCron > -wán
rán
shän PTKrian > -«anKÖrian > -w«an
PTKren > -�n rján
xiän Tjan > -j�anPKjian > -j�an
KÖjian > -jw�an
Tjuan > -jw�an
-rjan T(r)jan > -jenPKrjan > -jenT(r)jen > -jenPKrjen > -jenKÖrjan > -jwenKÖrjen > -jwenT(r)jon > -jwenPKKÖrjon > -jwen
\an
xiän PKjian > -ji�anKÖjian > -jwi�an-jian PKjen > -jien
KÖjen > -jwienj\an
yuán Kjan > -jënPKÖjan > -jwën
-jan PKjan > -jonKÖjan > -jwonPKKÖjon > -jwon
\an
xiän TKian > -ienPKÖian > -iwen
PTKen > -enKÖen > -wen
ján
405
wëi häi Kúd > -é»ai KÉïj > -oj |úl huï PKÖúd > -ué»ai
Túd > -ué»aiPKÖÉïj > -wojCuj > -woj
w|úl
gë Cúr > -(u)»a CÉïj > -(w)a (?) jië Krúd > -«ai
PKÖrúd > -w«ai[Trúd > -w«ai]
PTKrÉïj > -�jKÖrÉïj > -w�jCruj > -w�j
r|úl
zhï Tjiúd > -iPKjiúd > -ji
Tjúd > -wi
-(r)júd T(r)jÉïj > -ijPKrjÉïj > -ijKÖrjÉïj > -wijT(r)juj > -wijKKÖrjuj > -wij
\úl
wëi Kjúd > -j«eiPKÖjúd > -jw«ei
-(r)júd PKjÉïj > -jÉïjKÖjÉïj > -jwÉïjKKÖjuj > -jwÉïj
\úl
zhï Cjúr > -j(w)«e CjÉïj > -j(w)e (?) qí Tiúd > -iei TÉïj > -ej j|úl
Note: The bolded forms in Baxter’s column are apparently irregular, developing like *-ajand *-jaj respectively. Li reconstructs the few words of this type with *-r instead of *-d.
wù m\o Kút > -útPKÖút > -uútTút > -uút
KÉït > -otPKÖÉït > -wotCut > -wot
|út
xiá Krút > -«atPKÖrút > -w«at[Trút > -w«at]
PTKrÉït > -�tKÖrÉït > w�tCrut > -w�t
r|út
zh\î [Tjiút > -j«et]PKjiút > -j«et
-(r)jút T(r)jÉït > -itPKrjÉït > -it
r\út
zh\î [TSrjiút > -j�t] TSrjÉït > -it shù Tjút > -ju«et -(r)jút T(r)jut > -wit
PKKÖrjut > -witKÖrjÉït > -wit
wr\út
q\î Kjút > -jút -(r)jút KjÉït > -jÉït \út wù PKÖjút > -juút -(r)jút PKÖjÉït > -jut
PKKÖjut > -jutw\út
xi\e TKiút > -ietKÖiút > -iwet
TÉït > -et (j)|út
406
wén hén Kún > -ún KÉïn > -on |ún hún PKÖún > -uún
Tún > -uúnPKÖÉïn > -wonCun > -won
w|ún
shän PKrún > -«anKÖrún > -w«an[Trún > -w«an]
PTKrÉïn > -�nKÖrÉïn > w�nCrun > -w�n
r|ún
zhën Tjiún > -j«enPKjiún > -j«en
-(r)jún T(r)jÉïn > -inPKrjÉïn > -in
\ún
zhën TSrjiún > -j�n TSrjÉïn > -in \ún zhün Tjún > -ju«en -(r)jún T(r)jun > -win
PKKÖrjun > -winKÖrjÉïn > -win
r\ún
xïn Kjún > -jún -(r)jún KjÉïn > -jÉïn \ún wén PKÖjún > -juún -(r)jún PKÖjÉïn > -jun
PKKÖjun > -jun\ún
xiän Tiún > -ien TÉïn > -en (j)|ún
zhï jië PTKrid > -«ai
[KÖrid > -w«ai]PTKrij > -�jKÖrij > -w�j
r|új
zhï Tjid > -iPKjid > -ji-rjid T(r)jij > -ij
PKrjij > -ijKÖrjij > -wij
\új
zhï PKjid > -iKÖjid > -wi
-jid PKjij > -jijKÖjij > -jwij
\új
qí PTKid > -ieiKÖid > -iwei
PTKij > -ejKÖij > -wej
|új
zh\î xiá PTKrit > -«at
KÖrit > -w«atPTKrit > -�tKÖrit > -w�t
r|úkj
zh\î Tjit > -j«etPKjit > -j«et-rjit T(r)jit > -it
PKrjit > -it\úkj
zh\î PKjit > -ji«et -jit PKjit > -jit zh\î TSrjit > -j�t TSrjit > -it
shù KÖjit > ju«et -rjit KÖrjit > -wit w\úkj
shù KÖjit > jui«et -jit KÖjit > -jwit xi\e PTKit > -iet
KÖit > -iwetPTKit > -etKÖit > -wet
|úkj
407
zhën shän PTKrin > -«an
KÖrin > -w«anPTKrin > -�nKÖrin > -w�n
r|ú≥j
zhën Tjin > -j«enPKjin > -j«en-rjin T(r)jin > -in
PKrjin > -in\ú≥j
zhën PKjin > -ji«en -jin PKjin > -jin zhën TSrjin > -j�n TSrjin > -in
zhün KÖjin > ju«en -rjin KÖrjin > -win j\ú≥j
zhün KÖjin > jui«en -jin KÖjin > -jwin xiän PTKin > -ien
KÖin > -iwenPTKin > -enKÖin > -wen
|ú≥j
hé Cap > -»ap Cap > -ap áp y\e hé Cop > -op
xiá Crap > -ap Crap > -áp ráp qi\a Criap > -«ap Crep > -�p
Crop > -�práp
y\e Tjap > -j�ap[Kjiap > -j�ap]
-rjap T(r)jap > -jepPKrjap > -jepT(r)jep > -jepPKrjep > -jepT(r)jop > -jep
j\ap
y\e [Kjiap > -ji�ap] -jap PKjep > -jiep y\e Kjap > -jëp Krjap Kjap > -jápPKrjap > -jáp ?
K(r)jop > -jáp
\ap
fá Pjap > -jwëp Prjap Pjap > -jopP(r)jop > -jop
w\ap
tië Ciap > -iep Cep > -ep jáp
Note: Chóngniû “fourth division” doublets are found only after glottal stop initial.
408
tán tán Cam > -»am Cam > -am ám tán Com > -om xián Cram > -am Cram > -ám rám xián Criam > -«am Crem > -�m
Crom > -�mrám
yán Tjam > -j�amPKjiam > -j�am-rjam T(r)jam > -jemPKrjam > -jem
T(r)jem > -jemPKrjem > -jemT(r)jom > -jem
j\am
yán Kjiam > -ji�am ? -jam PKjem > -jiem yán Kjam > -jëm Krjam Kjam > -jámPKrjam > -jám ?
K(r)jom > -jám
\am
fán Pjam > -jwëm Prjam Pjam > -jomP(r)jom > -jom
Ö\am
tiän Ciam > -iem Cem > -em jám
Note: Chóngniû “fourth division” doublets are found only after glottal stop initial.
qï hé Cúp > -é»ap CÉïp > -opCup > -op
-úp
qi\a Crúp > «ap Crip > -�pCrÉïp > -�pCrup > -�p
qï Tjúp > -júpKjúp > -júpPjiúp > -júp
÷rjúpPK(r)júp
T(r)jip > -ipPKrjip > -ipT(r)jÉïp > -ipK(r)jÉïp > -ipT(r)jup > -ipK(r)jup > -ip
qï Kjiúp > -jiúp ÷júp PKjip > -jip y\e Tjiúp > -j�ap ?? > -jep
wü PKÖ(r)jÉïp > -juwkPKÖ(r)jup > -juwk
tië Ciúp > -iep Cip > -ep
Note: Chóngniû “fourth division” doublets are found only after glottal stop initial.
409
qïn tán TKúm > -é»am CÉïm > -omCum > -om
-úm
döng Púm > -ung xián Crúm > «am Crim > -�m
CrÉïm > -�mCrum > -�m
qïn Tjúm > -júmKjúm > -júmPjiúm > -júm
÷rjúmPK(r)júm
T(r)jim > -imPKrjim > -imT(r)jÉïm > -imK(r)jÉïm > -imT(r)jum > -imK(r)jum > -im
qïn Kjiúm > -jiúm ÷júm PKjim > -jim yán Tjiúm > -j�am ?? > -jem
döng PKÖjúm > -jung PKÖjÉïm > -juwngPKÖjum > -juwngPKÖrjÉïm > -juwngPKÖrjum > -juwng
tiän Ciúm > -iem Cim > -em
Note: Chóngniû “fourth division” doublets are found only after glottal stop initial.
410
Appendix II: Chart of Chinese finals (Middle Chinese from Old Chinese)
These charts are organized by Guângyùn rhyme within the traditional shè groupings.
Third-division rhymes are broken up into the following categories: III (for third division
rhymes without chongniu distinctions: i.e. ‘pure’ third-division rhymes, or the component
of a third-division rhyme with only apical initials); III-3 (for chóngniû third-division
rhymes); and III-4 (for chóngniû fourth-division rhymes).
Initials are based on the distribution in the rhyme tables:
P labials (p-, ph-, b-, m-)
T dental stops and retroflex stops (t-, th-, d-, n-, ét-, éth-, éd-, én-)
K velars and gutturals (k-, kh-, g-, ≥-, ÷-, x-, ©-, including j-)
S dental, retroflex, and palatal affricates and fricatives (ts-, t és-, t|s-, including |n-, ji-
)
L lateral l-
Note that although ji- is placed in division IV in the rhyme tables, it is not part of a
chóngniû distinction, and is treated in this chart as a pure third-division initial.
Pulleyblank’s forms are from Pulleyblank 1991:15-6. Note that these forms are
somewhat “phoneticized”, with for example the underlying pharyngeal glide �a written as �úafter most vowels, and eliminated altogether after a. The other forms are from the same
sources as indicated for Appendix I.
411
1. TONGRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
döngI PTKSL -ung -uwng -úw≥ Cung
PúmCong
III PTKSL -jung -juwng -uw≥ PKÖjúngCjúngÖPKÖjúm
-(r)júng-(r)júngÖ
KÖjÉïngC(r)jungPKÖ(r)jÉïmPKÖ(r)jum
döngI PTKSL -uong -owng -aw≥ CúngÖ Cung
zhöng
III PTKSL -jwong -jowng -uaw≥ Cjung -(r)jung C(r)jong
wüI PTKSL -uk -uwk -úwk CakÖ
CukCawkCok
III PTKSL -juk -juwk -uwk PKÖjúkCjúkÖ
-(r)júk-(r)júkÖ
PKÖjÉïkC(r)jukC(r)jiwkPKÖ(r)jÉïpPKÖ(r)jup
wòI PTKSL -uok -owk -awk CúkÖ
CakÖCukCawk
zhúIII PTKSL -jwok -jowk -uawk Cjuk -(r)juk C(r)jok
2. JIANGRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
jiängII PTKS -�ang -áwng -aÉïw≥ CrúngÖ
CrungCrungCrong
juéII PTKS -�ak -áwk -aÉïwk CrúkÖ
CrakÖ
Cruk
Cruk[Criwk]CrawkCrewkCrok
412
3. ZHIRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
zhïIII T SL
T SL
-j�e
-jw�e
-je
-jwe
-i�ú
-wi�ú
TjigTjiar
Tjuar
T(r)jeT(r)jejT(r)jajT(r)joj
III-3 P K
K
-j�e
-jw�e
-je
-jwe
-i�ú
-wi�ú
PKjigKjarPjiarKÖjar
-rjig-(r)jar
PKrje[PKrjej]PK(r)jajKÖrjeKÖ(r)jajPKKÖ(r)joj
III-4 P K
K
-ji�e
-jwi�e
-jie
-jwie
-ji�ú
-jwi�ú
PKjig
KÖjig
-jig PKjePKjejKÖje
zhïIII T SL
T SL
-i-wi
-ij-wij
-i-wi
TjiúdTjidTjúd
T(r)jÉïjT(r)jujT(r)jij
III-3 P K
K
-ji
-jwi
-ij
-wij
-i
-wi
PjiúgPKjiúdPKjidKÖjiúgKÖjiúgÖ
-rjúg-(r)júd-rjid
PrjÉïPKrjÉïjPKrjijKÖrjÉïKÖrjuKÖrjÉïjKKÖrjujKÖrjij
III-4 P K
K
-i-wi
-jij-jwij
-ji-jwi
PKjidKÖjid
-jid PKjijKÖjij
zhïIII TKSL -�î -i -Éï TKjúg -Kjúg TK(r)jÉï
wëiIII K
P K
-j�ei-jw�ei
-jÉïj-jwÉïj
-Éïj-uj
KjúdPKÖjúd
-(r)júd PKjÉïjKÖjÉïjKKÖjuj
4. YURh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
múI PTKSL -uo -u -ø Cag Ca
yú III TKSL -jwo -jo -Éï�ú TKjag K(r)jag TK(r)ja yú III PTKSL -ju -ju -u�ú Cjug
PKÖjag-(r)jugP(r)jag
C(r)joPKÖ(r)ja
413
5. XIERh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
häiI PTKSL -»éai -oj -új TKúg TKÉï
huïI PTKSL -u»éai -woj -wúj Púg
PTKÖúdPKÖÉïPKÖÉïjCuj
t\ai(qu)
I PTKSL
TKSL
-»ai-w»ai
-aj-waj
-aj-waj
TKadPKÖadTuad
PTKatsKÖatsCots
jiëII PTKS
P K
-�ai
-w�ai
-�j
-w�j
-úÉïj
-wúÉïj
TKrúgTKriadKrúdPTKridPKÖrúgPKÖriadPKÖrúd[Trúd][KÖrid]
PTKrÉïPTKretsPTKrÉïjPTKrijKÖrÉïCrotsKÖrÉïjCrujKÖrij
jiäII PTKS
K
-a�î
-wa�î
-�Éï
-w�Éï
-aÉïj
-waÉïj
PTKrij
KÖrig
PTKre[Crej]KÖre
gu\ai(qu)
II TKS
PTKS
-ai-wai
-áj-wáj
-aÉïj(s)-waÉïj(s)
TKradPKÖrad
PTKratsKÖratsKÖrets
j\î(qu)
III T SL
T S
-j�ai
-jw�ai
-jej
-jwej
-iaj
-wiaj
Tjad
Tjuad
T(r)jatsT(r)jetsT(r)jots
III-3 K
K
-j�ai
-jw�ai
-jej
-jwej
-iaj
-wiaj
PKjiad
KÖjiad
-rjad PKrjatsPKrjetsKÖrjatsKÖrjetsPKKÖrjots
III-4 P K
K
-ji�ai-jwi�ai
-jiej-jwiej
-jiaj-wjiaj
[PKjiad][KÖjiad]
-jiad PKjetsKÖjets
f\ei(qu)
III P K
P K
-jëi-jwëi
-joj-jwoj
-Éïaj-uaj
PKjadKÖjad
-jad PKjatsKÖjatsPKKÖjots
qí IV PTKSL
K
-iei
-iwei
-ej
-wej
-�j
-w�j
PTKig
PTKiadTiúdPTKidKÖigKÖiadKÖid
PTKe[Cej]PTKetsTÉïjPTKijKÖeKÖetsKÖij
414
6. ZHENRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
hénI TKSL -ún -on -ún Kún -ún KÉïn
húnI PTKSL -uún -won -wún PTKÖún PKÖÉïn
Cun
zhënIII Sr -j�n -in -in TSrjiún
TSrjinTSrjÉïnTSrjin
zhën
zhün
III T SL
T SL
-j�en
-ju�en
-in
-win
-in
-win
TjiúnTjinTjún
T(r)jÉïnT(r)jinT(r)jun
III-3 P K
K
-j�en
-ju�en
-in
-win
-in
-win
PKjiúnPKjin
KÖjin
-(r)jún-rjin
PKrjÉïnPKrjinKÖrjÉïnPKKÖrjunKÖrjin
III-4 P K
K
-ji�en-jui�en
-jin-jwin
-jin-jwin
PKjinKÖjin
-jin PKjinKÖjin
xïnIII K -jún -jÉïn -Éïn Kjún -(r)jún KjÉïn
wénIII P K -juún -jun -un PKÖjún -(r)jún PKÖjÉïn
PKKÖjun
mòI K
PTKSL
-út-uút
-ot-wot
-út-wút
KútPTKÖút
KÉïtPKÖÉïtCut
zh\îIII Sr -j�t -it -it [TSrjiút]
TSrjitTSrjÉïtTSrjit
zh\î
shù
III T SL
T SL
-j�et
-ju�et
-it
-wit
-it
-wit
[Tjiút]TjitTjút
T(r)jÉïtT(r)jitT(r)jut
III-3 P K
K
-j�et
-ju�et
-it
-wit
-it
-wit
PKjiútPKjitKÖjit-(r)jút-rjit
PKrjÉïtPKrjitKÖrjÉïtPKKÖrjutKÖrjit
III-4 P K
K
-ji�et-jui�et
-jit-jwit
-jit-jwit
PKjitKÖjit -jit PKjitKÖjit
q\î III K -jút -jÉït -Éït Kjút -(r)jút KjÉït
wùIII P K -juút -jut -ut PKÖjút -(r)jút PKÖjÉït
PKKÖjut
415
7. SHANRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
hán
huán
I TKSL
PTKSL
-»an-u»an
-an-wan
-an-wan
TKanPKÖanTuan
PTKanKÖanCon
shänII KS
PTKS
-an-wan
-án-wán
-aÉïn-waÉïn
PTKranKÖran
Tuan
PTKranKÖranKÖrenCron
shänII PTKS
TKS
-«an
-w«an
-�n
-w�n
-úÉïn
-wú Éïn
PTKrianPKrúnPTKrinKÖrianKÖrún[Trún]KÖrin
PTKrenPTKrÉïnPTKrin
KÖrÉïnCrunKÖrin
xiänIII T SL
T SL
-j�an
-jw�an
-jen
-jwen
-ian
-wian
Tjan
Tjuan
T(r)janT(r)jenT(r)jon
III-3 P K
K
-j�an
-jw�an
-jen
-jwen
-ian
-wian
PKjianKÖjian
-rjan PKrjanPKrjenKÖrjanKÖrjenPKKÖrjon
III-4 P K
K
-ji�an-jwi�an
-jien-jwien
-jian-jwian
PKjianKÖjian -jian PKjenKÖjen
yuánIII K
P K
-jën-jwën
-jon-jwon
-Éïan-uan
KjanPKÖjan
-jan PKjanKÖjanPKKÖjon
xiänIV PTKSL
K
-ien
-iwen
-en
-wen
-�n
-w�n
TKianTiúnPTKinPKÖianKÖin
PTKenTÉïnPTKinKÖenKÖin
hé
mò
I TKSL
PTKSL
-»at-u»at
-at-wat
-at-wat
TKatPKÖatTuat
PTKatKÖatCot
Hxiá
II PTKS
TKS
-at-wat
-át-wát
-aÉït-waÉït
TKratPKÖrat
Truat
PTKratKÖratKÖret
416
xiá II TKS
PTKS
-«at
-w«at
-�t
-w�t
-úÉït
-wúÉït
TKriatKrútPTKritPKÖriat
PKÖrút[Trút]KÖrit
PTKretPTKrÉïtPTKrit
CrotKÖrÉïtCrutKÖrit
xuëIII T SL -j�at
-jw�at
-jet
-jwet
-iat
-wiat
Tjat
[Tjuat]
T(r)jatT(r)jetT(r)jot
III-3 P K
K
-j�at
-jw�at
-jet
-jwet
-iat
-wiat
PKjiat[KÖjiat]
-rjat PKrjatPKrjetKÖrjatKÖrjetPKKÖrjot
III-4 P K
K
-ji�at-jwi�at
-jiet-jwiet
-jiat-jwiat
[Kjiat][PKÖjiat] -jiat PKjet
KÖjet
yu\eIII K
P K
-jët-jwët
-jot-jwot
-Éïat-uat
KjatPKÖjat
-jat PKjatKÖjatPKKÖjot
xi\eIV PTKSL
K
-iet
-iwet
-et
-wet
-�t
-w�t
PTKiatTKiútPTKitKÖiatKÖiútKÖit
PTKetTÉïtPTKitKÖet
KÖit
8. XIAORh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
háoI PTKSL -»au -aw -aw CúgÖ
CagÖCuCaw
yáoII PTKS -au -áw -aÉïw CrúgÖ
CragÖ
CruCriwCrawCrew
xiäoIII TSL -j�au -jew -iaw TjagÖ T(r)jaw
T(r)jewIII-3 PK -j�au -jew -iaw PKKÖjagÖ -rjagÖ PKKÖ(r)jaw
PKKÖrjewIII-4 PK -ji�au -jiew -jiaw CjiagÖ -jagÖ PKKÖjew
xiäoIV PTKSL -ieu -ew -�w CiúgÖ
CiagÖCiwCew
417
9. GUORh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
gë gë
I TKSL
PTKSL
-»a-u»a
-a-wa
-a-wa
TKarPKÖarTuarCúr
PTKajKÖajCojCÉïj (?)
III K -ju»a
-ja-jwa
-Éïa-ua
10. JIARh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
máII PTKS
TKS
-a
-wa
-á
-wá
-aÉï
-waÉï
PTKragPTKrarKÖragKÖrarTruar
PTKraPTKrajKÖraKÖrajCroj
III T SL -ja -já -ia TjiagTjar
TjATjAj11. DANGRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
tángI PTKSL
K
-»ang-w»ang
-ang-wang
-a≥-wa≥
TKangPKÖang
PTKangKÖang
yángIII PTKSL
K
-jang
-jwang
-jang
-jwang
-Éïa≥
-ua≥
TKjang
PKÖjang
-jang T(r)jangPKjangKÖjang
duóI PTKSL
K
-»ak
-w»ak
-ak
-wak
-ak
-wak
PTKakCakÖKÖak
PTKakCawkKÖak
y\aoIII PTKSL
K
-jak
-jwak
-jak
-jwak
-Éïak
-uak
TKjak
CjakÖ
PKÖjak
-jak
-(r)jakÖ
T(r)jakPKjakC(r)jawkC(r)jewkKÖjak
418
12. GENGRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
gëngII PTKS
K
-�ng
-w�ng
-�ng
-w�ng
-úÉïj≥
-wúÉïj≥
PTKrúngPTKringKÖrúngKÖring
PTKrÉïngPTKrengKÖrÉïngKÖreng
gëngII PTKS
K
-ëng
-wëng
-áng
-wáng
-aÉïj≥
-waÉïj≥
PTKrang
KÖrang
PTKrangTSrjengKÖrang
III-3 P K
K
-jëng
-jwëng
-jáng
-jwáng
-iaj≥
-wiaj≥
KjiangPKjingPKÖjiangKÖjing
-rjang-rjing
PKrjangPKrjengKÖrjangKÖrjeng
qïngIII SL
S
-j�ang-jw�ang
-jeng-jweng
-iaj≥ Tjing T(r)jeng
III-4 P K
K
-j�ang-jw�ang
-jieng-jwieng
-jiaj≥-jwiaj≥
PKjingKÖjing -jing PKjengKÖjeng
qïngIV PTKSL
K
-ieng-iweng
-eng-weng
-�j≥-w�j≥
PTKingKÖing
PTKengKÖeng
m\aiII PTKS
KS
-�k
-w�k
-�k
-w�k
-úÉïjk
-wúÉïjk
PTKrúkPTKrikKÖrúkKÖrik
PTKrÉïkPTKrekKÖrÉïkKÖrek
mòII PTKS
K
-ëk
-wëk
-ák
-wák
-aÉïjk
-waÉïjk
PTKrak
KÖrak
PTKrakTSrjekKÖrak
III-3 P K
K
-jëk
-jwëk
-ják
-jwák
-iajk
-wiajk
Kjiak[PKjik]PKÖjiak[KÖjik]
-rjak-rjik
PKrjakPKrjekKÖrjak[KÖrjek]
xí III S
S
-j�ak
-jw�ak
-jek
-jwek
-iajk TjikTjiak
T(r)jekTjAkIII-4 P K
K
-j�ak-jw�ak
-jiek-jwiek
-jiajk-jwiajk
PKjikKÖjik
-jik PKjekKÖjek
xí IV PTKSL
K
-iek-iwek
-ek-wek
-�jk-w�jk
PTKikKÖikCiúkÖCiakÖ
PTKekKÖekCiwkCewk
419
13. ZENGRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
dëngI PTKSL
K
-úng-wúng
-ong-wong
-ú≥-wú≥
PTKúngKÖúng
PTKÉïngKÖÉïng
zhëngIII PTKSL
--
-júng -ing
-wing
-i≥ TKjúng
PKÖjiúng
-(r)jiúng TK(r)jÉïngPrjÉïngKÖrjÉïng
déI PTKSL
K
-úk-wúk
-ok-wok
-úk-wúk
PTKúkKÖúk
PTKÉïkKÖÉïk
zhíIII PTKSL
K
-júk
-jwúk
-ik
-wik
-ik-jik
TKjúkPjiúkÖ (?)PKÖjiúk
-(r)jiúk TK(r)jÉïkPrjÉïkKÖrÉïk
14. LIURh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
hóuI PTKSL -�úu -uw -úw PúgPúgÖ
Cug
P(r)oPuTKKÖ(r)o
yóuIII T SL -j�úu -juw -uw TjúgÖ T(r)jiw
T(r)juTSrjoIII-3 P K -j�úu -juw -uw PKÖjúg
PKjúgÖKÖjúgÖ
-júg-júgÖ
PKÖjÉïPK(r)juKÖju
yöuIII T SL ?? -iw
III-4 P K -ji�úu -jiw -jiw PKjiúgÖ -rjúgÖ PKKÖ(r)jiw
420
15. XIANRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
tánI PTKSL -»am -am -am Cam Cam
tánI PTKSL -»éam -om -úm
TKúmComCÉïmCum
xiánII PTKS -am -ám -aÉïm Cram Cram
xiánII PTKS -«am -�m -úÉïm Criam
Crúm
CremCromCrimCrÉïmCrum
yánIII T SL -j�am -jem -iam Tjam
Tjiúm
T(r)jamT(r)jemT(r)jom??
III-3 P K -j�am -jem -iam PKjiam -rjam PKrjamPKrjem
III-4 K -ji�am -jiem -jiam Kjiam ? -jam PKjem
yánIII P K -jëm -jám -Éïam Kjam Krjam KjamPKrjam ?
K(r)jom
fánIII P K -jwëm -jom -uam Pjam Prjam Pjam
P(r)jom
tiänIV PTKSL -iem -em -�m Ciam
CiúmCemCim
421
hé I PTKSL -»ap -ap -ap Cap Cap
héI PTKSL -»éap -op -úp
CúpCopCÉïpCup
xiáII PTKS -ap -áp -aÉïp Crap Crap
qi\aII PTKS -«ap -�p -úÉïp Criap
Crúp
CrepCropCripCrÉïpCrup
y\e III T SL -j�ap -jep -iap Tjap
Tjiúp
T(r)japT(r)jepT(r)jop??
III-3 P K -j�ap -jep -iap [Kjiap] -rjap PKrjapPKrjep
III-4 K -ji�ap -jiep -jiap [Kjiap] -jap PKjep
y\eIII P K -jëp -jáp -Éïap Kjap Krjap KjapPKrjap ?
K(r)jop fá III P K -jwëp -jop -uap Pjap Prjap Pjap
P(r)jop
tiëIV PTKSL -iep -ep -�p Ciap
CiúpCepCip
16. SHENRh. Div. Inits. Li Baxter Pulleybk Li Gong Baxter
qïnIII T SL -júm -im -im Tjúm T(r)jim
T(r)jÉïmT(r)jum
III-3 P K -júm -im -im KjúmPjiúm
÷rjúmPK(r)júm
PKrjimK(r)jÉïmK(r)jum
III-4 K -jiúm -jim -jim Kjiúm ÷júm PKjim
qï III T SL -júp -ip -ip Tjúp T(r)jipT(r)jÉïpT(r)jup
III-3 P K -júp -ip -ip KjúpPjiúp
÷rjúpPK(r)júp
PKrjipK(r)jÉïpK(r)jup
III-4 K -jiúp -jip -jip Kjiúp ÷júp PKjip
422
Appendix III: Data Sources
The following chart lists the data sources for the most commonly cited languages in this
study (excluding Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan). The leftmost column contains the
shorthand form used in the text to refer to the languages.
“Abbreviation” Language SourceCuona Cuona (Mama dialect) Sün et al. 1991Darang Darang Deng Sün et al. 1991DB-PL Proto-Loloish Bradley 1978Dulong dl Dulong (Dulonghe dialect) Sün et al. 1991Dulong nj Dulong (Nujiang dialect) Sün 1982, LaPolla 1987Dulong Dulong (Dulonghe and Nujiang)
[identical forms]Sün 1982 and Sün et al. 1992
Geman Geman Deng Sün et al. 1991ILH-PL Proto-Loloish Hansson 1989Motuo Cangluo (Motuo dialect) S _ün et al. 1991PK Proto-Karen Jones 1961PLB Proto-Lolo-Burmese Matisoff 1972, 1978PNN Proto-Northern Naga French 1983PP Proto-Karen (Pho) Jones 1961PPS Proto-Karen (Pho-Sgaw) Jones 1961PS Proto-Karen (Sgaw) Jones 1961PTP Proto-Karen (Taungthu-Pho) Jones 1961TGTM Proto-Tamangic Mazaudon 1994
The data sources for languages not listed here are indicated in the text.
