Shale Gas: What’s The Big Deal · PDF file3/21/2012 2 © 2012 halliburton. all rights reserved. 4 why shale gas? 5© 2012 halliburton. all rights reserved. why shale gas?

3/21/2012

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INTRODUCTION TO SHALE GAS

FORMATION EVALUATION

Naslin

Formation and Reservoir Solutions

3 © 2012 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Shale Gas: What’s The Big Deal ?

http://www.halliburton.com/


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Why Shale Gas?


Why Shale Gas?



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Why Do Shales Work ?

Conventional Reservoir


Shale Gas Petroleum System



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The Barnett Shale: A Success Story

The first known production from the North Texas Barnett was the C.W. Slay No.1 in 1981.

The play’s depth and thickness can vary, but in general it is thicker and deeper in the

northeast part of the field, and then thins out and becomes shallower as you move to the

south and west.


Recent US Shale Gas



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Comparison of Major “Shale” Plays

Eagleford Woodford Haynesville Bakken Marcellus

Depth (ft) 5,000-13,000 6,000-14,000 10,000-13,500 4,000-11,000 4,000-8,000

Thickness (ft) 50-200 100-220 60-300 10-60 50 - 250

TOC (Total organic carbon)

2-9% 3-10% 2-5% 10-15% 3-10%

Ro (Maturity of the Shale)

1-1.14 .75-3.0 1-1.6 0.45-0.60 .8 - 3.0+

Hydrocarbon

Type

Oil - Gas Oil-Gas Gas Oil Gas

Guidelines: TOC 1-3 Typical

5+ Very Good

(> 2 to produce Hydrocarbons)

Guidelines: Ro <1.0 Immature (~Oil)

1.0 – 1.5 Typical (Oil and/or Gas)

>1.5 Mature (~Gas)


Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristics Organic shales

– High Kerogen (TOC) content

Both the source of the gas and

the reservoir rock

Both adsorbed and free gas

Are not composed primarily of

clay minerals

Presence of natural fractures

Must be fracture stimulated to

produce at economic rates

US Shale Gas Plays

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Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristics

Barnett Shale


US Shale Core Samples

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Shale Gas Types

Organic-rich Black Shale

– High TOC & high adsorbed gas

– Low matrix Sw

– High matrix Sg

– Gas stored as free & adsorbed

– Mature Source Rock


Shale Gas Types

Silt - Laminated Shale or Hybrid

– Gas stored in shale and silt

– Low to moderate TOC

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Shale Gas Types

Highly Fractured Shale – Low TOC & low adsorbed gas

– High matrix Sw

– Low matrix Sg

– Gas stored in fractures


Key Factor: Ability to Frac or potential to be naturally Fractures

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Halliburton’s Role in Shale Gas Plays


Halliburton’s Role in Shale Gas Plays

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Projected Production


How Big Are World Shale Gas Resources

The current estimates for world gas shales start with Rogner’s 1997 study*:

“Gas Shale Resource Endowment: 16,110 Tcf (456 Tcm)”

The International Energy Agency “World Energy Outlook (2009)” assumed that

about 40% of Rogner’s resource endowment would become recoverable:

“ Gas Shale Recoverable Resource: 6,350 Tcf (180 Tcm)”

(*) Rogner, H. H., 1997, ”An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources”,Annual Review of Energy and Environment.

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Indonesia Shale Gas Potential

© MESDM 25012011


Demand for conventional oil and gas is progressively increase.

Abundance of shale gas resources associated with conventional oil and

gas.

To meet the high demand of gas both domestically or for foreign

currency.

Available infrastructure for field development

Energy diversification is required, one of them is Shale Gas

Why Develop Shale Gas In Indonesia?

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Shale Gas Potential Area and Infrastructure

© MESDM 25012011


Indonesia vs US Shale Play

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Shale Gas Formation Evaluation: Technology & Methodology


FE Technology & Methodology: Triple Combo



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FE Technology & Methodology: Triple Combo

Log Characteristics Common to Organic Rich Shales

Elevated Gamma Ray measurements than surrounding shales due to increased organic material

Increased Resistivity measurements than surrounding shales due to the increased organic material and possibly thinly laminated sands or carbonates

Lower Bulk Density measurements than surrounding shales again due to the increasing organic material


FE Technology & Methodology: Passey Technique



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TOC

0 1 2 3 4

S2

(LOM = 7, Type II)

Units of LogR 1 Log cycle

equals

1 unit of ΔLogR

- - - - - - - -

ΔlogR≈0.7

1 0.5 0



DeltaLogR QC plot. Properly baselined Dt, Nlim, Rhob vs. Rt.

The solid green separation in tracks 3, 5, and 7 represents DeltaLogR, or organic richness.

Red dots represent Core TOC vs. TOC modeled results.



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FE Technology & Methodology:

GEM™ - Elemental Measurements

Measurement Principle:

Neutron-induced capture gamma ray spectrometry

Application:

- Quantitative estimate of formation mineralogical

composition

- Improved accuracy and assurance for evaluations in simple

mineralogy formations

- Improved volumetric petrophysical evaluations in complex

mineralogy formations




High Energy Neutrons

15 Ci AmBe Source

4.6 MeV

Inelastic g

Capture g

Inelastic Neutron Scattering

fast high neutron energies

11 MeV – 100 KeV

Thermal Neutron Absorption

slow low neutron energies

~0.025 eV

neutron energy

thermal level 0.025 eV

diffusion

neutron energy lowers

with time and scattering

Elastic Neutron Scattering

all neutron energies

0.025 eV - 11 MeV



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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Energy (MeV)

Re

lati

ve

CP

S/C

ha

nn

el

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Magnesium

Aluminum

Silicon

Sulfur

Chlorine



GEM™ - Lab Validations

Mg Al Si K Ca Ti Mn Fe



0.001

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

Dry

Weig

ht

%

Dry

Weig

ht

%

Dry

Weig

ht

%

GEM

Indiana

Limestone

ICP Core

GEM

Massillion

Sandstone

ICP Core

GEM

Kasota

Dolomite

ICP Core



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GEM™ - Shale Gas applications

Elementals

DRY Rock

Mineral Analysis

Quartz

Calcite

Pyrite

Illite

Mg Chlorite

Na Feldspar

XRD Data



GEM™ - Shale Gas applications



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Wavesonic

ISOLATOR

RECEIVER ARRAY

RECEIVER ELECTRONICS

TRANSMITTER ELECTRONICS

MONOPOLE TRANSMITTER

DIPOLE TRANSMITTER

FIELD JOINT

FIELD JOINT

SHOP JOINT

FIELD JOINT

MAIN INSTRUMENT

X & Y DIPOLES

TRANSMITTER CONTROLLER

RECEIVER 1

RECEIVER 8

Applications

Sonic Porosity

Geomechanical Analysis

– Production Enhancement Treatment Design

– Wellbore Stability

Anisotropy Analysis

– Maximum and Minimum Stress Orientation

– Fracture Orientation



Wavesonic – Monopole Source

Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

Pressure pulse strikes

the borehole wall which

propagate through the

formation as waves.

Compressional

Shear

Stoneley



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Wavesonic – Dipole Source

Two dipole transmitters are arranged orthogonally.

Transmitters fire alternately, creating flexural along two

axes.

X

Y Tool body

X

Y

in-line receivers

cross-line receivers



Wavesonic – Accoustic waves

Compresional wave

Shear wave

Energy transport

From: Dr. Dan Russell

http://www.gmi.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html

Stoneley wave

Surface wave



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Wavesonic – waveform products



Wavesonic – Mechanical Properties

Stress Strain

Stress Strain

Young Modulus

Poisson’s Ratio



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Wavesonic – Mechanical Properties

22

22 *25.0'

DTCDTS

DTCDTSsRatioPoisson

2

)'1(**13475*2'

DTS

sRatioPoissonRHOBsModulusYoung

SPE 115258

YM_BRIT = ((YMS_C-1)/(8-1))*100

PR_BRIT = ((PR_C-0.4)/(0.15-0.4))*100

BRIT=(YM_BRIT+PR_BRIT)/2

Pseudo Brittleness



Mechanical Properties for Stimulation Design

A

C

D

E

F

G

B

Zone Brittleness Thickness Closure Stress Frac Barrier Frac Width @ 100 B/M

% feet psi inches Fluid Type Proppant Size Proppant Type Frac?

A 15.3 400 6134 Yes None No

B 56 82 4650 No 0.038 Slick Water 30/50 Sand Yes

C 18 103 6261 Yes None No

D 59 91 5150 No 0.038 Slick Water 30/50 Sand Yes

E 18 85 6350 Yes None No

F 22 40 6040 Yes None No

G 45 350 5600 No 0.038 Slick Water 30/50 Sand Yes

Recommendations

Brittleness

Frac Barrier

Frac Width

Gas Effect

Poisson’s Ratio

Youngs Modulus

Mancos Shale



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Seismic Petrophysics: Reservoir Brittleness

Bri

ttle

ne

ss



Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing

The use of fluids (hydraulic pressure) to create a crack in the Reservoir Rock.

The continued injection of fluids into the created crack (“fracture”) to make it grow larger

The placement of small granular solids into the crack to insure the crack remains open after the hydraulic pressure

is no longer being applied



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Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing

Top View Well bore

Filtrate invaded zone

Created fracture length

Created fracture length Propped fracture length

Effective fracture length



Anisotropy – Natural Fractures Detection

Energy

Fast Shear

Azimuth

Fast Shear

% Anisotropy

Slow Shear

Fast

Shear

Azimuth

N S N



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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Protons align with B1 when RF field is

switched on, or pulsed

B0

RF Antenna

M0 ┴ B1

B1

S N

When placed in a magnetic field,

B0, the 1H protons align parallel

and anti-parallel with the field M0 B0

B0

Magnet Section

Standoff

Electronics

Section

Antenna

Section

Standoff




Medical NMR Oilfield NMR Fluid rich tissues are visible Only Hydrogen in pore space is seen

Bone is “Dark” Not seen by NMR Rock material is NOT Seen by NMR

NMR Logging measures

Quantity of 1H present in the fluid sample volume

Relaxation times present in the sample



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NMR measures fluid porosity, independent of mineralogy

NMR T1 & T2 logs provide valuable reservoir

information (Total NMR , Effective , BVI & Micro )

(Answers: “Which fluids will produce and which will not”)

Real Time Continuous Permeability Estimate

Application/Objective specific NMR acquisition & answer products

(Pre-job planning to tailor NMR acquisition & analysis to objectives

is recommended)

*gas – light oil (using NMR only)

*intermediate – heavy oil

*NMR +Rt saturation


North America Shale (Source Rock) – MRIL T1 & GRI Core Porosity



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ShaleXpert Software

- Calibration of TOC to actual Kerogen Volume - Mineralogy Calibration to X-Ray Diffraction

- Volumetric Free Gas/Oil & Bound Water - Calibrated Pseudo Brittleness to Brinell Hardness

- 3D Effective Stress & Mechanical Properties - Effective Perm Calibration to DFIT Analysis

- Pay Analysis & Report

High End Solution



ShaleXpert Example - Haynesville & Bossier Shale

GEM Mineralogy

GEM Volumetrics

TOC & Kerogen

Sw

Vert vs.Horiz

PR,YM, & Stress

Pseudo

Brittleness

2D vs 3D

Stress

Anisotropy

Haynesville

Bossier

DFIT & GRI Perm,

micro vs.nano darcy

Free & Sorbed

Cumm Gas



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Conclusion:

Define The Sweet spot in Shale Gas

Higher index of brittleness and

low plasticity = highest fracture

complexity & most surface area

Lowest effective closure stress

Highest effective porosity (most

free gas)

Least amount of clay layering per

unit volume (low VTI anisotropy)

Most amount of micro-fractures

per unit volume (high HTI

anisotropy)

Highest TOC-FT when Thermally

Mature

2010


Thank You!

[email protected]

Phone +62-21-7801100 ext 6367



mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Shale Gas: What’s The Big Deal · PDF file3/21/2012 2 © 2012 halliburton. all rights reserved. 4 why shale gas? 5© 2012 halliburton. all rights reserved. why shale gas?