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Presenter and Author of Study

• Gene Citrone, Jr.

Process Plants Corporation Vice President

Energy & Environmental Sector ProjectsCranberry Township, PA 16066

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© E. Citrone, Jr. 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved

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Which constituents of FFW/PW are particularly troublesome?

• Exploration and Production companies can treat Frac Flowback and produced waters to an industry standard that allows treated water to be returned and reused at the drill site?

Reduction of TDS, Metals (Aluminum, Magnesium, Strontium, Manganese, Barium, Iron, etc.) and Salts (Sulfates, Chlorides, Sodium, Potassium, etc)

© E. Citrone, Jr 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved

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Is a Contaminant still a contaminant if the dissolved constituents are reduced?

• “ Water treatment is a difficult process in the Marcellus Shale gas production. The brine resulting can be pumped into fresh water at a rate prescribed by the DEP. Unlike the Barnett Shale, evaporation in open tanks is not an option due to the high rainfall in Pennsylvania. Between 30 to 70% of fracing water typically returns to the surface along with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, naturally organic radioactive materials, and the TDS.”

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• Carnegie Mellon University in a 2010 report Marcellus Shale: Winners and Losers An Analysis of Current Issues,

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Our question is: Do we offer an Improved Chemical Reaction Kinetics for Treatment of Frac Flowback Discharge Water Using the Redox Reactor

• It is foremost a reactor, a process vessel with multi-stage internal design. The multi-stage internal design acts in part as multiple cavitating venturies. As water is forced at high pressure into and throughout the reactor certain redox reactions are preparing to take place.

• Dissolved species of minerals and gases in the water in these areas also cause an increase in the formation of vapor cavities. When these cavities collapse, localized areas of high temperature and pressure exist which enhance reduction and oxidation (redox) chemical reactions.

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© E. Citrone, Jr 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved

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Improved Chemical Reaction

• Process reduces, metal, minerals and salts.• System treats high levels of Chloride and TDS in Frac

water.• Reactor significantly neutralizes metallic salts and

sulfates.

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© E. Citrone, Jr 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved

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Result from 1st Feasibility

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The Trials

We have run field trials and have confidential agreements with producers in both Pennsylvania and West Virginia looking for various solutions.

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At withdraw, discharge time (Post Treatment) a dual stage filter operation to effectively remove the TSS. Using a Sand Filter to capture separated material and a specialty filter, activated carbon filter. This final step is needed and allows the treated water to be reclaimed and reused as fracturing water.

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TCLP testing - no bad leachate

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Does our Evaluation and Field Application work present a viable water recovery technology for the Natural Gas Industry?

• The Results

The changes in these properties from beginning to end of the process indicate that the product stream has been purified from tested contaminants and fracwater has been reduced from contaminants.

Further, the chemical makeup of the contaminants have been changed as indicated by the change in values of TDS, pH, conductivity, specific gravity, and chlorides

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A lab director said, “Your treatment is doing what you were expecting in the reduction of samples

especially samples with as complex of a matrix as yours...”

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Claims and Conclusions from development in field and laboratory

• Our propriety system treats high levels of Chloride and TDS in Frac Flowback Water

• Our process reaction significantly neutralizes metallic salts and sulfates.

• Dissolved species of minerals and gases in the water Oxidation rates of dissolved metals (Aluminum, Magnesium, Strontium, Manganese, Sodium, Potassium, Barium, Iron, etc.) and salts (Sulfates, Chlorides, etc.) are enhanced by the formation of the above free radicals

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© E. Citrone, Jr 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved

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Portable & On-site

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© E. Citrone, Jr. 2011 Patent Pending All rights reserved