Shakespeare chronology

A new chronology forShakespearersquos plays

Douglas Bruster and Genevieve Smith

University of Texas at Austin

AbstractIt is widely recognized that Shakespearersquos verse lines grew progressively longer as

his career unfolded Scholars have traditionally used this fact among others to

date the plays Drawing on the existing and original data relating to their verbal

arrangements this essay constructs a new chronology for 42 dramatic texts andparts of texts by Shakespeare This chronology is based on a constrained corres-

pondence analysis of the playsrsquo internal pauses qualified in relation to a principal

component analysis of other verbal features and the recorded closings of the

London playhouses owing to plague The result is a more specific ordering of

the Shakespeare canon than has previously been available

1 Introduction

It is a commonplace that Shakespearersquos lines became

longer throughout his career Nearly as familiar to

scholars is how this aspect of his verse particularly

his linesrsquo internal pauses as marked by punctuation

sheds light on his worksrsquo chronology Together with

external evidence (such as publication or records

attesting to performance or the availability of a

manuscript for printing) changes to Shakespearersquos

habits in versification have helped establish our

timeline of his works Major chronologies of the

plays and poems including those of EK

Chambers (1930) G Blakemore Evans (Evans

1974 rev 1996) and Gary Taylor (1987) have

drawn on what we know about the patterns of

Shakespearersquos prosody to order his works These

three chronologies agree on the general shape of

his literary output placing Julius Caesar and

Henry V at the midpoint of 38 plays so evaluated

They disagree however as to which year or years

various works were written as well as which came

before or after others in the canon

The present study offers a new chronology for

Shakespearersquos plays based on an analysis of the

most extensive data available concerning the

structure of Shakespearersquos verse lines the pause

counts collected by Ants Oras (1960) We revise

some of Orasrsquos numbers in light of new findings

concerning attribution narrowing Shakespearersquos

portion of particular plays (Titus Andronicus 1

Henry VI Timon of Athens) and adding to our

data set parts of four other texts (Arden of

Faversham Edward III Sir Thomas More and the

Additional Passages to the 1602 Spanish Tragedy)

This enhanced data set is then subjected to a con-

strained correspondence analysis (CCA) with vari-

ous methodological modifications The latter

includes setting a range for Shakespearersquos literary

output and fixing selected lsquoanchorrsquo texts for the de-

termination of dates for the remaining plays These

dates are then compared with the predictions from a

principal component analysis (PCA) of new data

concerning various linguistic features in

Shakespearersquos verse (Tarlinskaja 2014) We

employ a bootstrapping procedure to establish a

likely range for the composition of each work

Finally in light of a theory advanced by J Leeds

Barroll (1991) we construct our timeline of

Shakespearersquos plays by coordinating the CCArsquos

date predictions with periods when the playhouses

of Shakespearersquos time were open for business

Correspondence

Douglas Bruster

Department of English

208 W 21st St Stop B5000

Austin TX 78712-1040

USA

E-mail

brusteraustinutexasedu

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities The Author 2014 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of EADHAll rights reserved For Permissions please email journalspermissionsoupcom

1 of 20

doi101093llcfqu068

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities Advance Access published December 8 2014

2 Chronology Background

Orasrsquos aim was to demonstrate historical and au-

thorial patterns in iambic pentameter by tabulating

where punctuated pauses fall within its first nine

syllables (punctuation after the 10th syllable is not

counted) Pauses can be counted in three different

ways in Orasrsquos tabulation he labels these A B and C

pauses A pauses are those signaled by punctuation

of any kind within a pentameter line (Oras counts

short lines but not their terminal punctuation) B

pauses a subgroup of the A pause are so-called

lsquostrongrsquo pauses within the line those signaled by

any punctuation mark other than a comma includ-

ing periods question marks colons semi-colons

and dashes C pauses are composed of punctuation

marks dividing lsquosplit-rsquo or lsquosharedrsquo lines Oras

counted A B and C pauses for 38 Shakespeare

plays adding the A and B pauses as well for Venus

and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece and the SonnetsOras presented his counts both in tables and in

line graphs that display the percentages of pauses in

the first nine syllabic positions of Shakespearersquos pen-

tameter line Because Shakespearersquos verse is iambic

typically with an unstressed syllable followed by a

stressed one pauses tend to come after the even

syllables making these graphs a virtual study in

peaks and valleys The changes across plays that

they reveal have a clear significance for the study

of chronology For example the changing pause

patternsmdashthe averages for each of the nine pause

positionsmdashin groups of plays traditionally identi-

fied with successive phases of Shakespearersquos career

are strikingly different (Fig 1) In works identified

with the beginning of his activities as playwright in

the early and mid-1590s pauses cluster heavily after

the fourth syllable (Fig 1 left panel) As his career

progresses however the distribution balances

between the fourth and the sixth positions (Fig 1

center panel) Toward the end of his time as a

dramatist the most significant proportion of

pauses shifts toward to the sixth position with a

greater number in the second half of the line than

the first (Fig 1 right panel)

The relevance of such data for chronologies of

Shakespearersquos work has long been recognized

(Bathurst 1857) Because it is so comprehensive

Orasrsquos research was used for what we will call the

Fig 1 Pauses in Shakespearersquos plays from three periods early middle and late Average percentage of pauses at each

position is indicated by the black line gray shading indicates 95 confidence intervals Left panel Titus Shrew 1 Henry

VI 2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI Richard III and Two Gentlemen Center panel Much Ado As You Like It Julius Caesar

Hamlet Henry V and Twelfth Night Right panel Coriolanus Tempest Winterrsquos Tale Cymbeline Henry VIII and Two

Noble Kinsmen

D Bruster and G Smith

2 of 20 Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 2014

lsquoOxford chronologyrsquo (Taylor in Wells and Taylor

1987 pp 69ndash144) which reproduces Orasrsquos A B

and C pauses in separate columns opposite an

ordered list of plays In its discussion of various

plays the Oxford chronology refers to Orasrsquos data

for confirmation of an estimated date or range Yet

there is some divergence between the order implied

by Orasrsquos counts and the order of the Oxford chron-

ology That is 9 of the 38 plays ordered in the

Oxford chronology share an exact position with

the sequence that Orasrsquos A pauses suggest Shrew

3 Henry VI Richard III King John Julius Caesar

Timon Lear Macbeth and Kinsmen Fifteen fall

within two slots of each other in the Oras A order

and Oxford chronology 1 Henry VI Errors Loversquos

Laborrsquos Lost Richard II Romeo Dream Merry

Wives 2 Henry IV Much Ado As You Like It

Measure Othello Pericles Winterrsquos Tale and

Cymbeline

Yet almost as many plays 14 are separated by

three or more places in the two lists Two Gentlemen

of Verona 2 Henry VI Titus AndronicusMerchant 1

Henry IV Henry V Hamlet Twelfth Night Troilus

Allrsquos Well Antony Coriolanus Tempest and Henry

VIII Of course no test of any single linguistic fea-

turemdashwhether run on lines feminine endings or

colloquialism in versemdashshould be expected to

produce comprehensively satisfying results This is

particularly the case because so many factors extrin-

sic and intrinsic alike can affect the makeup of a

literary text At the same time however it seems

significant that the Oxford chronology and the

Oras data disagree to this extent Some of the

plays are quite divergent in their places Orasrsquos

counts for lsquofirst halfrsquo pauses for instance would

have us put Troilus seven places earlier than

Oxford locates it and Merchant seven places later

Titus and Antony are by this measure six places

later in Oras and both Two Gentlemen and

Coriolanus four places later than in the Oxford

chronology Added to this puzzle is the extremely

unlikely positioning in the Oras data of 2 Henry IV

before 1 Henry IV and of The Tempest before

Periclesmdashchronological placements with which few

if any scholars would be likely to agree

The Oxford chronologyrsquos use of the Oras data

formed the basis of the most sustained examination

to date of the relation between syntax and temporal

ordering in Shakespeare MacDonald P Jacksonrsquos

lsquoPause Patterns in Shakespearersquos Verse Canon and

Chronologyrsquo (Jackson 2002) There Jackson de-

scribes Orasrsquos methodology and findings before sub-

mitting his A-pause counts to statistical analysis

Jackson compared A pauses among all plays produ-

cing 1640 Pearson product moment correlation co-

efficients to indicate how close each text is in terms

of its pause patterning to all the others Listing each

play separately Jackson provides its five closest cor-

relations in descending order and notes that the

results tend to confirm the accuracy of the Oxford

chronology and support our traditional understand-

ing of Shakespearersquos development

Because his methodology emphasizes relation

and proximity among plays Jackson does not seek

to establish new dates for them Yet he acknow-

ledges that his analysis produced correlations that

diverge significantly from what the Oxford chron-

ology would predict Six plays come in for particular

mention The Merchant of Venice (which his results

would place later than Oxford) Merry Wives (later

than Oxford) 2 Henry IV (varied but on the whole

earlier than Oxford) Troilus (earlier than Oxford)

Othello (earlier than Oxford) and Allrsquos Well (later

than Oxford) These differences seem important

not least because such divergence also characterizes

Orasrsquos relation to the 1930 chronology of Chambers

the most authoritative chronology of the time That

is Oras employed Chambersrsquos chronology but did

not revise it even though his own graphs and num-

bers challenged its order in numerous instances The

reluctance is understandable for chronologies by

definition have many working parts Like received

narratives generally chronologies can be lsquostickyrsquo

phenomena something fixed through custom and

hard to dislodge (Kuhn 1962)

3 Correspondence Analysis andPCA

To address the differing number of pauses in vari-

ous texts Oras quite understandably made them

equal by converting pauses to percentages But the

plays (and parts of plays) vary greatly in the amount

A new chronology for Shakespearersquos plays

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 2014 3 of 20

of data they offer Thus treating the shortest

Shakespeare text in our sample (in this case his

contributions to the lightly punctuated Sir Thomas

More with a scant 32 pauses) as statistically equiva-

lent to his most pause-heavy text (Cymbeline with

2735 pauses) emphasizes the former at the expense

of the latter Making their pause data equal 1 that

is imposes a statistical constraint on them both and

implies equal confidence in how representative their

information is Thus the element of the Oxford

chronology that looks to Oras for confirmation as

well as other studies based on percentages (Gray

1931 Wentersdorf 1951 Jackson 1995) rely on

artificially constrained evidence How then to ac-

knowledge the differential weight of the Oras-type

data

A valuable method for comparing compositional

datamdashamong other types of multivariate datamdashis

correspondence analysis (or CA) (Hirschfeld 1935

Benzecri 1973 Hill 1974 Greenacre 2007) At its

most basic CA is a statistical methodology that

takes categorical information and looks for associ-

ations and strength of associations in the relations

of rows to columns in a contingency table (also

known as a cross tabulation table which contains

frequencies of occurrence) Correspondence analysis

first attempts to identify and then rank the most

statistically significant variation in that data Thus

the first CA axis will account for the largest amount

of variation in the original data the second axis will

account for the next largest portion and so on By

identifying the most crucial of these variables re-

searchers can visualize and interpret the bulk of the

variability in any original data

Germane to our purposes here is the extensive

and sophisticated use of CA in seriation studies

(Greenacre 2007 van de Velden et al 2009

Peeples and Schachner 2012) Seriation or simply

lsquoputting things in orderrsquo is usually an exercise in

relative dating employed when an absolute dating

method may be unavailable In the field of arche-

ology for example researchers are often confronted

with artifacts that only occasionally have informa-

tion regarding production or use attached to them

When carbon dating or information relating to say

tree rings or chemical composition is unavailable

archaeologists have refined the statistical bases of

CA to help them order and thus date (however

approximately) things of uncertain origin By com-

paring the known composition of pottery remains

for instance archeologists may place certain assem-

blages closer together in time based on how similar

they are to one another

Shakespearersquos plays may not strike one as arti-

facts of course but the procedures of CA as refined

for seriation nevertheless provide a statistically

rigorous methodology for examining their material

components On the basis of such an examination

in fact we can offer a provisional chronology that

responds to the differential distribution of fea-

turesmdashin this case pauses as recorded in the verse

of early textsmdashthroughout the canon and various

plays with sections attributed to Shakespeare This

chronology should be understood as a provisional

timeline of when the iambic pentameter in the play

texts under examination was mainly composed By

emphasizing this last phrase we mean to call imme-

diate attention to two things First Orasrsquos prose data

come from the pentameter verse in plays that are

sometimes made up heavily of prose (This is par-

ticularly the case in the late 1590s) Pause pattern

analysis is therefore limited by the amount of verse

in each play Second there is a strong likelihood

that a number of Shakespearersquos plays were written

at one time (even over various times) and revised at

another or others A play title thus need not con-

note an event but may sometimes have been mul-

tiple events or even a process The fixity of any

ordering then needs to be qualified in the context

of diachronic composition

Like Taylor and Jackson we focus on Orasrsquo A

pauses though after deliberation have subtracted

values for shared lines (his C pauses) Our rationale

for this comes from the uneven distribution of

shared lines across the canon and our sense that

this different kind of writingmdashwith a line-ending

full stop built into its very structuremdashneeds to be

measured separately (Reinhold 1942) We have also

performed original tabulations of A (minus C)

pauses for various texts and parts of texts not

included or not disaggregated in Oras These in-

clude parts of the collaborative plays Titus

Andronicus 1 Henry VI Edward III Timon of

Athens Arden of Faversham (scene 8) Sir Thomas



More (the Hand D passages) and the Additional

Passages to the 1602 Spanish Tragedy These

counts appear in Appendix 1 below with informa-

tion regarding the source texts and passages ana-

lyzed in Appendix 2We first performed two statistical procedures on

our resulting data set These are respectively a PCA

and a CA We would note that these procedures

draw on distinct data for the PCA we used propor-

tional values of pause abundance (so for each play

the total proportion of the nine types sums to 1) for

reasons already mentioned (and discussed further

below) we used raw counts for the CA We per-

formed these and all subsequent analyses in R

(R Core Team 2014) using the ca package

(Nenadic and Greenacre 2007) (Note that all of

the code used to produce the analyses and graphs

in this manuscript is available from httpsgithub

comgenevievekathleensmithshakespeare-chronord

ination)

The first Principal Component (PC 1) captured

623 of the total variation in pause composition

among plays mostly capturing variation in the 4th

6th 7th and 8th position pauses (Fig 2a looking at

how far each arrow travels left-rightmdashthat is along

PC 1mdashthose arrows reach the farthest) For its part

PC 2 accounted for another 181 of the total vari-

ation mainly reflecting variation in the 4th 7th

2nd and 8th positions again one may notice far

up or down each arrow goes to gauge its contribu-

tion (Fig 2a) The patterns are broadly similar in

the CA The first CA axis comprised 774 of the

total variation in pause counts among plays and CA

2 accounted for a further 89 Yet now most of the

arrows are more closely aligned with the horizontal

plane (Fig 2b) This means that changes in pauses

among plays are more well represented by a single

axis in the CA rather than in the PCA We can

additionally map the PCA and CA results onto the

same dimensions to compare how they are distrib-

uted relative to one another (Fig 2c and d) The

circles in Figures 2c and d have been scaled to reflect

the relative weights of the data in each analysis In

PCA each play contributes equally to determine the

major axes of variation while in CA plays with low

total pause counts (those that appear as slightly

smaller circles) contribute less to the analysis than

those with more pauses (which appear as larger cir-

cles) This is one advantage of CA as opposed to

PCA it allows one to recognize differences in the

amount of data contributed One can interpret the

positions of the play points by looking back at the

axes of variation in Figures 2a and b Texts are pos-

itioned in relation to where pauses occur in their

pentameter lines and in what proportion For ex-

ample plays like Romeo and Juliet and Richard III

have relatively more pauses early on in lines (ie 1st

through 5th position) while plays like Macbeth and

Tempest have more late-position pauses (6th

through 9th)

4 Bootstrap Methodology

On their own our pause counts cannot give us any

estimate of how certain (or uncertain) we are of the

relative ordering obtained by our CA To under-

stand how small differences in our observed data

may influence the outcome of our analysis we

employ a lsquobootstraprsquo method This is commonly

used across a variety of disciplines including in

archeological studies (Ringrose 1992) The boot-

strapping procedure is a method of resampling In

our case that means taking random samples of

pauses from each play and rerunning our CA

using the new values (Lockyear 2012 Peeples and

Schachner 2012) Because we sample with replace-

ment (meaning some pauses from the original data

will be sampled more than once and others not at

all) the new counts of each pause type will vary

slightly from the original counts We repeat this

resampling 1000 times repeating the CA with

each new set of counts This affords us some meas-

ure of uncertainty for our CA scores and allows us

to estimate 95 confidence intervals for the results

in two dimensions (Fig 3) The resulting confidence

intervals produce a polygon for each play and trace

a gradual arc up and to the right We have called out

five canonical textsndashRichard III Romeo and Juliet

Hamlet Macbeth and The Tempestmdashto show how

these data reveal the chronological progression of

Shakespearersquos works

This lsquoarcrsquo of Shakespearersquos verse pauses also pro-

vides a basic template for understanding the



syntactical development of his contemporariesrsquo

iambic pentameter Plotting the pause profiles of

six contemporary playwrights over and against

those of Shakespearersquos works (reproduced from

Fig 3 shaded light gray) to compare their pause

content we can see their plays tracing the general

movement plotted by his verse from Kyd and

Marlowe through Fletcher Jonsonrsquos less iambic

practice (Fig 4 bottom row center) identifies him

as an exception We should note that Marstonrsquos

polygons fall almost entirely within Shakespearersquos

a result that is not surprising given the fact that

Fig 2 Results of PCA and CA as applied to pause variation in Shakespearersquos plays (a) The contribution of each pause

type to PC Axis 1 and PC Axis 2 (b) The contribution of each pause type to CA Axis 1 and CA Axis 2 Arrow direction

indicates whether each pause typersquos contribution is positive or negative and arrow length indicates strength of each

pause typersquos contribution to that axis (c) The projection of each play on PC Axis 1 and 2 (d) The projection of each

play on CA Axis 1 and 2 The size of each point represents the weighting assigned to each text in the analysis The same

five titles have been highlighted in each plot See Table 1 for the full list of titles included in these analyses



Marston began and ended his career as a playwright

while Shakespeare was still working and appears to

have fashioned his plays (including the Antonio

plays and The Malcontent) strongly in response to

the senior playwrightrsquos (Cathcart 1997)

5 CCA and ShakespearersquosChronology

Correspondence analysis we should point out pro-

vides relative ordering object X most likely comes

before or follows object Y at Z distance Not being

content with a relative chronological order we were

interested in using external evidence to suggest

more specific determinations for the plays An ex-

tension of CA called lsquoconstrained correspondence

analysisrsquo (CCA) allows us to do just that

(Groenen and Poblome 2003 van de Velden

et al 2009) By incorporating such information as

interval constraints for Shakespearersquos career as well

as hypothesized dates for some plays and upper and

lower limits for others we can constrain the

calculation of the CA scores (van de Velden et al

2009) As we saw earlier CA produces only a single

score for each play The same is true of CCA We

opted therefore to employ a bootstrapping proced-

ure again which allowed us not only to estimate

exact dates for each play but also to generate con-

fidence intervals around those estimates (Peeples

and Schachner 2012) In this manner we were able

to produce a revised chronology of Shakespearersquos

plays using only interval constraints a few dates

and the pause-position data itself For this proced-

ure we modified MATLAB code (MATLAB 2011)

from van de Velden (2008) and wrote additional

procedures to implement the bootstrapping (again

available from httpsgithubcomgenevievekathlee

nsmithshakespeare-chronordination)

To constrain our correspondence estimates we

assigned numerical values to three plays for which

plausible dates could be advanced 3 Henry VI last

quarter of 1591 (frac14 159175) Henry V middle of

1599 (frac14 15995) Pericles first quarter of 1607

(frac14 160725) and fixed Tempest as after 1611

(gt16110) Scholars could argue over these designa-

tions of course and other plays and dates could

have been employed these seemed among the

more reasonable of our options In addition we

set upper and lower bounds on the extent of

Shakespearersquos writing career demarcating it from

15895 to 16140 While these boundaries are also

open to debate it seemed to us that they are defens-

ible so long as they are understood to be judgments

rather than facts

In CCA the relative positioning of an object (in

this case a text) is made concrete through the add-

ition of specific information regarding other objects

in the timeline (Fig 5) Thus Macbeth is assigned a

date of 16062 or March of 1606 as a manifestation

of its statistical distance from all the other plays

using 3 Henry VI Henry V and Pericles to orient

the chronology in time As mentioned we con-

strained the composition of The Tempest placing

it no earlier than 1611 Obviously the accuracy of

such a lsquoforcingrsquo method depends in part on the

soundness of these anchors (van de Velden et al

2009) yet the procedure has the advantage of pro-

viding a specific date rather than relative position

for each play

Fig 3 Bootstrapped Correspondence Analysis of

Shakespearersquos plays Each polygon indicates the 95 con-

fidence bounds calculated from 1000 randomized boot-

straps Note that we have reversed the sign of the CA Axis

1 scores for the purpose of maintaining a left-to-right

chronological sequence Since the sign of the values is

arbitrary this does not affect our timeline predictions

The same five titles have been highlighted as in Figure 2



Fig 4 Bootstrapped Correspondence Analysis for Shakespeare and six contemporaries Each polygon indicates the 95 confidence bounds calculated from

1000 randomized bootstraps In each panel Shakespearersquos plays are indicated in light gray while the corresponding author is illustrated in dark gray See

Appendix 1 for titles and data

DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014

By bootstrapping this CCA we were able to es-

timate confidence intervals for each playrsquos predicted

date of composition using the 0025th and 0975th

quantile of the bootstraps (Fig 6) For some plays

our prediction falls earlier than the Oxford date (eg

Troilus and Cressida As You Like It) in other cases it

is later (eg Coriolanus The Winterrsquos Tale)

6 Adjusted CCA Chronology

To use our CCA results to produce a hypothesized

timeline we further wanted to consider historical

data available on the disposition of the Elizabethan

playhouses (Chambers 1930 Harrison 1941 1955

Barroll 1991) J Leeds Barroll has posited that

Shakespeare would have reduced his dramatic writ-

ing or ceased writing new plays altogether when the

playhouses were closed largely owing to the plague

(Barroll 1991) Such occasioned the years 1592ndash94

when it is commonly thought Shakespeare penned

Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece while the

public amphitheaters were closed for business

Because a noticeable spread in the data appears

after 3 Henry VI (as well as prior to The Merry

Wives) we have elected to adjust our estimates for

the dates of composition on the assumption that

Shakespeare turned his energies to his two narrative

poems during the closure of the playhouses (Fig 6)

During the drafting of this essay we gained

access to new data the metrical and linguistic

tables of Marina Tarlinskajarsquos recent monograph

(Tarlinskaja 2014) There Tarlinskaja provides a

massive tabulation of original prosodic data for nu-

merous playwrights including Shakespeare The

Shakespeare data however do not include various

prose-heavy plays (such as Merry Wives Much Ado

As You Like It and Twelfth Night) or two collab-

orative works (Sir Thomas More Timon) Further

Tarlinskaja offers only partial data for Edward III so

we chose to omit it leaving a total of 34 texts with

over 1500 pieces of data regarding 45 stylistic and

structural categories These categories include data

on strong and weak syllabic positions respectively

word boundaries (total and after positions) strong

syntactic breaks run on lines proclitic and enclitic

Fig 5 Illustration of CCA approach redrawn (with modifications) from van de Velden et al 2009 Macbeth is dated

using three lsquoanchorrsquo plays (indicated along the diagonal) as constraints We also have illustrated the lower limit placed

on the possible dates for Tempest The relationship between CCA score and time is used to predict dates for the

remaining plays



Fig 6 Predicted dates of composition resulting from CCA of pause counts in Shakespearersquos plays Filled circles rep-

resent the average predicted date over 1000 bootstraps horizontal black bars indicate 95 confidence intervals

Vertical gray shading indicates periods when Londonrsquos playhouses are thought to have been closed Shifts made to

our predictions in light of these closings are indicated with open circles



stresses syllabic -ed and -eth disyllabic -ion gram-

matical inversion meter-sense syntactical run ons

feminine endings (total) feminine endings built by

simple and compound constructions respectively

and alliterative lines Because Tarlinskajarsquos data are

rendered largely in percentages we could not apply

a CA or CCA Thus with Tarlinskajarsquos permission

we ran a PCA on these new data and used PC 1

to estimate approximate dates of composition

(Table 1)

We wish to emphasize that the results are purely

our own rather than Tarlinskajarsquos who should not

be assumed to endorse any of the datings we adduce

from analyzing her data Further our analysis of her

data assumes the same intervals for Shakespearersquos

career (15895 to 16140) as in the CCA These esti-

mated dates are provided in Table 1 below in add-

ition to dates from the Oxford chronology the

Riverside chronology Brainerdrsquos multivariate

chronology (Brainerd 1980) the dates predicted

by our CCA (averaged across 1000 bootstraps)

and our final predictions which adjust the CCA

dates in relation to playhouse closures and exigen-

cies of composition By the latter we refer to ad-

justments that assume a working distance among

Shakespearersquos textsmdasheven though it is quite possible

he may have composed various works simultan-

eously The asterisks in the final two columns flag

the anchor dates we provided (for 3 Henry VI Julius

Caesar and Pericles respectively) to distinguish

these from predictions generated from analysis

7 Dates and Discussion

The following discussion of our results begins with

title hypothesized date and bootstrap range In

addition to the chronologies and tests outlined in

Table 1 our discussion alludes to Langworthyrsquos

tabulations of verse-sentence data (Langworthy

1931) Reinholdrsquos research on shared lines

(Reinhold 1942) Wallerrsquos dothdoes and hathhas

ratios (Waller 1966) Slaterrsquos tables regarding link

words between Shakespearersquos plays (Slater 1988)

and Ilsemannrsquos data regarding speech word-length

(Ilsemann 2008) We have also consulted

McManaway 1950 Uhlig 1968 and Schabert 2000

Titus Andronicusndash15907 (15897ndash15917) As with

other works our adjusted CCA treats only the

portion currently ascribed to Shakespeare (see

Appendix 2 for breakdowns) Early dating concurs

with the PCA of Tarlinskajarsquos data as well as with

Slaterrsquos order and initiates a group that concludes

with Edward IIIArden of Faversham (Sc 8)mdash15909

(15895ndash15939) Paucity of data makes dating dif-

ficult PCA of Tarlinskaja places this before Titus

as Shakespearersquos first surviving writing

The Taming of the Shrewndash1591 (1590ndash15922) Our

adjusted CCA concurs with Oxford and Brainerd

We believe this play was written before the closing

of the theaters and preceded A Shrew Wallerrsquos

dothdoes and hathhas ratios place Shrew alone

among the early plays in the second half of the

canon

1 Henry VIndash15912 (15895ndash15933) Issues of col-

laboration complicate dating Our CCA treats 24

42ndash45 CCA of the complete text places it only

marginally later at 15919

3 Henry VIndash159175 (159175) Our adjusted

CCArsquos first anchor fixed at a position supported

by Oxford Riverside Brainerd the Tarlinskaja

PCA and Ilsemann

Edward IIIndash1592 (15905ndash15932) Our adjusted

CCA treats 12 21 22 45ndash49 (Elliott and

Valenza 2010) Probably written before the clos-

ing of the theaters but Slaterrsquos rare-word linkage

with Lucrece could suggest the hiatus or immedi-

ately after the reopening CCA places 12 21 22

and 44 at 159182 Henry VIndash15938 (15918ndash15938) Stylistically 2

Henry VI postdates 3 Henry VI most likely owing

to revision at a much later date (We see such

signs most obviously in 211-41147 and 511-

end though there are indications of revision

throughout) Its position here likely averages writ-

ing from earlier and later in Shakespearersquos career

Placement after 3 Henry VI is replicated in

Brainerd the Tarlinskaja PCA Langworthy

Reinhold and Ilsemann First in a group running

through Richard II

The Two Gentlemen of Veronandash15942 (15917ndash

15943) Our adjusted CCA (adjusted to recognize

the availability of the theaters) is close to



Table 1 Dates from received (Taylor 1987 Evans 1996 Brainerd 1980) and original chronologies (PCA of Tarlinskaja

data BrusterndashSmith bootstrap mean and BrusterndashSmith final) compared Key to abbreviations following

Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601

STM 1603ndash4 1594ndash5 na na 160256 16028

AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119

Notes 1H4 1 Henry IV 1H6 1 Henry VI 2H4 2 Henry IV 2H6 2 Henry VI 3H6 3 Henry VI ADO Much Ado About Nothing ANT

Antony and Cleopatra ARD Arden of Faversham AWW Allrsquos Well That Ends Well AYL As You Like It COR Coriolanus CYM

Cymbeline E3 Edward III HAM Hamlet H5 Henry V H8 Henry VIII JC Julius Caesar JN King John LLL Loversquos Laborrsquos Lost LR

King Lear MAC Macbeth MM Measure for Measure MND Midsummer Nightrsquos Dream MV Merchant of Venice OTH Othello PER

Pericles R2 Richard II R3 Richard III ROM Romeo and Juliet SHR Taming of the Shrew SPT Spanish Tragedy (Additional Passages)

STM Sir Thomas More (Hand D) TA Titus Andronicus TGV Two Gentlemen of Verona TIM Timon of Athens TMP Tempest TN

Twelfth Night TNK Two Noble Kinsmen TRO Troilus and Cressida WIV Merry Wives of Windsor WT Winterrsquos Tale



Riverside Slaterrsquos rare-word list ranks it 7th of the

plays Reinholdrsquos data 9thndashjust prior to Loversquos

Laborrsquos Lostmdashand Ilsemannrsquos just after Loversquos

Laborrsquos Lost Langworthy supports Oxford in

seeing it as a very early play

The Comedy of Errorsndash15944 (15921ndash15947) Our

adjusted CCA matches well with Oxford

Riverside and Brainerd and anticipates the re-

corded performance at Grayrsquos Inn 28 December

1594 Cross-genre rare-word links (Slater) suggest

proximity to Richard III as does Ilsemannrsquos data

The Additional Passages to The Spanish Tragedy

(1602)ndash15945 (15895ndash1598) Paucity of data

here reflected in the bootstrap range lessens our

confidence in this dating PCA of the Tarlinskaja

data puts them much later as would Ilsemannrsquos

data (after Henry V)

Romeo and Julietndash15946 (15927ndash15948) This first

of the lyric plays perhaps finishes earlier owing to

its formal amatory verse (our unadjusted CCA

places it in mid-1593) Our adjusted CCA squares

with the PCA of Tarlinskajarsquos data

Loversquos Laborrsquos Lostndash15948 (15926ndash1595) Our ad-

justed CCA squares with Oxford Riverside and

the PCA of Tarlinskajarsquos data

Richard IIIndash1595 (15932ndash15951) Our adjusted

CCA agrees with the PCA of Tarlinskajarsquos data

and with Brainerd in positing a later date for

this text than Oxford or RiversideA Midsummer Nightrsquos Dreamndash15953 (1593ndash

15956) Our adjusted CCA agrees with Oxford

Riverside Brainerd and the PCA of Tarlinskajarsquos

data

Richard IIndash15955 (15937ndash15958) Dated 1595 in

four of the chronologies with the PCA of

Tarlinskajarsquos data only a year later

King Johnndash15961 (15943ndash15966) Crucial since

Honigmannrsquos argument for an extremely early

composition (Honigmann 2000) Our position-

ing agrees with Oxford and Riverside Brainerd

has a later date PCA of the Tarlinskaja data an

earlier one though after Romeo and Dream

Langworthy locates immediately after Richard II

As You Like Itndash1597 (15948ndash15975) This first of

the prose-heavy plays (with fewer pauses for ana-

lysis) suggests a much earlier date than is conven-

tionally accepted Brainerd (16003) better accords

with Oxford and Riverside Tarlinskaja has no

data for it Shares unexpected extra-generic rare-

word links with Richard III and Romeo in add-

ition to Henry V For arguments concerning a date

before 1599 see Knowles 1977 pp 340-49 365-

67 Stylistically first in a group running through

TroilusThe Merchant of Venicendash15972 (15955ndash15977)

Both Brainerd and PCA of the Tarlinskaja data

locate it in 1598 Barely distinguishable statistic-

ally from Much Ado it finishes slightly earlier

than that text on the bootstrap procedureMuch Ado About Nothingndash159735 (1595ndash15985)

Our positioning is slightly earlier than Oxford and

Riverside

1 Henry IVndash159750 (15955ndash1598) Our dating ac-

cords closely with Oxford Riverside and

Brainerd

2 Henry IVndash15978 (15958ndash15985) We believe this

play immediately followed 1 Henry IV Our dating

accords closely with Oxford and Riverside

Julius Caesarndash15982 (15962ndash15983) Seen by

Platter in September of 1599 Brainerd has it at

the end of 1598 PCA of the Tarlinskaja data in

late 1600 Shares rare-word links with 2 Henry IV

Troilus and Hamlet

Troilus and Cressidandash15984 (15962ndash15985)

Typically dated some 2- to 4 years later

Composition in 1598 would locate it near the

completion and publication of Chapmanrsquos

Homer but prior to the War of the Theaters

Gilbertrsquos De Magnete and Nashersquos Summerrsquos Last

Will and Testament which are sometimes seen as

implicated in its language Brainerd and the

Tarlinskaja PCA would place it near Oxford and

Riverside Langworthy with Henry V and before

Hamlet the Reinhold data after Twelfth Night but

before Othello and HamletThe Merry Wives of Windsorndash1599 (15954ndash

16027) Our dating comes later than Riverside

Brainerd and Langworthy As is evident in the

wide bootstrap range scant pause data makes

placement less certain Groups stylistically with

Hamlet and Henry V

Hamletndash159925 (15979ndash1600) Statistically close to

Henry V this playrsquos references to Julius Caesar

suggest that it followed the Roman tragedy



Our dating is slightly earlier than Oxford and

Riverside both Brainerd and the Tarlinskaja

PCA have it later than those authorities Several

passages in the Folio text hint at revision during

the early 1600s

Henry Vndash15995 (15995) Second of our anchor

texts Choruses almost certainly composed prior

to Essexrsquos disastrous return from Ireland on

September 28 A date in late summer would just

enable it to inspire certain passages in 1 Sir John

Oldcastle completed by 16 October Shifting this

anchor a year later would retain the order of the

middle plays but bring them closer to conven-

tional dating

Twelfth Nightndash16008 (15989ndash16023) Close match

with Oxford Riverside and Brainerd Attaches to

Othello stylistically

Othellondash1601 (15995ndash1602) Our CCA locates

Othello earlier than Oxford Riverside Brainerd

and the Tarlinskaja PCA Echoes in Q1 Hamlet

indicate that it was already extent even familiar

by 1602 (Honigmann 1993) Langworthy has it

before Henry V

Measure for Measurendash16022 (16002ndash16029)

Like As You Like It and Troilus Measure fin-

ished earlier in the CCA than in all other chron-

ologies Commonly thought of as a Jacobean

play owing to various of its themes Measure

features very little that dates it certainly

Pushing it into 1603ndash04 might imply correspond-

ingly later dates for texts immediately prior and

following Revisions by Middleton may skew the

results here

Sir Thomas More Additionsndash16028 (1596ndash16103)

This dating squares with Oxford a seventeenth-

century date has been argued as well by Jackson

(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)

Allrsquos Well That Ends Wellndash16043 (16025ndash16054)

Our CCA squares with Oxford but is later than

Riverside Brainerd and the Tarlinskaja PCA sug-

gest a later date (16072 and 160737 respectively)

as does Reinhold and Langworthyrsquos data both of

which put this play after Lear and before Macbeth

Jackson argues for 16065 or later (Jackson 2001)

King Learndash1605 (16034ndash1606) Oxford suggests

1605ndash06 Riverside 1605 Brainerd 16062 and

the Tarlinskaja PCA 160791 Our location has it

preceding the second edition of King Lear (May of

1605)

Timon of Athensndash16061 (16043ndash1607) This col-

laboration with Thomas Middleton is obviously

connected to King Lear with which it has the

highest number of rare-word links (Slater) Our

CCA of the parts attributed to Shakespeare puts it

in the year after Lear attaching stylistically to

Macbeth

Macbethndash16063 (16045ndash16074) Our CCA agrees

closely with Oxford Riverside and Brainerd The

Tarlinskaja PCA places it two years later

Periclesndash160725 (160725) The third of our three

anchor texts The date provided here comes prior

to its entry in the Stationersrsquo Register (20 May

1608) The PCA of the Tarlinskaja data puts it

just before 1607 in a cluster with Allrsquos Well

Lear and Macbeth

Antony and Cleopatrandash16105 (16092ndash16119)

Entered in the Stationersrsquo Register 20 May 1608

This later CCA date may indicate revision

Brainerd and the Tarlinskaja PCA place it in

1608 and 1609 respectively Slaterrsquos rare-word

catalog links it not only with Macbeth and

Coriolanus but also Cymbeline Winterrsquos Tale

and Tempest Groups stylistically with Tempest

Coriolanus and Kinsmen

The Tempestndash1611 (gt1611) Last in Brainerdrsquos

ordering later and also last in the Tarlinskaja

PCA (1614) and Slaterrsquos rare-word ranking

(Slater p 99) Our dating coincides with Oxford

and Riverside

Coriolanusndash16116 (1610ndash16129) As with the

other late plays our CCA produces a later-than-

conventional date The Tarlinskaja PCA suggests

16106 Slaterrsquos rare-word index links it most

tightly with Cymbeline and Winterrsquos Tale

Langworthy places it after AntonyThe Two Noble Kinsmenndash16119 (16099ndash16139)

This dating is at least a year earlier than Oxford

(1613ndash14) and Riverside (1613) Brainerd (who

does not separate according to collaboration)

has it much earlier (16055)Henry VIIIndash16131 (16112ndash1614) According to our

CCA this play follows Kinsmen but precedes two

of the romances Certainly composed prior to late

June 1613 when it was performed at the Globe



Fig 7 Comparison of proposed BrusterndashSmith chronology with standard dates (eg Oxford et al) Open circles indicate

standard previously-held date arrows the shifts proposed to the timeline Arrows pointing right indicate plays for which

later dates are proposed arrows to the left indicate ones for which an earlier date of composition is suggested As in

Figure 6 vertical gray shading indicates periods when Londonrsquos playhouses are thought to have been closed



The PCA of the Tarlinskaja data puts it at 161322

Of the late plays it has statistically significant

rare-word links with only Winterrsquos Tale Attaches

stylistically to Winterrsquos Tale and Cymbeline

Winterrsquos Talendash16133 (16117ndash1614) Seen by

Forman May 1611 Brainerdrsquos 16094 accords

with Oxford and just precedes Riverside The

PCA of the Tarlinskaja data places this play at

the end of 1612 Langworthy has Winterrsquos Tale

and Cymbeline as two of his last three texts

(with Henry VIII)

Cymbelinendash16135 (16121ndash1614) Seen by Forman

in 1611 The Tarlinskaja PCA has this text around

the middle of 1611 Slaterrsquos rare-word links group

it with Winterrsquos Tale Tempest and Coriolanus

Our CCA suggests it is Shakespearersquos final surviv-

ing writing

8 Conclusion

The preceding chronology suggests a timeline for

the composition of the pentameter verse in

Shakespearersquos plays as represented in the First

Folio of 1623 and various early printed editions

(Fig 7) In doing so it makes at least four assump-

tions first that Orasrsquos counts accurately record the

pauses in the Folio texts it takes up (this was spot-

checked and confirmed in multiple instances)

second that Shakespearersquos verse line developed in

one direction and regularly without significant de-

viation third that on the basis of pause data a

CCA may accurately order the plays and fourth

that the dates for the three textual lsquoanchorsrsquo have

validity (van de Velden et al 2009) The soundness

as well as particulars of our chronology could be

called into question by refuting or qualifying any

of these assumptions and we welcome research

that does so in the service of expanding information

about Shakespearersquos compositional practice Prior

to such interventions however we would point

out the general agreement between our ordering

and the established timeline of the plays as well as

its confirmation of various independent challenges

to the conventional chronology Further although

we advance much earlier dates for several texts

(including As You Like It and Troilus and

Cressida) and later dates for many of the plays fol-

lowing Pericles in no instance does our adjusted

CCA locate a title chronologically after its appear-

ance in print

Our ordering is closer to the OxfordRiverside

chronologies than are Brainerd or the PCA of the

Tarlinskaja data yet we differ from Oxford

Riverside on a number of plays in addition to

those mentioned above For example our adjusted

CCA places Two Gentlemen significantly later than

Oxford Richard III later than both chronologies the

Sir Thomas More passages much later than

Riverside and Julius Caesar Hamlet and Othello

earlier than their conventional datingmdashOthello sig-

nificantly so We have seen with 2 Henry VI that a

text may date differently from a performance owing

to revision It is important to keep in mind that the

chronology offered here concerns the time when the

pentameter in these texts was largely composed If

we are correct in situating various of the plays that

follow Pericles later than the conventional dating it

would suggest that Shakespeare was actively elabor-

ating their scripts immediately prior to or during his

retirement from writing for the theater

ReferencesBarroll L (1991) Politics Plague and Shakespearersquos

Theater The Stuart Years Ithaca NY Cornell

University Press

Bathurst C (1857) Remarks on the Differences in

Shakespearersquos Versification in Different Periods of his

Life and on the Like Points of Differences in Poetry

Generally London John W Parker and Son

Benzecri J P (1973) LrsquoAnalyse des Donnees LrsquoAnalyse

des Correspondences Paris Dunod

Brainerd B (1980) The Chronology of Shakespearersquos

Plays A Statistical Study Computers and the

Humanities 14(4) 221ndash30

Cathcart C (1997) John Marston and the Professional

Drama 1598-1608 PhD Thesis Department of

English and American Studies University of

Manchester

Chambers E K (1930) William Shakespeare A Study of

Facts and Problems vol 2 Oxford Clarendon Press

Elliott W E Y and Valenza R J (2010) Two tough

nuts to crack did shakespeare write the lsquoShakespearersquo



portions of Sir Thomas More and Edward III Linguistic

and Literary Computing 25(1ndash2) 67ndash83 165ndash77

Evans G B (1974 rev 2nd edn 1996) The Riverside

Shakespeare Boston Houghton Mifflin

Gray H D (1931) Chronology of Shakespearersquos Plays

Modern Language Notes 46(3) 147ndash50

Greenacre M (2007) Correspondence Analysis in Practice

2nd edn London Chapman amp HallCRC

Groenen P J F and Poblome J (2003) Constrained

correspondence analysis for seriation in archaeology

applied to Sagalassos ceramic tablewares In

Schwaiger M and Opitz O (eds) Exploratory Data

Analysis in Empirical Research Berlin Springer

pp 90ndash7

Harrison G B (1941) A Jacobean Journal Being a Record

of Those Things Most Talked of During the Years 1603-

1606 New York Macmillan

Harrison G B (1955) The Elizabethan Journals

Being a Record of Those Things Most Talked of During

the Years 1591-1603 Ann Arbor University of

Michigan

Hill M O (1974) Correspondence analysis a neglected

multivariate method Journal of the Royal Statistical

Society C (Applied Statistics) 23 340ndash54

Hirschfeld H O (1935) A connection between correl-

ation and contingency Mathematical Proceedings of the

Cambridge Philosophical Society 31 520ndash4

Honigmann E A J (1993) The first quarto of hamlet

and the date of Othello Review of English Studies 44

211ndash19

Honigmann E A J (2000) Shakespearersquos self-repetitions

and King John Shakespeare Survey 53 175ndash83

Ilsemann H (2008) More statistical observations on

speech lengths in Shakespearersquos plays Literary and

Linguistic Computing 23(4) 397ndash407

Jackson MacD P (1978) Linguistic evidence for the

date of Shakespearersquos addition to Sir Thomas More

Notes and Queries 25 154ndash6

Jackson MacD P (1995) Another metrical index for

Shakespearersquos plays Evidence for chronology and

authorship Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 95(4)

453ndash7

Jackson MacD P (2001) Spurio and the date of Allrsquos

Well That Ends Well Notes and Queries 48 298ndash9

Jackson MacD P (2002) Pause patterns in

Shakespearersquos verse Canon and chronology Literary

and Linguistic Computing 17(1) 37ndash46

Jackson MacD P (2006) The date and authorship of

hand Drsquos contribution to Sir Thomas More Evidence

from literature online Shakespeare Survey 59 69ndash78

Jackson MacD P (2007) A new chronological indicator

for Shakespearersquos plays and for hand D of Sir Thomas

More Notes and Queries 54 304ndash7

Knowles R (1977) As You Like It New York Modern

Language Association of America

Kuhn T (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Chicago University of Chicago Press

Langworthy C A (1931) A verse-sentence analysis of

Shakespearersquos plays Publications of the Modern

Language Association of America 46 738ndash51

Lockyear K (2012) Applying bootstrapped correspond-

ence analysis to archaeological data Journal of

Archaeological Science xx 1ndash10

McManaway J (1950) Recent studies in Shakespearersquos

chronology Shakespeare Survey 3 22ndash33

MATLAB (2011) Version 7130 The MathWorks Inc

Natick Massachusetts USA

Nenadic O and Greenacre M (2007) Correspondence

analysis in R with two- and three-dimensional graph-

ics The ca package Journal of Statistical Software 20

1ndash13

Oras A (1960) Pause Patterns in Elizabethan and

Jacobean Drama Gainesville FL University of Florida

Press

Peeples M A and Schachner G (2012) Refining cor-

respondence analysis-based ceramic seriation of re-

gional data sets Journal of Archaeological Science

39(8) 2818ndash27

R Core Team (2014) R A language and environment for

statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical

Computing Vienna Austria httpwwwR-projectorg

Reinhold H (1942) Die metrische Verzahnung als

Kriterium fur Fragen der Chronologie und

Authentizitat im Drama Shakespeares und einiger

seiner Zeitgenossen und Nachfolger Archiv fur das

Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 182

83ndash96

Ringrose T J (1992) Bootstrapping and correspondence

analysis in archaeology Journal of Archaeological

Science 19 615ndash629

Schabert I (ed) (2000) Shakespeare-Handbuch

Stuttgart Kroner

Slater E (1988) The Problem of lsquoThe Reign of King

Edward IIIrsquo A Statistical Approach Cambridge

Cambridge University Press



Tarlinskaja M (2014) Shakespeare and the Versification

of English Drama 1561-1642 Burlington VT Ashgate

Taylor G (1987) The Canon and Chronology of

Shakespearersquos Plays In Wells and Taylor (1987)

pp 69ndash144

Uhlig C (1968) Zur Chronologie des Shakespeareschen

Fruhwerks Anglia 86(4) 437ndash62

van de Velden M (2008) Constrained Correspondence

Analysis Matlab Toolbox httppeoplefeweurnlvan

develdenConstrained20Correspondence20Analy

siszip

van de Velden M Groenen P J F and Poblome J

(2009) Seriation by constrained correspondence ana-

lysis A simulation study Computational Statistics and

Data Analysis 53 3129ndash3138

Vickers B (2002) Shakespeare Co-Author A Historical

Study of Five Collaborative Plays Oxford Clarendon Press

Vickers B (2007) Incomplete Shakespeare Or Denying

Coauthorship in 1 Henry VI Shakespeare Quarterly 58

311ndash52

Waller F O (1966) The Use of Linguistic Criteria in

Determining the Copy and Dates for Shakespearersquos

Plays In McNeir W F and Greenfield T N (eds)

Pacific Coast Studies in Shakespeare Eugene University

of Oregon pp 1ndash19

Wells S and G Taylor with J Jowett and W

Montgomery (1987) William Shakespeare A Textual

Companion Oxford Clarendon Press

Wentersdorf K (1951) Shakespearian Chronology and

the Metrical Tests In Fischer W and Wentersdorf K

(eds) Shakespeare-Studien Festschrift fur Heinrich

Mutschmann Marburg NG Elwert



Appendix 1 Pause DataPause data employed in this study A-C pauses from Oras (1960) and hand counts We have emended what

appears to be a typographical error in Allrsquos Well C-count position 8 from 23 to 3 (p 80)

Play Author 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th

1 Tamburlaine Marlowe 26 59 40 194 119 80 26 19 4


Jew of Malta Marlowe 132 118 93 339 212 157 97 37 14

Dr Faustus Marlowe 16 26 29 64 57 37 13 7 0

Edward II Marlowe 63 211 84 486 182 259 62 19 2

Spanish Tragedy Kyd 65 144 61 361 145 99 50 21 5

Soliman and Persida Kyd 27 61 36 276 128 95 19 13 1

Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

Titus Andronicus Peele 17 51 23 134 73 72 22 10 1

Antonio amp Mellida 1ndash2 Marston 156 235 102 582 414 464 162 136 53

Histriomastix Marston 43 57 32 146 114 108 63 19 5

Jack Drumrsquos Entertainment Marston 29 58 35 230 155 144 51 13 5

Dutch Courtesan Marston 9 28 8 92 49 76 41 24 3

Malcontent Marston 27 55 22 169 59 125 38 34 10

Parasitaster Marston 6 21 15 158 77 97 32 21 3

Sophonisba Marston 32 91 43 419 206 282 124 88 31

What You Will Marston 20 65 38 183 138 136 56 38 19

Insatiate Countess Marston 27 68 39 253 215 238 95 31 12

Tale of Tub Jonson 146 208 139 602 469 543 387 261 94

Case Is Altered Jonson 41 86 29 237 214 244 141 53 13

Every Man In Jonson 36 55 17 111 80 79 64 17 6

Every Man Out Jonson 43 59 22 100 80 110 92 38 13

Cynthiarsquos Revels Jonson 65 69 37 154 139 129 84 47 11

Poetaster Jonson 153 189 71 304 280 280 204 113 29

Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301

Alchemist Jonson 336 437 266 837 823 838 726 672 322

Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35

Two Noble Kinsmen Fletcher 29 52 60 241 216 306 303 159 43

Titus Andronicusa Shakespeare 45 88 52 281 148 165 45 11 3

Comedy of Errors Shakespeare 35 97 34 229 140 156 63 25 2

1 Henry 6a Shakespeare 16 20 7 61 41 30 18 3 1

1 Henry 6b Shakespeare 80 183 71 474 304 203 127 49 3

3 Henry 6 Shakespeare 138 205 143 706 309 347 148 71 3

Taming of the Shrew Shakespeare 63 117 51 400 221 196 55 31 7

Richard 3 Shakespeare 138 305 120 680 430 445 186 108 20

Two Gentlemen of Verona Shakespeare 97 138 76 308 172 222 76 39 12

Loversquos Laborrsquos Lost Shakespeare 42 69 30 273 154 166 54 30 8

Midsummer Nightrsquos Dream Shakespeare 35 88 43 300 229 172 83 33 12

Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare 44 157 65 567 323 319 96 59 19


King John Shakespeare 79 146 57 441 315 287 133 65 24

Merchant of Venice Shakespeare 39 66 42 272 206 212 132 24 9



(continued)



Appendix 2 Source Texts and PlayBreakdowns

Because Orasrsquos counts are based on a facsimile of the

1623 First Folio our hand counts of Titus and

Timon used the Oxford Text Archiversquos versions of

those plays in Folio form We used EEBO texts for

Faversham (1592 STC 793) and Edward III (1596STC 7501) LION for the Additional Passages to the

Spanish Tragedy (1602 STC 15089) and the

Riverside Shakespeare for the Hand D material in

Sir Thomas More

Breakdowns for Shakespearean portions of the

hand-counted collaborative plays determined in

part by consulting Vickers 2002 2007 are as follows

Titus Andronicus 23ndash32 42ndash53 Arden of

Faversham scene 8 Edward III conventional

Shakespeare attribution 12 21 22 44 Edward

III per Elliott and Valenza 2010 12 21 22 45ndash

49 1 Henry VI 24 42ndash45 The Spanish Tragedy(1602) Additional Passages 1ndash5Timon of Athens

11 21ndash22 41 421ndash29 431ndash457 51ndash54

Continued


Merry Wives Shakespeare 14 20 19 61 34 51 18 15 8

Much Ado Shakespeare 17 32 25 90 69 78 36 12 7

Henry 5 Shakespeare 28 83 50 284 198 242 146 51 14

Julius Caesar Shakespeare 77 114 102 376 311 366 165 61 21

As You Like It Shakespeare 18 37 35 165 111 149 48 21 3

Twelfth Night Shakespeare 8 37 26 136 100 138 60 39 5

Hamlet Shakespeare 43 116 63 397 225 405 171 66 16

Troilus and Cressida Shakespeare 61 122 66 439 213 336 134 78 19

Measure for Measure Shakespeare 41 88 34 243 156 317 120 76 14

Othello Shakespeare 79 178 82 542 238 483 208 153 42

Allrsquos Well Shakespeare 9 36 23 205 135 279 123 54 15

Timona Shakespeare 16 44 40 188 142 232 147 79 22

King Lear Shakespeare 40 103 55 354 143 448 183 125 40

Macbeth Shakespeare 36 82 46 270 159 403 142 135 34

Periclesa Shakespeare 5 25 16 80 51 132 66 41 21

Antony and Cleopatra Shakespeare 39 105 68 360 293 554 299 255 107

Coriolanus Shakespeare 37 111 68 381 224 535 314 264 117

Cymbeline Shakespeare 61 158 102 432 332 641 401 421 187

Winterrsquos Tale Shakespeare 44 138 78 380 261 492 307 378 133

Tempest Shakespeare 38 83 49 266 187 333 196 167 85

Henry 8a Shakespeare 24 34 25 156 135 261 200 122 61

Two Noble Kinsmena Shakespeare 10 34 12 111 109 186 129 92 32

Edward 3a Shakespeare 8 24 13 133 63 58 25 4 3

Arden of Favershama Shakespeare 1 1 1 30 5 13 0 2 0

Spanish Tragedy Add Passagesa Shakespeare 20 28 12 33 32 30 14 8 2

Sir Thomas More Passagesa Shakespeare 0 0 0 9 6 8 9 0 0

aCollaborative works for which we provide counts for only Shakespearersquos portion(s) as listed in Appendix 2bIn the case of 1 Henry VI we have also included the total pause counts for the entire play



2 Chronology Background

Orasrsquos aim was to demonstrate historical and au-

thorial patterns in iambic pentameter by tabulating

where punctuated pauses fall within its first nine

syllables (punctuation after the 10th syllable is not

counted) Pauses can be counted in three different

ways in Orasrsquos tabulation he labels these A B and C

pauses A pauses are those signaled by punctuation

of any kind within a pentameter line (Oras counts

short lines but not their terminal punctuation) B

pauses a subgroup of the A pause are so-called

lsquostrongrsquo pauses within the line those signaled by

any punctuation mark other than a comma includ-

ing periods question marks colons semi-colons

and dashes C pauses are composed of punctuation

marks dividing lsquosplit-rsquo or lsquosharedrsquo lines Oras

counted A B and C pauses for 38 Shakespeare

plays adding the A and B pauses as well for Venus

and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece and the SonnetsOras presented his counts both in tables and in

line graphs that display the percentages of pauses in

the first nine syllabic positions of Shakespearersquos pen-

tameter line Because Shakespearersquos verse is iambic

typically with an unstressed syllable followed by a

stressed one pauses tend to come after the even

syllables making these graphs a virtual study in

peaks and valleys The changes across plays that

they reveal have a clear significance for the study

of chronology For example the changing pause

patternsmdashthe averages for each of the nine pause

positionsmdashin groups of plays traditionally identi-

fied with successive phases of Shakespearersquos career

are strikingly different (Fig 1) In works identified

with the beginning of his activities as playwright in

the early and mid-1590s pauses cluster heavily after

the fourth syllable (Fig 1 left panel) As his career

progresses however the distribution balances

between the fourth and the sixth positions (Fig 1

center panel) Toward the end of his time as a

dramatist the most significant proportion of

pauses shifts toward to the sixth position with a

greater number in the second half of the line than

the first (Fig 1 right panel)

The relevance of such data for chronologies of

Shakespearersquos work has long been recognized

(Bathurst 1857) Because it is so comprehensive

Orasrsquos research was used for what we will call the

Fig 1 Pauses in Shakespearersquos plays from three periods early middle and late Average percentage of pauses at each

position is indicated by the black line gray shading indicates 95 confidence intervals Left panel Titus Shrew 1 Henry

VI 2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI Richard III and Two Gentlemen Center panel Much Ado As You Like It Julius Caesar

Hamlet Henry V and Twelfth Night Right panel Coriolanus Tempest Winterrsquos Tale Cymbeline Henry VIII and Two

Noble Kinsmen





















Cymbeline

























































































data



































































































ination)








































through 9th)








































































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued

















































Cymbeline

























































































data



































































































ination)








































through 9th)








































































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued














































data



































































































ination)








































through 9th)








































































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued

















































ination)








































through 9th)








































































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued





































































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued

















































































rather than facts















for each play














DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued


































DBruster

andGSmith

8of20

Digital

Scholarsh

ipin

theHumanities

2014















































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued













































































remaining plays


















(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued














































(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued








































(Table 1)



















































canon








PCA and Ilsemann

















through Richard II








Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued

































Play Oxford

date

Riverside

date

Brainerd

date

Date predicted

by PCA of

Tarlinskaja data

BrusterndashSmith

bootstrap mean

date prediction

BrusterndashSmith

final prediction

SHR 1590ndash1 1593ndash4 15914 159583 159108 1591

TGV 1590ndash1 1594 15929 159661 159308 15942

3H6 1591 1590ndash1 15910 159343 15918 15918

2H6 1591 1590ndash1 15912 159422 159283 15938

ARD na na na 15895 159105 15909

TA 1592 1593ndash4 15926 159236 159073 15907

1H6 1592 1589ndash90 15927 159409 159126 15912

R3 1592ndash3 1592ndash3 15961 159692 159416 1595

E3 na 1592ndash5 na na 159188 1592

ERR 1594 1592ndash4 15948 159527 159345 15944

LLL 1594ndash5 1594ndash5 16017 159505 159383 15948

ROM 1595 1595ndash6 15963 159444 159373 15946

MND 1595 1595ndash6 15959 159452 15943 15953

R2 1595 1595 15959 159622 159477 15955

JN 1596 1594ndash6 15992 159469 159544 15961

MV 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15983 159967 159659 15972

1H4 1596ndash7 1596ndash7 15967 159573 159673 15975

2H4 1597ndash8 1598 15995 159919 159721 15978

WIV 1597ndash8 1597 15961 na 159878 1599

SPT na na na 160007 159357 15945

ADO 1598 1598ndash9 15969 na 159669 159735

H5 1598ndash9 1599 15980 159989 15995 15995

JC 1599 1599 15988 160077 159729 15982

AYL 1599ndash00 1599 16003 na 159611 1597

HAM 1600ndash1 1600ndash1 16047 160349 159893 159925

TN 1601 1601ndash2 16014 na 160053 16008

TRO 1602 1601ndash2 16008 160243 159739 15984

MM 1603 1604 16047 160544 160149 16022

OTH 1603ndash4 1604 16033 160449 160077 1601


AWW 1604ndash5 1602ndash3 16072 160737 160388 16043

TIM 1605 1607ndash8 16047 na 160567 16061

LR 1605ndash6 1605 16062 160791 160467 1605

MAC 1606 1606 16061 160828 160588 16063

ANT 1606 1606ndash7 16079 160902 161053 16105

PER 1607 1607ndash8 16042 160692 16072 16072

COR 1608 1607ndash8 16048 161060 161157 16116

WT 1609 1610ndash11 16094 161297 161329 16133

CYM 1610 1609ndash10 16089 161143 161352 16135

TMP 1611 1611 16100 1614 1611 1611

H8 1613 1612ndash3 16074 161322 161309 16131

TNK 1613ndash4 1613 16055 161326 161188 16119









































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued






























































data



























Riverside



Brainerd








Troilus and Hamlet

















Hamlet and Henry V










the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued



































the early 1600s









tional dating









before Henry V










results here




(Jackson 1978 2006 2007)












1605)







Macbeth









Lear and Macbeth














and Riverside
































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued















































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued









































(with Henry VIII)






ing writing

8 Conclusion






























ance in print























University Press













Manchester




















pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued












































pp 90ndash7







Michigan









211ndash19












453ndash7





























1ndash13



Press




39(8) 2818ndash27









83ndash96





Stuttgart Kroner










pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued



































pp 69ndash144






siszip









311ndash52

























Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued









































Edward III Kyd 9 22 20 152 79 38 32 6 1

Cornelia Kyd 76 95 53 294 189 125 60 32 7

Edward I Peele 7 44 25 162 61 51 14 4 4

















Sejanus Jonson 221 388 199 719 651 767 635 439 189

Volpone Jonson 300 415 231 754 752 832 694 593 301


Catiline Jonson 290 456 258 882 750 850 695 537 212

Henry 8 Fletcher 23 92 57 233 213 275 347 178 35


















(continued)











Sir Thomas More










Continued







































Sir Thomas More










Continued































Documents

Shakespeare chronology