Annual Report 2003 of the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme

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The Future Harvest Centres† comprise 15 food and environmental research organizations located around the world that work with national agricultural research systems, the private sector and civil society. The Centres are supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a strategic alliance of countries, international and regional organizations and private foundations. The alliance mobilizes agricultural science to reduce poverty, foster human well-being, promote agricultural growth, and protect the environment. The CGIAR is co-sponsored by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. See http://www.cgiar.org

The CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP) joins the genetic resources programmes and activities of the Future Harvest Centres in a partnership whose goal is to maximize collaboration, particularly in five thematic areas. The thematic areas—policy, public awareness and representation, information, knowledge and technology, and capacity building—relate to issues or fields of work that are critical to the success of genetic resources efforts. The SGRP contributes to the global effort to conserve agricultural, forestry and aquatic genetic resources and promotes their use in ways that are consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Inter-Centre Working Group on Genetic Resources (ICWG-GR), which includes representatives from the Centres and FAO, is the Steering Committee. IPGRI is the Convening Centre for SGRP and hosts its coordinating Secretariat. Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland and the World Bank are donors to SGRP. See http://www.sgrp.cgiar.org

The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is a Future Harvest Centre that seeks to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. IPGRl has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 countries worldwide. See http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org

Cover photo: A woman plants rice in Northern India. Eric McGaw.

Citation: SGRP. 2004. Annual Report 2003 of the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

ISBN 92-9043-654-9

IPGRIVia dei Tre Denari, 472/a00057 MaccareseRome, Italy

© International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 2004

† CIAT Centro Internacional de

Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia; CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia; CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, Mexico DF, Mexico; CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa, Lima, Peru; ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic; ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India; IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA; IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; ILRI International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy; IRRI International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines; IWMI International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka; WARDA The Africa Rice Center, Bouaké, Côte d’lvoire; ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya; WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia.

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of the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme

Annual Report 2003

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Introduction 1

Regular programme activities 2

Upgrading the genebanks of the CGIAR 5

Global Crop Diversity Trust moves forward 9

Adding value to information with SINGER 12

Facilitating research on agricultural biodiversity 15

A learning module for law and policy 19

Members of the ICWG-GR 22

SGRP secretariat staff 24

SGRP reports and publications 24

Financial report 26

Abbreviations and acronyms 27

Centre addresses 28

Contentsii

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1Activities in 2003 continued to build on previous efforts and to launch prominent new initiatives. For example, the growing awareness of the importance of agricultural biodiversity for improved livelihoods and poverty alleviation provided the impetus for SGRP to hold an international meeting on the subject. That in turn resulted in the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity welcoming the meeting’s call for an international facilitation unit to coordinate and develop research on agricultural biodiversity (see page 15). Work to establish the unit is now under way.

Efforts to help countries and national partners to come to grips with international policy and law on genetic resources has also received a boost with the publication of a learning module on ‘Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources’ (see page 19). After development and testing, the module has been released so that people with practical management and policy-making responsibilities for plant genetic resources can

ensure that their governments and institutions are meeting legal requirements and developing appropriate policies. Regionalized versions are now being developed.

The Global Crop Diversity Trust has been active too, focusing in particular on issues of governance. An Interim Panel of Eminent Experts was appointed to establish the Trust as an independent international fund (see page 9). While the Trust works for the long-term support of genebanks, SGRP coordinated efforts to secure the immediate upgrades that the genebanks of the Future Harvest Centres need in order to ensure that their activities meet the highest internationally agreed standards. An application to the World Bank for support was granted and the vital process of improving genebank operations has begun in earnest, with considerable results already visible (see page 5).

SINGER, the System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources, continues to improve access to information about genetic resources (see page 12). Increasingly, SINGER is being seen not only as a valuable instrument in its own right, but also as a source of expertise that partners inside and outside the CGIAR have been happy to call on.

In the period covered by this report SGRP received funding from Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland and the World Bank plus financial support to projects from CIMMYT (Generation Challenge Program), Germany and the International Seed Federation. SGRP is grateful for all the support it receives.

Introduction

SGRP aims to strengthen the contribution of the Future Harvest Centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to the effective management of genetic resources for the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Individual Centres have long worked to research and manage genetic resources, and the SGRP was created to bring consistency and efficiency to the CGIAR System’s efforts, especially with regard to the plant genetic resources held in trust for the global community. Since the inception of the SGRP some 150 institutes from around the world have taken part in specific programme activities.

Species agrobiodiversity: rice and wheat on the Indo-Gangetic plain yield more than a single species on its own.L. Harrington/CIMMYT

Introduction

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SGRP represented the Future Harvest Centres of the CGIAR in various policy fora during the year. These included: the second session of the FAO Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture held in Rome in November 2003; the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Access and Benefit-Sharing of the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Montreal in December 2003; and the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore of WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization), held in Geneva in July 2003. A letter of agreement was signed with WIPO to link the CGIAR System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) with WIPO’s pilot Web-based portal for traditional knowledge-related

information for national patent offices’ prior art searches. This link, along with detailed information about SINGER, was included in documents produced by the SGRP Secretariat for WIPO’s Intergovernmental Committee. SGRP also continued to provide support to Centres on a range of policy issues.

An important effort in 2003 focused on preparations for the coming into force of the new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. SGRP, in consultation with FAO, drafted a new Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) to reflect the benefit-sharing provisions of the Treaty. The FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture approved this new MTA, which governs the disbursement of germplasm from the Future Harvest collections, at its meeting in October 2002. Then, on 1 May 2003, all 11 CGIAR Centres holding collections of plant genetic resources in trust

Reg

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Major activities are detailed elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to these, SGRP continues to be involved in a wide range of activities that contribute to CGIAR System collaboration on genetic resources.

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A germplasm collector interviews a farmer to gather traditional knowledge about the varieties he grows.S. Appa Rao/IRRI

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Regular program

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under the auspices of FAO implemented the new MTA, following its endorsement by each Centre’s Board. The new MTA is essentially an interim agreement, pending the coming into force of the MTAs under the Treaty. This MTA continues an important principle of previous MTAs for the in-trust collections, in that it does not require the signature of the recipient of the germplasm. Instead, it utilizes the so-called ‘software approach’, which binds the recipient to the terms and conditions spelled out in the MTA provided that the recipient accepts and retains the material. The MTA is posted on all Centre Web sites and the CGIAR Web site, and is available in FAO’s five official languages.

SGRP supported the publication of ‘A guide to effective management of germplasm collections’ that was published as part of

the series IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks. The book is the outcome of a workshop designed to ensure that genebanks have the skills to make closer contact with researchers and breeders and to connect with politicians, planners and their local communities. The idea is to help genebanks to become more useful, better used, and better appreciated in wider society. To that end the handbook goes beyond a narrow view of genebank management—the preservation of genetic integrity and viability of stored material—to deal with agenda setting, improved use of accessions, economic costs, and how to share responsibilities and collaborate with a wider range of partners. It also includes a series of case studies illustrating how three specific genebanks have addressed these wider concerns.

Engels, J.M.M. and Visser, L. (eds). 2003. A guide to effective management of germplasm collections. IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks No. 6. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks No. 6

A guide to

effective managementof germplasm collectionsJ.M.M. Engels and L. Visser (editors)

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1 CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura TropicalApdo. Aéreo 6713 Cali Colombia

2 CIFOR Center for International Forestry ResearchJalan CIFORSitu Gede, SindangbarangBogor Barat 16680 Indonesia

3 CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoApdo. Postal 6-641 06600 Mexico, DF Mexico

4 CIP Centro Internacional de la PapaApdo. 1558 Lima 12Peru

9 ILRI International Livestock Research InstitutePO Box 30709 NairobiKenya

10 IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteVia dei Tre Denari, 472/a00057 Maccarese Rome Italy

11 IRRI International Rice Research InstituteDAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila Philippines

12 IWMI International Water Management InstitutePO Box 2075 ColomboSri Lanka

13 WARDA The Africa Rice Center01 BP 2551Bouaké 01Côte d’Ivoire

14 World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF United Nations Ave. PO Box 30677 00100 NairobiKenya

15 WorldFish CenterPO Box 500GPO 10670 Penang Malaysia

5 ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasPO Box 5466AleppoSyrian Arab Republic

6 ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru 502 324 Andhra PradeshIndia

7 IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute2033 K St NW Washington DC 20006-1002USA

8 IITA International Institute of Tropical AgriculturePMB 5320IbadanNigeria

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5The collections of plant genetic resources held in the genebanks of Future Harvest Centres are among the largest in the world and arguably the most important. They are vital for improving the livelihoods of the poor and to address global food security, and are an important component of research and development to alleviate poverty, increase agricultural productivity and arrest degradation of the environment. The collections account for an estimated 40% of the unique samples of the world’s major food crops and are particularly rich in farmers’ varieties, landraces and wild species related to crops. They represent both insurance against the loss of genetic diversity in the field and in nature, and an invaluable source of quality and yield traits for crop improvement today and tomorrow.

CGIAR policy first expressed a commitment to conserve the collections in trust for the global community in 1989. In 1994, the Centres formalized their long-term commitment and trustee role in agreements signed with FAO. The new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, adopted in 2001, calls on the Centres to sign new agreements with the Treaty’s Governing Body once it has been established. The management at each Centre has expressed its willingness to do so and thus the CGIAR System as a whole has affirmed its intention to provide for the conservation and public supply of the collections in perpetuity.

In discharging their commitments as trustees of the collections, the Centres

strive to meet the demands of providing an international genebank service and to fulfil the standards of operation expected under the agreements with FAO. Those agreements require the Centres to maintain the collections for the long-term, to ensure their safety duplication and to make the germplasm available together with essential information on its identity and characteristics. The genebanks distribute 40 000–50 000 samples per year directly to users, 80% of which are national programmes in developing countries. The genebanks also serve Centre research programmes, an additional distribution of about 50 000 samples a year that are used to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture in the poorest nations.

The agreements with FAO also require the Centres to make all information on the in-trust collections easily available without restriction, just as the germplasm itself is available. The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) was established under the auspices of SGRP to help the Centres meet these responsibilities. SINGER links the databases of the 11 CGIAR genebanks and provides one-stop public access on the Web to data on the identity, source, characteristics, performance and distribution of material in the collections (see page 12). Much more than a database, SINGER is a mechanism for collaboration and efficiency in information management within the CGIAR System and networking with partners.

upgrading the genebanks

of the cgiar

Eleven Future Harvest Centres collectively hold more than 600 000 samples of crop, forage and agroforestry genetic resources in the public domain. Of these, 545 600 accessions are formally designated in trust for the world community under agreements with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The Centres are committed to conserving these collections for the long-term and to making them available as global public goods. However, this commitment is increasingly under threat as unrestricted sources of funds decline.

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The need

In 1998 the External Programme and Management Review of SGRP expressed its concern that funding constraints had severely limited the ability of the Centres to carry out the recommendations of an earlier review that had identified opportunities for the CGIAR genebanks to improve their services. This led SGRP to carry out a study to assess the costs of fully upgrading the operations of the 11 Future Harvest genebanks and of maintaining them to the best possible standards (see SGRP Annual Report 2002, page 14). The study found that a single injection of almost US$21 million to the annual operating budget of about US$7 million would enable the System’s genebanks to fully and effectively meet the standards expected under the FAO agreements.

The upgrading programme

In 2003 SGRP, working closely with the individual Centres and under the guidance of the Center Directors’ Committee of the CGIAR, prepared and submitted a proposal to the World Bank to justify an immediate investment to address the most pressing upgrading activities. Each Centre and SINGER prepared, prioritized and costed capital items and programmatic activities (which were developed under the guidance of an external advisor, Dr Henry Shands, Director of the USDA’s National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation)

to address shortcomings and backlogs in essential conservation operations over a three-year timeframe. The Bank’s strategic support is a major contribution to enabling the Future Harvest genebanks to meet their obligations as global public goods, which is particularly important in the context of the new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

The priority was to provide equipment, staff and funds to upgrade essential operations to conserve and make available the plant collections (see box). The goal is to remove limitations in facilities and to address bottlenecks and backlogs in processing and testing, storage and safety back-up duplication, regeneration and characterization, documentation, and the sustainability, in terms of staff and budget, of the upgraded operations.

SGRP and the Centres have committed themselves to increasing System-wide coherence and collaboration in carrying out the upgrading. For example, there is an initiative to streamline and accelerate safety duplication of the collections, starting with those based in Africa. Centres will house each others’ safety duplicates, using other genebanks around the world where this is easier or more secure. For example, IITA now holds the WARDA rice collection in long-term storage. At the outbreak of the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire, WARDA took rapid action to ensure that all germplasm and data were safely backed-up outside of the country. Regeneration and other essential activities are being

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Barcoding is one of the new technologies that CIP has developed to streamline genebank operations. J. Cherfas/IPGRI

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undertaken at IITA, pending stabilization of the situation.

A detailed monitoring and evaluation process was built into the project. The genetic resources units and budget offices at each Centre have to monitor their implementation of the upgrading plans and

report each year on progress and expenditures to the SGRP. The SGRP and Henry Shands, as external reviewer, constitute the mechanism for progress and accounting and will provide progress reports to the Centre Directors and to the World Bank.

Upgrading will allow genebanks to produce more disease-free material. Here plant quarantine officers are inspecting cowpea accessions to ensure that all viral contamination has been removed.IITA

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Physical security of the collections improved

Fully functional and secure storage facilities meeting international standards of conservation

Duplication of collections in off-site safety back-up storage

Viability and genetic integrity of the germplasm accessions ensured

Removal of backlogs in the processing, testing, storage and regeneration of materials

Field operations at prescribed standards for isolation, pollination, and timeliness of harvest and processing of materials

Effective genebank management systems in place

Quality standards for germplasm distribution met

Accurate identification of accessions with essential taxonomic, passport, and phenotypic information

Appropriate phytosanitary status for germplasm transfer

Public access to all available information on the collections through SINGER

expected outcomes

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8Progress and next steps

The World Bank approved the proposal in early 2003 and at the end of March the Centres received the funding. They immediately started to purchase equipment and hired additional staff. Monitoring indicates that the Centres made significant progress during 2003 and were on course to fulfil the aims of the project by the end of 2006. The equipment needed to secure and maintain the viability and genetic integrity of the collections is in place or scheduled to be in service by mid-2004. For example, ICARDA and IITA have new seed stores that will provide the increased storage capacity they urgently need. Most Centres have renovated or expanded their ability to dry seeds and to test viability and plant health, allowing them to accelerate the preparation of accessions for storage. In 2003 CIAT, CIMMYT, ICARDA, ICRISAT and IRRI between them prepared more than 40 000 accessions for storage.

The Centres have also already made important

inroads into the backlog of germplasm awaiting storage, testing, and regeneration. This has improved the physical security of their collections and the viability, health and genetic integrity of the germplasm. In 2003, the Centres collectively regenerated more than 30 000 accessions and, as an example of improved germplasm health, CIP produced 813 potato clones that were free from all known viruses. The standards of germplasm availability are being improved, and public access to information on the collections has been enhanced through SINGER.

While the support will significantly help the Centres’ genebanks to fulfil their global responsibilities, few will be brought fully up to international standards in all areas. Because the initial proposal was limited to the very highest priority needs, some important activities and capital needs identified in previous assessments could not be addressed. Aware of this, SGRP is developing a further proposal for submission in 2004.

Wheat wild relatives being evaluated by ICARDA at Tel Hadya. Characterization, which improves the usefulness of accessions, will be enhanced thanks to the upgrade.A.B. Damania/ICARDA

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9

Global C

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Efforts to establish the Global Crop Diversity Trust got underway in earnest in 2003 with the creation of an interim executive board of trustees, the appointment of an interim chief executive and the resolution of many of the governance issues that have been under consideration by IPGRI, FAO and other stakeholders in the Trust since the initiative was launched.

The Directors-General of FAO and IPGRI appointed an Interim Panel of Eminent Experts in development, agriculture and science in late 2002 (see box, page 11). This panel acts as an interim executive board, and has been tasked with the establishment of the Trust. Dr Geoffrey Hawtin was appointed Interim Executive Secretary of the Trust in September on the completion of his term of office as Director General of IPGRI. Hawtin will provide leadership to the Trust until the appointment of a permanent Executive Secretary, which is expected to take place in mid-2005.

The Interim Panel held its first meeting in February 2003 to consider legal options

and rules of governance for the Trust and to draft ethical guidelines for the receipt, management, and disbursement of funds. At a second meeting in October 2003 the Panel agreed the text of an agreement to establish the Trust as an independent organization under international law and approved the Trust’s constitution. The Panel further agreed that the establishment agreement would come into legal force once it had been signed by seven countries from five FAO regions. The constitution and establishment agreement were sent by the Directors-General of FAO and IPGRI to the governments of all FAO member countries and to countries that have signed IPGRI’s Establishment Agreement, inviting them to sign the agreement.

As described in the constitution, the Trust will be governed by an Executive Board with up to 13 members and by a Donor Council. The Donor Council is made up of the largest donors to the Trust drawn from several categories, such as developed country donors, developing country

GLOBAL CROP DIVERSITY

TRUST moves forward

Many of the world’s most important national, regional and international crop diversity collections are seriously under-funded, jeopardizing the ongoing security of agriculture and the world’s ability to feed itself. In response, the Global Crop Diversity Trust is seeking to create an endowment to support the world’s most important crop collections in perpetuity. The Trust is an initiative of IPGRI on behalf of the Future Harvest Centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

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Dr Geoffrey Hawtin has been appointed Interim Executive Secretary of the Global Crop Diversity Trust.R. Raymond/IPGRI

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10donors, foundations, the private sector, and so on. The Council plays an important role in Trust governance, particularly with regard to financial matters. Four Board members will be appointed by the Donor Council and four by the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The CGIAR and FAO each have the right to appoint a Board member, as ‘parents’ of the Trust, and the Executive Secretary serves on the Board ex officio. The Board itself can appoint an additional two members to ensure adequate geographical distribution and diversity of membership.

An important step forward in the governance of the Trust was the approval by the Panel of a Draft Relationship Agreement between the Governing Body of the International Treaty and the Trust. This draft will be submitted for their consideration to the Governing Body of the International Treaty and to the Executive Board of the Trust at the first meetings of each of these bodies. Under the terms of the Trust’s constitution, the Treaty’s Governing Body provides overall policy guidance to the Global Crop Diversity Trust. The Trust in turn is responsible

for reporting to the Governing Body of the Treaty on a regular basis.

The Interim Executive Secretary appointed a joint FAO–IPGRI Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to advise him on technical matters arising from the work of the Trust. Chief among these has been the establishment of mechanisms for identifying crop diversity collections that are eligible for funding by the Trust. With assistance from TAG, and input from an informal meeting of ex situ conservation experts held at Wye College, England, in May, as well as the Inter-Centre Working Group on Genetic Resources (ICWG-GR, SGRP’s Steering Committee) the Trust has adopted a process for developing crop and regional conservation strategies to assist in the identification of potential grantees. The process to develop the conservation strategies will be highly consultative and involve all relevant stakeholders. The strategies will serve to govern and guide the allocation of funds to the neediest and most globally important crop diversity collections.

Mechanisms have also been put in place for the effective operation of the Trust’s Secretariat, with staff posted at FAO headquarters in Rome and at IPGRI

With long-term support from the Trust, the diversity in globally important collections of crops such as maize will still be available to future generations of farmers and breeders.Left: CIMMYTRight: J. Cherfas/IPGRI

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11headquarters in Maccarese for a period of up to 5 years. Once the Secretariat has been fully established, the Trust will call for and consider bids from governments to host the Secretariat on a permanent basis—a process that could take some time to negotiate.

By the end of 2003, the Trust had received firm pledges amounting to about US$40 million from developing and developed country

governments and foundations. Discussions are ongoing with many other potential donors. Funds have been raised for all three main areas of the Trust’s work: the Endowment Fund to support the on-going long-term maintenance of crop diversity collections; capacity building and upgrading support to genebanks; and support for the operations of the Trust itself.

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Chair: Ambassador Fernándo Gerbasi (Venezuela) Chair of the Interim Committee for the implementation of the International Treaty

Andrew Bennett (United Kingdom) Executive Director, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture

Lukas Brader (Netherlands)Former Director General, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria

Lewis Coleman (United States) President, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Tewolde Gebre Egziabher (Ethiopia) Director General, Environmental Protection Authority, Ethiopia

Walter Fust (Switzerland) Director General, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

Geoffrey C. Hawtin (United Kingdom/Canada) Interim Executive Secretary, the Global Crop Diversity Trust

Chebet Maikut (Uganda) President, Uganda National Farmers Federation (UNFFE) and Chair, International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) Committee on Science and Technology

Mohammad H. Roozitalab (Iran) Deputy Director General, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Iran

Setijati Sastrapradja (Indonesia) Senior Scientist, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Ismail Serageldin (Egypt) Director, New Library of Alexandria, Egypt

interim panel of eminent

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world hold huge collections of crop diversity, with the Alliance of Future Harvest Centres holding the largest collections of crops important for the poorest people. These collections gain enormously in value if farmers, breeders and researchers can get easy access not only to the material itself, but also to information about it. SINGER’s role is to make information available, and it is committed to global information exchange by developing links with other information systems related to genetic resources. The SINGER model (essentially one of facilitating information access and exchange while leaving control of the information with individual

providers) and the expertise, tools and infrastructure of the network are available to assist others to establish their own information networks.

A major thrust of SINGER’s work in 2003 was to give support to the development of information networks. SINGER provided the model for and supported the development of EURISCO, a Web-based searchable catalogue that holds data on almost one million accessions of plant diversity held by European countries (see box, page 14). In addition to using SINGER’s tools and expertise in scientific computing, the EURISCO project called on SINGER staff to help conduct three sub-regional training workshops.

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SINGER, the System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources, offers a gateway to knowledge about agricultural biodiversity. Such knowledge is crucial if the vast biodiversity that underpins food and agriculture is to be used effectively in the fight against hunger and poverty.

SINGER provides public access through the Internet to detailed information on the individual samples in the collections of plant genetic resources held by the Future Harvest Centres. It allows dispersed and independently managed databases of information about genetic resources to be searched simultaneously through a single entry point. Users can query SINGER on the identity, source, characteristics, performance and distribution to users of accessions in the collections. They can search all collections—by crop, by taxonomy, by geography, by

acquisition or by transfer. Or they can focus on the collections in one Centre or of one crop and query data on the characteristics and performance of the samples. The user interface offers many ways of querying the databases, and integrates mapping (global, regional and country level), statistical (mean, variance and standard deviation) and graphical features (scatter and distribution plots). These features help users to make accurate and targeted searches for specifi c information and crop samples.

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13SINGER gives access to information about samples like these sorghum seeds, making the samples much more useful to farmers and breeders.IPGRI

Also in 2003, a project began to make the database of the vegetable collection held by the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) available on the Internet. The AVRDC genebank holds more than 50 000 accessions of 334 different species from 151 countries. This represents the most diverse collection of vegetable germplasm in the world, with genetic resources that are especially important to the food security, nutrition and livelihoods of poor people in developing countries. SINGER is helping to make information about AVRDC’s collections more accessible, so that farmers, breeders and researchers worldwide can make better use of vegetable genetic resources in their fight against hunger, malnutrition and poverty.

SINGER is helping AVRDC to expand and modernize its genebank management system, in the process making it easier for curators to enter data on characterization, distribution, viability and other important information. The new system will handle up to 35 different crop species, which makes the database

structure and search modules more complex. However, with the new system tested and in place, work is moving to making the information accessible over the Internet, and the project is well on target to be completed by the end of 2004.

Through these developments and its on-going work to implement crop information networks for barley (with ICARDA) and wheat (with CIMMYT), SINGER is becoming an important contributor to the development of global information systems on plant genetic resources.

During the year, SINGER became a major player in an important initiative of the CGIAR System, namely the Generation Challenge Programme. This Challenge Programme brings together three sets of partners—the Future Harvest Centres of the CGIAR, advanced research institutes (ARIs), and national agricultural research systems (NARS) in developing countries—to deliver the fruits of the genomics revolution to resource-poor farmers. SINGER is helping h

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14the Generation Challenge Programme to associate classic genetic resources information, such as where an accession was collected and what its characteristics are, with molecular and genetic data and with a broader range of biological information. SINGER brings its experience of the harmonization of data standards, in order to facilitate exchange of data, to both initiatives, which will further add value to genetic resources by making it easier for farmers, breeders and researchers to access useful material and information.

EURISCO is a searchable catalogue of ex situ collections of plant genetic resources in Europe, available on the World Wide Web. It was launched in September 2003 and offers researchers around the world a single entry-point to information on the plant collections held by member countries in genebanks, representing more than 900 000 accessions in 41 European countries. It is composed of, and updated with, data from national inventories of plant genetic resources (PGR) accessions maintained ex situ.

Building EURISCO has been a team effort. Each member country nominated a focal person for its national inventory of PGR. The focal person was responsible for coordinating the development of the national inventory and providing those data to EURISCO. SINGER developed the technical infrastructure for EURISCO, including

the database structure, the uploading and data validation mechanisms and the creation of the Web site and on-line search facility. The central infrastructure of EURISCO is based on open source software, a strategic choice that allows national focal points to benefit from the development of EURISCO in their national implementation. SINGER staff trained national focal points in data manipulation and in Web-enabling their national inventories in a series of technical workshops that were held in 2003.

EURISCO is maintained by IPGRI on behalf of the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks (ECP/GR) and is hosted by the SINGER scientific computing unit at IPGRI headquarters in Maccarese.

More information is available at: http://eurisco.ecpgr.org.

a window on europe’s

plant genetic resources

SINGER’s expertise is helping the Generation Challenge Program to integrate molecular data with other information about accessions.A. Sanchez/CIMMYT

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15A fundamental challenge for developing countries over the next decades is to increase food production and improve livelihoods in a manner that is ecologically sustainable, does not increase vulnerability, and is profitable for farmers in these countries. This challenge, embedded in the Millennium Development Goals, will require farmers and scientists to make use of the biodiversity present in agricultural ecosystems to increase productivity, resilience and sustainability and to provide key ecosystem services, such as pollination, soil fertility and pest control, in a profitable manner. Such an approach will need to recognize that the diversity of plant and animal species maintained in traditional farming systems, and the knowledge associated with managing these resources, constitute key assets of the rural poor. Indeed, in marginal and difficult farming conditions these assets are especially important.

Meeting this challenge will require a new level of knowledge of the biodiversity

in production systems. How does it work and what benefits does it deliver? How do the various components of that biodiversity—for example crops, animals, fish, agroforestry species, pollinators and so on—interact to support healthy ecosystem function and improved production? How do changes to species affect the delivery of benefits? The Vth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) noted (Decision V/5) that “understanding of the underlying causes of the loss of agricultural biodiversity is limited, as is understanding of the consequences of such loss for the functioning of agricultural ecosystems. Moreover, the assessments of the various components are conducted separately; there is no integrated assessment of agricultural biodiversity as a whole.” Our understanding of the ways in which diversity could optimally benefit production is even more limited.

Over the past few years, agricultural and conservation

facilitating research on

agricultural biodiveristy

A proposal to establish a Facilitation Unit for Agricultural Biodiversity Research is one of the most important outcomes of a series of efforts to ensure that natural resources are used effectively to boost productivity and enhance food security, especially in marginal areas.

Farmers in the Andes make use of within-species diversity to help them combat potato blight and other pests and diseases.CIP

Facilitating research on agricultural biodiversity

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16research workers and others have become increasingly concerned to address this knowledge gap, and several research activities and new initiatives on specific aspects of biodiversity maintenance and management in agriculture have been undertaken. There have also been important discussions on the approaches that need to be adopted and priority areas of research and development work. The Agricultural Biodiversity Programme of Work of the CBD, adopted at COPV and led by FAO, has provided a valuable framework for these discussions.

Workshop on agricultural biodiversity

The involvement of SGRP in the Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) initiative of the CGIAR (see SGRP Annual Report 2000, page 20) drew attention to the important role of agricultural biodiversity in the sustainability of agricultural production systems. At its February 2003 Steering Committee meeting SGRP tasked IPGRI to organize

a workshop on Managing Agricultural Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. The workshop was held at the World Agroforestry Centre in Nairobi from 23 to 25 October 2003. More than 60 participants attended, from CGIAR and non-CGIAR research programmes working on different aspects of the maintenance and use of agricultural biodiversity and with a range of backgrounds in biological and agricultural sciences, economics, social anthropology and social sciences. The workshop brought together those concerned with diversity in animal, fish and crop production and those concerned with such related aspects as soil fertility, pollinators, and pest and disease management. Half of the participants were from outside the CGIAR System, representing not only the scientific community from the South and the North, but also stakeholders and donors.

The workshop aimed to explore connections and interactions between different components of the agricultural ecosystem from the perspective of biodiversity management and use, and to provide opportunities to develop linkages between research groups.

The participants recognized that an increasing number of programmes and projects are actively working on the maintenance and use of different components of agricultural biodiversity. For that very reason there is a need to enhance information flows and linkages between different groups, to strengthen collaboration among them,

Traditional rice paddies harbour a wide range of species, contributing to the overall production of the system.CIMMYT

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17

and to engage a wider community of national research programmes, NGOs, farmers and communities in the development of a strengthened research endeavour. The workshop further agreed that a Facilitation Unit would help to meet that need. This unit would:• act as the focal point for

any agricultural biodiversity research group;

• build a repository of knowledge and information;

• catalyze the creation of an inventory of research work and expertise;

• stimulate the development of communities of practice in key areas;

• promote action research;• support the development

of linkages around common research issues;

• share ideas for project proposals and funding information;

• liaise with established groups such as the CBD Secretariat and FAO.

The proposed unit would work within the current approaches and frameworks provided by the CBD Secretariat, FAO, the CGIAR System, civil society organizations active in this area and other relevant actors, and would seek to empower and not duplicate existing mechanisms supporting agricultural biodiversity research. It would promote awareness of how strengthened research on agricultural biodiversity will improve the lives of poor farmers, promote collaboration among different actors and prevent duplication of effort. It would also make information more widely available and identify gaps where fresh research would improve the value of agricultural biodiversity to improve livelihoods.

After the workshop it was decided to hold a side event on agricultural biodiversity research during the meeting of the VIIth Conference of

Facilitating research on agricultural biodiversity

Livestock, like these sheep in northern Nigeria, play an important role in converting inedible plants into animal products and their manure enriches the fields.S. Tarawali/ILRI

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18the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Malaysia in February 2004. Delegates to COPVII were exposed to the workshop’s ideas and conclusions and explored how better to mobilize efforts. There was strong endorsement from COP for the proposal to establish a Facilitation Unit, and this was formally reflected in its Decision VII/3 on the Agricultural Biological Diversity Programme of Work. (see box)

With the workshop partners, FAO and CBD all endorsing the initiative, IPGRI

and SGRP are now keen to seek the donor partnership that will allow the Facilitation Unit to be established. A concept note describing the objectives and activities of such a unit and the operating costs over a three-year period has been developed and submitted to various donors. If approved, the Facilitation Unit will probably be based at an appropriate location in a developing country. IPGRI will provide project management and an international Project Steering Committee will be established to oversee the work of the unit.

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The Conference of the Parties…Welcomes the future establishment of a facilitation unit for research on agricultural biodiversity by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute in association with other centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, civil society organizations and other research centres, as a contribution to the programme of work…

decision VII/3 of the

conference of the parties

to the convention

on biological diversity

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19SGRP, IPGRI and ISNAR (the International Service on National Agricultural Research, since April 2004 a programme of IFPRI) have produced a learning module on ‘Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources’. The module introduces the most significant policy and legal agreements relevant to plant genetic resources and covers the impact of these conventions and treaties on the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. Its purpose is to help users to ensure that their governments and institutions are meeting legal requirements and are taking actions appropriate for the implementation of the agreements.

The module was based on the results of an assessment of training needs carried out by ISNAR for SGRP in 1999. Roughly 200 national

genetic resources programme managers and scientists from 121 countries worldwide identified national policy and programme developments for genetic resource conservation and use as their highest priority among training needs.

The target audience for the module is people with practical management and policy-making responsibilities for plant genetic resources. The module is a very substantial and potentially highly valuable product that will assist national programmes and other partners to navigate the complex international agreements and policies that affect the management of genetic resources. It is intended to be used as a resource to train genetic resources managers and scientists and to increase their awareness and understanding of the impact of international agreements, laws and policies

a learning module

for law and policy

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Convention on Biological Diversity have implications for how genebanks and breeding programmes manage collections and materials. They also require implementation in national laws, policies and regulations. And these in turn affect questions of access to genetic resources. A new learning module helps people who need to understand these and other legal agreements.

A learning m

odule for law and policy

International treaties safeguard the traditional varieties and associated knowledge of which farmers, like this woman in Oaxaca, Mexico, make use. But they create a need for trained people to deal with their ramifications.A.M. Sanchez/CIMMYT

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20

on the day-to-day operation of plant genetic resource programmes.

The module contains practical exercises to reinforce users’ understanding of the impact and working of treaty law and policy in the types of situations that they can expect to face. Designed as

a trainers’ tool, the module provides learning objectives, overheads, exercises, evaluation tools, Web links and a complete reading list of related references.

Before finalizing the module the developers tested it at a workshop hosted by the World Agroforestry Centre in

History of development of law and policy

The FAO Global System for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

Centres of origin, distribution, interdependence and value

Convention on Biological Diversity: Making access decisions

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

Cross-cutting issues

The TRIPS Agreement and UPOV

Development and improvement of genetic resources

Participatory plant breeding and property rights

Phytosanitary and biosafety measures

Changing roles of private and public agricultural research and effects on use of, access to, and conservation of PGR

Keeping up to date with developments in law and policy of relevance to the management of plant genetic resources

content areas

covered in the

learning module:

A le

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r law

and

pol

icy

Bragdon, S., Fowler, C. and França Z. (eds). SGRP, IPGRI and ISNAR. 2003. Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources. Learning Module. International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague, The Netherlands.

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21Nairobi in June 2002. The goal was to evaluate the module’s effectiveness in terms of the extent to which it filled the knowledge gap identified in the ISNAR assessment of training needs and to test the case studies, exercises, and learning methods used in the module. The comments and experience of the workshop were used to adjust the content and structure of the module prior to its release.

The next phase, which began in 2003, is to develop regional versions of the module that will increase its relevance and usefulness at regional and national levels, and to develop a programme to implement the module in each region and train trainers in its use. The new components in the regional versions will include a review of regional trends in implementing global agreements, region-specific agreements, case studies and group exercises. These

regional components will be tested at a workshop planned for mid 2004. A cadre of trainers will gather to assess the regionalized versions of the module and will be shown how to use it to deliver workshops in their own regions, countries and institutions. Their inputs will also be invaluable for finalizing the region-specific versions.

The first version of the module is available on CD-ROM and from the SGRP Web Site (http://www.sgrp.cgiar.org). Contact the SGRP Secretariat (email: SGRP-Secretariat@cgiar.org). The revised version of the learning module and regional mini modules will be published on CD-ROM and on the Web in early 2005.

Background papers on the treaties and conventions covered in this learning module are available in the IPGRI publication series Issues in Genetic Resources.

A learning m

odule for law and policy

Bragdon S. (ed.). 2004. International Law of Relevance to Plant Genetic Resources: A practical review for scientists and other professionals working with plant genetic resources. Issues in Genetic Resources No. 10, March, 2004. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

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22Dr Daniel DebouckHead, Genetic Resources Unit(CIAT)

Dr John PoulsenScientist, Research Division(CIFOR)

Dr Bent Skovmand (to 31 July 2003)Head, Wheat Germplasm Bank (CIMMYT)

Dr Suketoshi Taba (from 1 August 2003)Head, Maize Germplasm Bank (CIMMYT)

Dr William Roca Plant Cell Physiologist Crop Improvement and Genetic Resources Department(CIP)

Dr Jan ValkounHead, Genetic Resources Unit(ICARDA)

Dr Luis IniguezSenior Small Ruminant Scientist(ICARDA)

Dr CLL Gowda Global Theme Leader—Crop Management and Utilization(ICRISAT)

Dr Peter Hazell (to 10 April 2003)Division Director, Environment and Production Technology(IFPRI)

Dr Melinda Smale (from 11 April 2003)Research Fellow, Environment and Production Technology(IFPRI)

Dr Rodomiro Ortiz (to 30 June 2003)(Acting) Deputy Director General, Research-for-Development Director, Research-for-Development(IITA)

Dr Visvanathan Mahalakshmi (from 1 July 2003)Genebank Curator(IITA)

Dr Jean HansonProject Coordinator, Forage Genetic Resources(ILRI)

Dr John GibsonDirector of Genetics and Genomics(ILRI)

MEMBERS OF THE ICWG-GR

IN 2003

Mem

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-GR

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23Dr Coosje HoogendoornDeputy Director General, Programmes(IPGRI)

Dr Ruaraidh Sackville HamiltonHead, Genetic Resources Center(IRRI)

Dr Robert GueiHead, Genetic Resources Unit and INGER Coordinator(WARDA—The Africa Rice Centre)

Dr Tony Simons (Chair)Programme Leader, Domestication of Agroforestry Trees Programme(ICRAF—World Agroforestry Centre)

Dr Alphis Ponniah Leader, Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Research Program(WorldFish Center)

Ex Officio Members

Dr Murthi AnishettySenior Officer, Plant Genetic ResourcesSeed and Plant Genetic Resources ServicePlant Production and Protection DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Via delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, Italy

Dr Geoffrey Hawtin, SGRP Programme Leader (to 31 July 2003)Director General(IPGRI)

Dr Emile Frison, SGRP Programme Leader (from 1 August 2003)Director General(IPGRI)

Ms Jane Toll, Coordinator, SGRP(IPGRI)

Executive Committee Members

Dr Tony Simons, World Agroforestry Centre (Chair)Dr Willy Roca, CIPDr Bent Skovmand, CIMMYT (to 31 July 2003)Dr Jean Hanson, ILRI (from 1 August 2003)Ms Jane Toll, SGRP Coordinator (Secretary of the Executive Committee) Dr Geoffrey Hawtin, SGRP Programme Leader, IPGRI (to 31 July 2003)Dr Emile Frison, SGRP Programme Leader, IPGRI (from 1 August 2003)

Mem

bers of the ICW

G-G

R

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24Secretariat of the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme:

c/o International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a00057 MaccareseRome, ItalyTelephone: +39-0661181Fax: +39-0661979661Email: sgrp-secretariat@cgiar.org

Ms Jane Toll Coordinator, SGRP

Mr Samy GaijiProject Leader, SINGER

Ms Layla DaoudCommunications and Information Assistant, SGRP

Ms Oonagh DarbyProgramme Assistant, SGRP

Mr Milko SkoficDatabase Developer, SINGER

Mr Rajesh Sood (from 14 July 2003)Information Systems Analyst, SINGER

Reports

Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the Inter-Centre Working Group on Genetic Resources, held at the Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico, 3–7 February 2003.

Publications

Bragdon, S., Fowler, C. and França, Z. (eds). SGRP, IPGRI and ISNAR. 2003. Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources. Learning Module. International Service for National Agricultural Research, The Hague, Netherlands.

Bragdon S. (ed.). 2004. International Law of Relevance to Plant Genetic Resources: A practical review for scientists and other professionals working with plant genetic resources. Issues in Genetic Resources No. 10, March, 2004. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

SGRP SECRETARIAT

STAFF

SGRP REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

SG

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25CGIAR Centre Policy Instruments, Guidelines and Statements

on Genetic Resources, Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights. Version II. July 2003. Produced by the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme with the Genetic Resources Policy Committee.

Engels, J.M.M. and Visser, L. (eds). 2003. A guide to effective management of germplasm collections. IPGRI Handbooks for Genebanks No. 6. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

Fowler, C., Moore, G. and Hawtin, G.C. 2003. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: A Primer for the Future Harvest Centres of the CGIAR. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy

Fowler, C., Smale, M. and Gaiji, S. IFPRI, IPGRI and SGRP. 2003. The Demand for Crop Genetic Resources from International Collections. [Brief 12]. In Research at a Glance: Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Policies. What is a Genebank Worth? (ed. Melinda Smale and Bonwoo Koo). International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.

Hodgkin, T., Rao, V.R., Cibrian-Jaramillo, A., Gaiji, S. 2003. The use of ex situ conserved plant genetic resources. Plant Genetic Resources 1(1); 19–29. National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, UK.

Koo, B., Pardey, P.G. and Wright, B.D. 2003. The economic costs of conserving genetic resources at the CGIAR Centres. Agricultural Economics 29 (2003) pp. 287–297.

Koo, B., Philip P.G. and Wright, B.D. 2003. The price of agricultural biodiversity. Nature Biotechnology 21(2):126–128 (February 2003).

Koo, B., Pardey, P.G. and Wright, B.D. 2003. Conserving genetic resources for agriculture: counting the cost. Research at a Glance [Brief]. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.

SGRP. 2003. Annual Report 2002 of the CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources Programme. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

SG

RP

secretariat staff & S

GR

P reports and publications

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26This report presents income and expenditures for SGRP for the period 1 January to 31 December 2003.

2003 income

US$ Japan 50 000 Netherlands (€ 294 957) 326 912 Switzerland (CHF 250 000) 186 822 World Bank Rehabilitation of CGIAR Global Public Goods Assets †158 394 CP-Generation (CIMMYT) 12 771Germany (€ 15 000) 17 666International Seed Federation 24 967World Bank 56 481Miscellaneous income 16 345Total funds available 850 358

2003 expenditures

US$ SGRP coordination 157 758 ICWG-GR meeting 43 401 Global Crop Diversity Trust related activities 30 622 SINGER 243 173 Technical and capacity-building activities 102 335 World Bank Rehabilitation of CGIAR Global Public Goods Assets 158 394Administrative costs 122 002 Total expenditures 857 685

Opening balance ‡386 753

Funds available in 2003 850 358

Expenditures in 2003 857 685

Closing balance 379 426

2003 FINANCIAL REPORT

† Funds for upgrading SINGER and monitoring and reporting of genebank upgrading at Centres.

‡ Opening balance includes SGRP’s operating reserve. IPGRI policy requires reserves to cover 90 days of operating expenses.

Fina

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l rep

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27ARIs Advanced research institutesAVRDC The World Vegetable CenterCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural ResearchCIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura TropicalCIFOR Center for International Forestry ResearchCIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoCIP Centro Internacional de la PapaCOP Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological DiversityECP/GR European Co-operative Programme for Crop Genetic ResourcesFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry AreasICRAF World Agroforestry CentreICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid TropicsICWG-GR Inter-Centre Working Group on Genetic ResourcesIFAP International Federation of Agricultural ProducersIFPRI International Food Policy Research InstituteIITA International Institute of Tropical AgricultureILRI International Livestock Research InstituteINIBAP International Network for the Improvement of Banana and PlantainINRM Integrated natural resource managementIPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteIRRI International Rice Research InstituteISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research IWMI International Water Management InstituteMTA Material Transfer AgreementNARS National agricultural research systemsNGO Non-governmental organizationPGR Plant genetic resourcesSGRP CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources ProgrammeSINGER CGIAR System-wide Information Network for Genetic ResourcesTAG Technical Advisory Group of the Global Crop Diversity TrustTRIPS Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsUNFFE Uganda National Farmers FederationUPOV International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsUSDA United States Department of AgricultureWARDA The Africa Rice CenterWIPO World Intellectual Property Organization

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Abbreviations and acronym

s

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28

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical—CIATApartado Aéreo 6713CaliColombiaWeb: www.ciat.cgiar.orgEmail: ciat@cgiar.org

Center for International Forestry Research—CIFORJalan CIFORSitu Gede, SindangbarangBogor Barat 16680IndonesiaWeb: www.cifor.cgiar.orgEmail: cifor@cgiar.org

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo—CIMMYTApartado Postal 6-64106600 Mexico, DF MexicoWeb: www.cimmyt.orgEmail: cimmyt@cgiar.org

Centro Internacional de la Papa—CIPApartado 1558Lima 12PeruWeb: www.cipotato.orgEmail: cip@cgiar.org

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas—ICARDAPO Box 5466AleppoSyrian Arab RepublicWeb: www.icarda.orgEmail: icarda@cgiar.org

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics—ICRISATPatancheru 502 324Andhra PradeshIndiaWeb: www.icrisat.orgEmail: icrisat@cgiar.org

International Food Policy Research Institute—IFPRI2033 K Street NWWashington, DC 20006-1002USAWeb: www.ifpri.orgEmail: ifpri@cgiar.org

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture—IITAPMB 5320IbadanNigeriaWeb: www.iita.orgEmail: iita@cgiar.org

International Livestock Research Institute—ILRIPO Box 30709NairobiKenyaWeb: www.ilri.orgEmail: ilri-kenya@cgiar.org

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute—IPGRIVia dei Tre Denari 472/a00057 Maccarese RomeItalyWeb: www.ipgri.orgEmail: ipgri@cgiar.org

International Rice Research Institute—IRRIDAPO Box 7777Metro ManilaPhilippinesWeb: www.irri.orgEmail: irri@cgiar.org

International Water Management Institute—IWMIPO Box 2075ColomboSri LankaWeb: www.iwmi.orgEmail: iwmi@cgiar.org

The Africa Rice Center—WARDA01 BP 2551Bouaké 01Côte d’IvoireWeb: www.warda.orgEmail: warda@cgiar.org

World Agroforestry Centre—ICRAFPO Box 30677 00100 NairobiKenyaWeb: www.worldagroforestrycentre.orgEmail: icraf@cgiar.org

WorldFish CenterPO Box 500GPO 10670 PenangMalaysiaWeb: www.worldfishcenter.orgEmail: worldfishcenter@cgiar.org

CENTRE ADDRESSES

Cen

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