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SFH V:
Neuron dan Sistem Saraf;
Mekanisme GerakMekanisme Gerak
May 27/28, 2013
Neurons use two types of signals to
communicate: electrical signals (long-
distance) and chemical signals (short-
distance)
Neurons and Nervous System
Conus geographus
Killer snail
Neurons use two types of signals to
communicate: electrical signals (long-
distance) and chemical signals (short-
distance)
Neurons and Nervous System
Conus geographus
Killer snail
Concept 1: Neuron organization and structure reflect
function in information transfer
• Nervous systems process information in three
stages: sensory input, integration, and motor
output
Sensory input
K78: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan organisasi neuron
Sensor Integration
Effector
Motor output
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Central nervous
system (CNS)
• Many animals have a complex nervous system – A central nervous system (CNS) where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a nerve cord
– A peripheral nervous system (PNS), which brings
information into and out of the CNS
Sensory input
K78: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan organisasi neuron
Sensor Integration
Effector
Motor output
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Dendrites
Stimulus
Nucleus
Cellbody
Axonhillock
Presynapticcell
Axon
•Most neurons have
dendrites, highly branched
extensions that receive
signals from other neurons
•The axon is typically a much
longer extension that
transmits signals to other cells
at synapses
•An axon joins the cell body at
Neuron Structure and Function
Axon
Synaptic terminals
Synapse
Postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter
•An axon joins the cell body at
the axon hillock
K78: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan organisasi neuron
Concept 2: Neurons communicate with other cells at
synapses
• At electrical synapses, the electrical current flows from
one neuron to another
• At chemical synapses, a chemical neurotransmitter
carries information across the gap junction
• Most synapses are chemical synapses
K79: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan komunikasi neuron
Postsynapticneuron
Synapticterminalsof pre-synapticneurons
5 µ
m
Voltage-gatedCa2+ channel Postsynaptic
membrane
Presynapticmembrane
Synaptic vesiclescontainingneurotransmitter
5K+
Na+
A chemical synapse
Ca2+12
3
4
Synapticcleft
Ligand-gatedion channels
Postsynapticmembrane
6
K79: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan komunikasi neuron
Concept 3: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons
and supporting cells
Organization of the
Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)
Cranialnerves
Brain
Central nervoussystem (CNS)
GangliaoutsideCNS
Spinalnerves
Spinal cord
Organization of the
Vertebrate Nervous
System
nerves
K80: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan sistem saraf vertebrata
Gray matter
•The central canal of the spinal cord and the
ventricles of the brain are hollow and filled with
cerebrospinal fluid
Whitematter
Ventricles
Gray matter
K80
Gray matter
•The brain and spinal cord contain
•Gray matter, which consists of neuron cell bodies,
dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
•White matter, which consists of bundles of
myelinated axons
Whitematter
Ventricles
Gray matter
K80
The PNS
• The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment
• Cranial nerves originate in the brain and mostly terminate in organs of the head and upper bodyupper body
• Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord and extend to parts of the body below the head
K80: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan sistem saraf vertebrata
Efferentneurons
Motorsystem
Autonomicnervous system
Afferent(sensory) neurons
PNS
Hearing
efferent neurons transmit information away from the CNS
afferent neurons transmit information
to the CNS
K80
Locomotion
CirculationGas exchange DigestionHormone
action
Entericdivision
Sympatheticdivision
Parasympatheticdivision
Concept 4: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
• All vertebrate brains develop from three embryonic regions: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
K80; K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon,
brainstem
Pons (part of brainstem), cerebellum
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Cerebrum (includes cerebral cortex, white matter,basal nuclei)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
Midbrain (part of brainstem)
Medulla oblongata (part of brainstem)
Cerebrum Diencephalon:
Hypothalamus
ThalamusMidbrain
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Telencephalon
DiencephalonMyelencephalon
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Pituitary
gland
Cerebellum
Central canal
Thalamus
Pineal gland
(part of epithalamus)
Brainstem:
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
(c) Adult(b) Embryo at 5 weeks(a) Embryo at 1 month
K80; K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon,
brainstem
The Brainstem
• The brainstem
coordinates and
conducts information
between brain centers
• The brainstem has • The brainstem has
three parts: the
midbrain, the pons,
and the medulla
oblongata
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
The Cerebellum
• The cerebellum is
important for
coordination and error
checking during
motor, perceptual,
and cognitive and cognitive
functions
• It is also involved in
learning and
remembering motor
skills
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
The Cerebrum
• The cerebrum has right and left cerebral hemispheres
• Each cerebral hemisphere consists of a cerebral cortex of a cerebral cortex (gray matter) overlying white matter and basal nuclei
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
Left cerebralhemisphere
Right cerebralhemisphere
• A thick band of axons called the corpus callosum
provides communication between the right and left
cerebral cortices
• The basal nuclei are important centers for
planning and learning movement sequences
Corpuscallosum
Thalamushemisphere hemisphere
Cerebralcortex
Basalnuclei
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
Left cerebralhemisphere
Right cerebralhemisphere
• The left hemisphere is more adept at language, math,
logic, and processing of serial sequences
• The right hemisphere is stronger at pattern recognition,
nonverbal thinking, and emotional processing
Corpuscallosum
Thalamushemisphere hemisphere
Cerebralcortex
Basalnuclei
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
Diencephalon
• The diencephalon develops into three regions:
– Epithalamus– Epithalamus
– Thalamus
– Hypothalamus
K81: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan struktur dan fungsi cerebrum, cerrebelum, dienchepalon, brainstem
Concept 3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary
movement and cognitive functions
• Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes:
frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal
• Each lobe contains primary sensory areas and
association areas where information is integrated
Speech
Frontal lobeParietal lobe
Somatosensoryassociationarea
Frontalassociationarea
Reading
Taste
Hearing
Speech
K82: Mahasiswa mampu menyebutkan empat lobus cerebral cortex
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
Visualassociationarea
Hearing
Auditoryassociationarea
Smell
Emotions
• Emotions are generated and experienced by the
limbic system and other parts of the brain including
the sensory areas
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Prefrontalcortex
Olfactorybulb
Amygdala Hippocampus
Emotions
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
• The limbic system is a ring of structures around the
brainstem that includes the amygdala,
hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus
Prefrontalcortex
Olfactorybulb
Amygdala Hippocampus
Emotions
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
• The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe and
helps store an emotional experience as an
emotional memory
Prefrontalcortex
Olfactorybulb
Amygdala Hippocampus
Sistem Pergerakan, Penunjang,
dan Pelindung
• Muscle activity is a response to input from the
nervous system
• The action of a muscle is always to contract
Bundle ofmuscle fibers
Muscle
Single muscle fiber(cell)
Nuclei
Z lines
Plasma membrane
Myofibril
Concept 5: The
physical interaction of
protein filaments is
required for muscle
function
K92: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan
struktur otot rangka
TEM
Thickfilaments(myosin)
M line
Sarcomere
Z line Z line
Thinfilaments(actin)
Sarcomere
0.5 µm
Vertebrate Skeletal
Muscle
Bioflix
• The myofibrils are composed to two kinds of
myofilaments:
– Thin filaments consist of two strands of actin and one
strand of regulatory protein
– Thick filaments are staggered arrays of myosin
molecules
TEM
Thickfilaments(myosin)
M line
Z line Z line
Thinfilaments(actin)
Sarcomere
0.5 µm
K92: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan
struktur otot rangka
Concept 6: Skeletal systems transform muscle
contraction into locomotion
• Skeletal muscles are attached in antagonistic pairs,
with each member of the pair working against the
other
• The skeleton provides a rigid structure to which
muscles attachmuscles attach
• Skeletons function in support, protection, and
movement
K93: Mahasiswa mampu menerangkan fungsi kerangka
GrasshopperHuman
Bicepscontracts
Tricepsrelaxes
Forearmflexes
Tibiaflexes
Flexormusclecontracts
Extensormusclerelaxes
Tricepscontracts
Forearmextends
Bicepsrelaxes
Tibiaextends
Flexormusclerelaxes
Extensormusclecontracts
K93
Types of Skeletal
Systems
1. hydrostatic
skeleton
• consists of fluid
held under
pressure in a
closed body
Circularmusclecontracted
Circularmusclerelaxed
Longitudinalmuscle relaxed(extended)
Longitudinalmusclecontracted
Bristles
Head end
K94: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tipe membedakan tiga system rangka
closed body
compartment
• cnidarians,
flatworms,
nematodes, and
annelids
Head end
Head end
2. exoskeleton
– hard encasement deposited on the surface of
an animal
–molluscs and arthropods
K94: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tipe membedakan tiga system rangka
3. endoskeleton
– hard supporting
elements, such as
bones, buried in
soft tissue
–mammalian
Examplesof jointsSkull
Shouldergirdle
RibSternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Vertebra
Humerus
Radius
Pelvic girdle
Ulna
Carpals
1
2
3
–mammalian
skeleton has more
than 200 bones
K94: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tipe
membedakan tiga system rangka
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Humerus
Ball-and-socket joint
Scapula
Head ofhumerus
1
Radius
Ulna
Hinge joint
Ulna
Pivot joint3
2
K95: Mahasiswa mampu mendeskripsikan tiga tipe sendi dan
memberikan contohnya
Types of Locomotion
Swimming
• In water, friction is a bigger problem than gravity
• Fast swimmers usually have a streamlined shape to minimize friction
• Animals swim in diverse ways
– Paddling with their legs as oars– Paddling with their legs as oars
– Jet propulsion
– Undulating their body and tail from side to side, or up
and down
K94: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tipe membedakan tiga system rangka
Locomotion on Land
• Walking, running, hopping, or crawling on land
requires an animal to support itself and move
against gravity
• Diverse adaptations for locomotion on land have
evolved in vertebrates
Flying
• Flight requires that wings develop enough lift to
overcome the downward force of gravity
• Many flying animals have adaptations that reduce
body mass
– For example, birds lack teeth and a urinary bladder
K94: Mahasiswa mampu membedakan tiga tipe membedakan tiga system rangka
Summary
1: Neuron organization and structure reflect
function in information transfer
2: Neurons communicate with other cells at
synapses
3: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons 3: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons
and supporting cells
4: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
Summary
5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is
required for muscle function
6: Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction
into locomotion
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