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Solar Photovoltaic

Technologies

Prof. C.S. Solanki

Energy Systems Engineering, IIT Bombay

[email protected]

Renewable Energy Options

Lecture-1

8/1/2008 © IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies 2

ContentsLecture-1

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• Energy

• Energy Conversion processes

• Direct and indirect energy conversion

• World Energy scenario

• Renewable energy options


Energy

-Its capacity of a body to perform work

- it’s a driving force of change

-Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy,

chemical energy, nuclear, light etc.

Units of energy

•1 Calorie unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one

gram of water one degree Celsius.

•1 Joule ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g =

10 meter/s2

• 1 eV = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.

•1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ,

10E7 Ergs = 1 joule)

•BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV

EnergyLecture-1

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Energy-2

Law of energy conservation

-Energy can neither be created nor it can be destroyed

-Energy converts among various forms without any loss or gain

• During the application of energy, it changes from one form to

other

•Combustion (chem. energy of plants heat energy),

• Use of external combustion engine and IC engine (heat energy)

mechanical energy)

• Use of electromagnetic devices (mechanical energy electrical

energy)

• Use of fan (electrical mechanical)

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Energy conversion-1

• Nuclear reactors convert nuclear energy (nuclear fission)to thermal and then electric energy

• Nuclear fusion reactors are still in experimental stage, but they are used to convert fusion energy to electric energy

• Batteries and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electric energy

• Audio and visual equipment converts electric energy into E.M. radiation, and sound energies

• Electrolyses convert electric energy into chemical energy

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Energy conversion-2

• Technologies for harvesting solar energy

• Technologies for harvesting wind and tide

energy

• Motors convert electric energy into mechanical

energy, and generators reverse the process

• Hydroelectric technology

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Centralized Energy Generation

Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas)

Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food)

Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer)

Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity)

Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant)

Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline)

Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater)

Energy Flow

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Path of energy conversion

Power plant

Transmission network

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World Energy Consumption

• About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to

2002

• Much of the growth in energy is in emerging

economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in

the developed economics

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World’s Energy ScenarioLecture-1

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Emission of greenhouse gases

• Use of fossil fuels causes emission of

greenhouse gases

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India’s energy scenario

Fuel MW %

Total Thermal 81,859 66.3

Coal 68,308 55.4

Gas 12,350 10.0

Oil 1,201 0.9

Hydro 32,135 26.0

Nuclear 3,310 2.7

Renewable 6,158 5.0

Total 123,462

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Energy security

• Oil accounts for about 34% of India’s primary

energy consumption

• We should look for alternative energy options

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Limitations of Conventional sources

• Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed)

• Cause damage to environment

• Centralized energy source

• Energy security

• Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct conversion)

• Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion

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Path of energy conversionLecture-1

sun light

optical concentration

high temperaturethermal energy

thermodynamic

engine

electricity generator

sun light

(optical

concentration)

solar cell

electricity

sun light

wind energy

rotor

generator

electricity

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Renewable Energy Options-1Lecture-1

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Renewable Energy Options-2

• Wind Energy

• Biomass

• Solar thermal and solar Photovoltaics

• Nuclear energy ?

• Hydel energy

• Geothermal

• Ocean energy

Disadvantages

• Extensive land use due to less power density of renewable energy

• Fluctuating character of some renewable energies

• Expensive

• Renewable energy: Clean, Abundant, Sustainable

Renewable energy options

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Renewable Energy Options

Advantages

• Sustainable energy supply

• Abundance and broader range of sources implies the security of the energy supply

• Relatively clean energy source

• Decentralized production of energy stimulates the regional developments particularly in developing countries.

• Increased employment

• The long life of the energy systems

• The modular character of technology allows gradual implementation, easier to finance

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