Sewage Treatment Systems - Dedicated to Your Health · Power Outages and Sewage Treatment Systems Page 2 of 2 2/2011 ⇒ Stop all water use if electrical outage is extended or the

Sewage Treatment

Systems

Care and Protection

Revised May, 2012

For more information contact the

Delaware General Health District

P.O. Box 570

1-3 W. Winter Street

Delaware, OH 43015

740-368-1700

Or visit our website

www.delawarehealth.org

The Delaware General Health District operates in accordance with Title VI of the

Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Clarke Mosquito Control

Don’t go down into a septic tank. Toxic gases are

produced naturally by the treatment process that

goes on inside of the tank and can kill in minutes.

Extreme care should be taken when inspecting a

septic tank, even when just looking in.

Don’t do all of your laundry in one day. The

amount of liquid entering the system all at once

may be too excessive for your system to handle.

Don’t use septic tank additives. These products

usually do not help and some may be harmful to your system.

Don’t dump pesticides, herbicides, paints, auto-

mobile fluids, household chemicals, antibiotics,

or any other toxins into the system, they may kill

or disrupt active bacteria.

Don’t use a garbage disposal. They increase the

loading of suspended solids, nutrients, and BOD

to septic systems, as well as increasing the

amount of solids in the tank, thus increasing

pumping frequency.

Don’t pave or construct anything over the treat-

ment area, it requires air to function properly. The

treatment area should only have grass cover. The

grass helps prevent erosion as well as aiding in

the transpiration process.

Don’t use fabric softener; this can disrupt the

natural bacteria process occurring in the tank. Instead substitute the liquid with fabric softener

dryer sheets.

STS Don’tsSTS Don’tsSTS Don’ts

Finalized Mound System

CARE OF YOUR SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM

STS DosSTS DosSTS Dos Sewage Treatment Systems, much like an automo-

bile, require periodic inspection and maintenance.

Preventative maintenance helps prolong the life of

the system and can save the owner money by catch-

ing problems before they further develop.

Do learn the location of your septic system.

Keep a to-scale drawing of your septic layout

handy for future use.

Do have your system inspected annually.

Do have your septic tank pumped out regularly

by a registered sewage tank cleaner every 3 to 5

years.

Do Keep you septic tank cover accessible for

inspections and pumping. Install risers if neces-

sary.

Do call the Health District or a registered sew-

age installer if you are experiencing problems.

Do keep a detailed record of all repairs, pump-

ing, inspections, permits issued, or other maintenance activities.

Do conserve water to avoid over saturation. Be sure to repair any leaky faucets or toilets.

Do divert all other sources of water away from

your treatment areas, like sump pump drains,

roof drains, and neighboring run-offs. Grade

your landscape accordingly.

Frequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked Questions

Q: Why do some types of systems require a mainte-

nance contract?

A: Certain types of systems may contain one or more

mechanical components, including aerators, pumps,

and filters, that need routine maintenance to ensure

they are functioning properly. The more mechanical

components a system has, the more “parts” there are

that could break and cause the system to fail. Regular

maintenance on these types of systems can catch a

problem before it becomes serious.

Q: I am not the original owner. How do I know what

type of system I have and where it’s located?

A: DGHD has records of systems that date back into

the 1950s. You can call our office and a sanitarian will

try to locate any records that may exist.

Q: I am adding on to my house, or making another

addition or change to my property and was told I need

Health District approval. Why?

A: Health District approval is required in these situa-

tions to ensure both the current STS is functioning

properly and the addition will not adversely affect the

existing STS or any area that was set aside as a replace-ment area. A sanitarian will come out to the property to

do an inspection and prepare a letter and packet of in-

formation that will be given to the owner.

Q: What types of STS are allowed in Delaware Coun-

ty?

A: Under current rules, several types of systems are

allowed. These include the “traditional” leachfield

type systems, mound systems, and drip irrigation sys-

tems. There is no county wide ban on any type of

system. The soil conditions on each lot determine

what type of system will best serve that particular

property.

Q: Are there items that should not be flushed when I

have a STS?

A: Yes. Do not flush items such as coffee grinds, den-

tal floss, disposable diapers, kitty litter, cigarette butts,

paper towels, feminine hygiene products, condoms, or any fats, greases, or oils. Additionally, do not put

toxic chemicals such as paints, thinners, varnishes, or

pesticides into your STS. All of these items can dis-

rupt the biological function of your system.

Q: How often should I have my septic tank pumped?

A: Pumping frequency will vary depending on the

number of people in the home and the amount of wa-

ter being used. Routine inspections can help determine

if it is time to have your system pumped. Typically,

for a family of four, tanks should be pumped every 3

to 5 years.

Frequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked QuestionsFrequently Asked Questions

Layout of a Drip

Distribution Sys-

tem

Leachfield

Tile

Drip Distribution

Tubing

Power Outages and Sewage Treatment Systems Page 1 of 2 2/2011

Ohio Department of Health Bureau of Environmental Health

Power Outage and Sewage Treatment Systems Electrical power outages may affect the operation of your home sewage treatment system. Sewage treatment systems operate either by gravity, or involve the use of pumps and valves that require electricity. You will need to determine which type of system serves your home.

A gravity collection system feeding into a septic tank and gravity distribution into leaching trenches or the soil absorption area will continue to operate properly and you will be able to continue using your system. You may use buckets of water (from a pond, stream or other similar source) to manually flush the toilet. If your system contains components that require electricity to operate, the wastewater will collect in the septic tank, treatment unit or dosing tank during the electrical outage and will have to be treated and dispersed when electrical service resumes. Such components include:

1. Aerobic treatment units and recirculating media filters 2. Pump chambers to leaching (soil absorption) trenches 3. Sand filters 4. Dosing or flow equalization tanks 5. Low pressure distribution 6. Subsurface drip distribution

What can you do while the power is out?

⇒ Limit water usage to essentials such as toilet flushing and hand washing. Laundry, bathing, showers, and dishwashing should be minimized or eliminated during the power outage. Don't let the water run while brushing teeth, shaving or rinsing dishes. Don't flush the toilet each time it's used for liquid waste.

⇒ The septic tank can hold about one-day's supply of waste. Once the tank is filled, additional waste can back up into your home.

Power Outages and Sewage Treatment Systems Page 2 of 2 2/2011

⇒ Stop all water use if electrical outage is extended or the plumbing begins to drain slowly. Slow-draining plumbing may indicate that the reserve capacity in the tank is exceeded and the system is full.

⇒ If the system has a pump, turn off the pump at the control panel. Effluent will continue to build up in the pump chamber until it resumes operation.

⇒ CAUTION: Do not enter the pump chamber. Gases inside pump chambers are poisonous and the lack of oxygen can be fatal. Always turn off the power supply at the circuit breaker, and unplug all power cords before handling the pump or floats to prevent electric shock. The service or repair of pumps and other electrical equipment must be done by an experienced person.

What should you do once power is restored?

⇒ Contact your service provider or a licensed electrician if you are unsure or uncomfortable working with the components. Your service provider will plug in any electrical equipment that was unplugged during the outage. Always be careful when working with electrical components to prevent shock.

⇒ If you have an operation manual for your system, refer to the manual for directions on restarting your system.

⇒ If your system is demand dosed, (waste is pumped out to a treatment unit or soil as the tank becomes full), the pumping system can be manually operated to disperse the stored wastewater to the soil absorption field (leaching trenches). Manually operating the dosing system may be necessary to avoid overloading your soil absorption system following the first dose after the restoration of power. Your system can be dosed manually by:

o When the power is restored, turn the pump 'on' for 2 minutes and 'off' for 4 – 6 hours. You are now "dosing" the right amount of effluent into the drainfield over a given period of time. If there was little water use during the power outage, the pump may automatically turn off during the first manual dosing.

o Conserve water and continue the 2-minute pumping every 4 – 6 hours until the pump turns itself off.

⇒ If your system is time dosed, allow the system to continue to operate normally until the water level reduced in the system. A pump system with a timer controls the number of times the pump starts and stops. It manages how much effluent (liquid sewage from the septic tank) goes into the soil absorption field (leaching trenches) in a 24-hour time period. Timers make sure that the soil absorption field only gets as much effluent as it was designed to handle. The timer system will eventually take care of itself once the power is restored. If the power has been off for awhile, the timer will be behind. In order to let your timer catch up, continue to conserve water for an additional day or more.

⇒ System components that require electricity are usually equipped with a high water alarm. This alarm may sound when the power is restored based on your water usage during the power outage. You can silence the alarm if it has a silence switch option. If the alarm remains activated more than 24 hours, contact your service provider.

⇒ If you are unsure about the operation of your system, contact your service provider, system manufacturer, or your local health district for assistance.

Permit #:

Date Issued:

Issued to:

Address:

Legal Description:

Number of Bedrooms_______ ⃝ Garbage Disposal ⃝ Water Softener

Number of Bathrooms_______ ⃝ Dishwasher ⃝ Well/spring/pond

Number of Residents_______ ⃝ Public Water Supply ⃝ Hot Tub/Jacuzzi

Septic Tank Size: Number of Tanks: Gallons:

Pump Tank Size:

ATU Size: Gallons:

⃝ Round/Oval ⃝ One Compartment ⃝ Fiberglass

⃝ Square/rectangular ⃝ Multi-Compartment ⃝ Concrete

⃝ Metal

⃝ Other:

Soil Treatment System Dimensions:

⃝ Trenches ⃝ Mound ⃝ Gravelless

⃝ Bed ⃝ Drip Irrigation ⃝ Chamber

⃝ At-Grade ⃝ Spray System ⃝ Other:

⃝ LPP ⃝ Surface Discharge Permit #

Accessories

⃝ Septic Tank Effluent Filter ⃝ Siphon ⃝ Distribution Box

⃝ Diversion Valve ⃝ Pump ⃝ Other:

Additional Treatment Components

⃝ Biofilter ⃝ Disinfection ⃝ Lagoon/Pond

⃝ Constructed Wetland ⃝ Recirculating Sand Filter

⃝ Intermittent Sand Filter

⃝ Other:


P.O. Box 570

1-5 West Winter Street

740-368-1700

HOMEOWNER ONSITE SYSTEM RECORD KEEPING

Household Information

System Description

Designer:

Firm

Address

Phone

Installer:

Firm

Address

Phone

Pumper:

Firm

Address

Phone

Operation & Maintenance Provider:

Firm

Address

Phone

Date CostService Performed Service Performed By

Maintenance Record

www.nesc.wvu.edu 23

By Kathy Jesperson • On Tap Editor

ccording to Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) surveillance data, between

1999 and 2000, 25 states reported a total of 39 out-breaks associated with drinking water. Included amongthem was one Salmonella outbreak that spanned 10states. Altogether, the waterborne illnesses affected anestimated 2,068 people and were linked to two deaths.

At one time, it seemed that science had defeatedwaterborne disease. But now that doesn’t appear to be the case. Emerging and re-emerging pathogenshave become a great concern for public health offi-cials and drinking water systems around the country.

A

24 On Tap Fall 2004

Emerging pathogens are either new to the environment or only recently identified

as potential health threats. Re-emerg-ing pathogens are pathogens that

we know about but haven’tencountered in a while.They cause diseases such as cholera and shigellosis.

According to theWorld Health Organi-zation (WHO), newpathogens show up formany reasons. One of the

biggest reasons that theyappear is that microorganisms

are constantly evolving, adapt-ing, and changing their structure.

Another reason is that we’ve gotten better atdetecting the microbes that cause waterbornedisease because we have developed new toolsand methods to study the organisms and theirhealth effects.

Pathogens Have Greatest Health Impact

Pathogens present the greatest waterbornethreat to the public’s health because it onlytakes a small number of microbes to causeillness—especially for people who may haveunique health risks, such as those with com-promised immune systems, says the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

In addition, emerging pathogens, such asCryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, andHepatitis E, share the following characteristics:

• They are often resistant to chlorinationor other forms of disinfection.

• The pathogens are often resistant toantibiotics or other medical treatment.

• They are often highly infectious.

EPA notes that emerging and re-emergingpathogens include pathogens from fecalsources, such as Cryptosporidium, Campy-lobacter, and rotavirus, as well as pathogensthat are able to grow in water distribution systems, such as Legionella, mycobacteria, and aeromonads.

The following list of emerging pathogenswas developed from information from theCDC, EPA, the U.S. Geological Survey, theNational Institutes of Health, and WHO.

BacteriaAeromonas is a bacterium that normally

lives in an aquatic environment. Aeromonasrepresent a high percentage of heterotrophicmicroorganisms in a variety of aquatic sys-

tems. Heterotrophic microorganisms are bac-teria and other microorganisms that use theorganic matter that other organisms synthe-size for energy and growth. For this reason,their potential public health threat cannot beignored. Aeromonas have been found insewage and sewage effluents, surface water,fish ponds, soils, natural mineral springs,stagnant water, chlorinated and unchlorinateddrinking water, and fresh waters. They act asprimary pathogens and significantly sickenthe fish that they invade.

Campylobacterium is a bacterium fromthe genus Campylobacter. Most people whobecome ill with campylobacteriosis get diar-rhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and feverwithin two to five days after exposure to theorganism. The diarrhea may be bloody andcan be accompanied by nausea and vomit-ing. The illness typically lasts one week.Some people who are infected withCampylobacter don’t have any symptoms atall. In those with compromisedimmune systems, Campy-lobacter occasionally spreadsto the bloodstream andcauses a serious life-threatening infection.

Cholera is the illnesscaused by a bacteriumcalled Vibria cholerae.

Giardiasis • Giardia intestinalis • The Cycle Infected cysts may be ingestedthrough contami-nation of water,food, or hands with infective cysts.

Trophozoites are also passed instool, but they do not survivein the environment.

TrophozoitesCyst Cyst

Cyst

Public Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://phil.cdc.gov/

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It infects people’s intestines, causing diar-rhea, vomiting and leg cramps. It seems likeevery time there are floods, earthquakes orany disasters in developing countries of theworld, an outbreak of cholera followsquickly. Infect-ion is acquired primarily byingesting contaminated water or food; per-son-to-person transmission is rare. Since1961,V. cholerae has spread from Indonesiathrough most of Asia into Eastern Europe andAfrica, and from North Africa, to the IberianPeninsula. In 1991, an extensive epidemicbegan in Peru and spread to neighboringcountries in the Western Hemisphere. In 2001,nearly 185,000 cases from 58 countries werereported to WHO.

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) arefound in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. They areaquatic and photosynthetic, meaning they livein the water and can manufacture their ownfood. Cyanobacteria are unicellular bacteria that often grow in colonies large enough to see with the naked eye. They can produce tox-ins—usually neurotoxins or hepatoxins. Thereis good evidence that certain hepatoxins pro-mote liver tumors. Currently, most worldwidereports of cyanobaterial toxin poisonings haveinvolved livestock, dogs, and waterfowl. Well-documented cases of effects on humans are relatively few, but there are somereports of dermatitis, eye irritation, andgastrointestinal symptoms.

E.coli O157:H7 is a bacterium that hasbeen associated primarily with undercookedbeef and raw milk. But waterborne outbreakshave been reported, including one in Miss-ouri that sickened 243 people and left fourdead, and one in Wyoming that sickened atleast 50 people.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium linkedto gastric ulcers. Penn State University (PSU)researchers report that they have found a directlink between the presence of a bacterium inPennsylvania drinking water and stomachulcers. The research team tied Helicobacterpylori in well water and clinical infection in people drinking from that supply. PSUresearchers made the association betweenwater containing H. pylori and the infectionthrough tests of private wells supplyingdrinking water to individual households.Interviews with residents who consumed the water found a significant correlationbetween presence of the bacterium andcases of stomach ulcers.

Legionella pneumophila is a bacteriumthat was discovered in 1976 at an AmericanLegion convention in Philadelphia.

Investigators originallybelieved that an abandonedcooling tower was itssource, but recent researchindicates that the Legionellamight have been introducedthrough a potable water sys-tem. While Legionella are rel-atively resistant to standardwater disinfection procedures,research has produced effective waysto control and prevent it in potable watersystems, including hyperchlorination, ultravi-olet light, and ozonation.

Mycobacterium has been linked totuberculosis. M. avium and M. intracellularecomplex, long considered a group of organ-isms that rarely infects humans, is now rec-ognized as one of the leading opportunistsassociated with AIDS. M. leprae causes lep-rosy, which remains a major disease in thethird world. M. bovis causes tuberculosis.

Salmonella is a bacterium that causessalmonellosis. Most people infected withSalmonella develop diarrhea, fever, andabdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infec-tion. The illness usually lasts four to seven

Cryptosporidiosis • Cryptosporidium • The Cycle

Thick-walled oocystingested by host

Contamination of waterand food with oocysts.

RecreationalWater

DrinkingWater

Thick-walled oocyst

Thick-walled oocyst

Thin-walledoocyst

Microgametes

Zygote

Macrogamont

oocyst

TrophoziteSporozoite Type I Meront

Merozite

Type IIMerontMerozites

UndifferentiatedGamont

Microgamont

Auto-infectionAsexual Cycle

Sexual CyclePublic Health Image Library, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://phil.cdc.gov/

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26 On Tap Fall 2004

days, and most people recover without treat-ment. However, in some people diarrheamay be so severe that the patient needs tobe hospitalized. In these patients, theSalmonella infection may spread from theintestines to the blood stream and then toother body sites and can cause death unlessthe person is treated promptly with antibi-otics. The elderly, infants, and those withimpaired immune systems are more likely tohave a severe illness.

Shigellosis is an infectious diseasecaused by a group of bacteria called Shigella.

Most who are infected with Shigelladevelop diarrhea, fever, and stom-

ach cramps starting a day or twoafter they are exposed to thebacterium. The diarrhea isoften bloody. Shigellosisusually lasts five to sevendays. In some people, espe-cially young children andthe elderly, the diarrhea canbe so severe that the patient

needs to be hospitalized. Asevere infection with high fever

may also be associated withseizures in children less than two

years old. Some people who are infectedmay have no symptoms at all but may stillpass the Shigella bacteria to others.

ProtozoaCryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal dis-

ease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum—a protozoan that can live in the intestine ofhumans and animals and can be passed inthe stool. Both the disease and the parasiteare also known as crypto. An outer shellprotects the parasite and allows it to sur-vive outside the body for long periods oftime. The shell also makes it very resistantto chlorine disinfection. During the pasttwo decades, crypto has become recog-nized as one of the most common causesof waterborne disease in humans in theU.S. The parasite is found in every regionof the U.S. and throughout the world.

Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that ismost frequently the cause of non-bacterialdiarrhea in the U.S. Human giardiasis mayinvolve diarrhea within one week of inges-tion of the cyst. Cysts are resistant to ad-verse environmental conditions and arepassed in the feces of an infected host, andthe next host is infected when it ingestscysts in food or water contaminated withfeces. Normally, illness lasts for one to two

weeks but there are cases of chronic infec-tions lasting months to years. Chroniccases, both those with defined immunedeficiencies and those without, are difficultto treat.

VirusesHepatitis E generally affects young

adults and usually is not life threatening. Theexception is in pregnant women, who havehad fatality rates of 15 to 20 percent. Accor-ding to CDC, virtually all cases of hepatitis Ehave occurred among travelers returning fromdeveloping countries where the disease isendemic and spreads through contaminateddrinking water. Nevertheless, tests show thatbetween one and five percent of healthy blooddonors in the U.S. have hepatitis E antibodiesin their blood.

Rotavirus infects the digestive tract. It isthe most common cause of severe diarrheain infants and young children in the U.S.Rotavirus is easily spread by hand-to-mouthcontact with stool from an infected person.Most children with rotavirus diarrhea recoverwithout medical treatment. Some children,however, become very ill with severe vomiting,diarrhea, and life-threatening loss of fluids.

If you need to report a waterborne disease outbreak, call CDC’s Division ofParasitic Diseases, NCID, at (770) 488-7760or by fax at (770) 488-7761.

For more information, contact: EPA’s SafeDrinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791,visit their Web site www.epa.gov/safewater,or e-mail them at [email protected]; orcontact CDC’s National Center for InfectiousDiseases at www.cdc.gov/ncidod. Call theCDC at (888) 232-3228, or send a fax to(888) 232-3299.

References:Lee, Sherline H., M.P.H., Deborah A. Levy, Ph.D., Gunther F.

Craun, M.P.H., Michael J. Beach, Ph.D., and Rebecca L.Calderon, Ph.D. Surveillance for Waterborne-DiseaseOutbreaks–United States, 1999—2000 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5108a1.htm. Accessed on August 27, 2004.

National Institutes of Health. National Environmental HealthSciences Institute. www.niehs.nih.gov. Accessed onAugust 24, 2004.

U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources of the United States.www.water.usgs.gov. Accessed on August 24, 2004.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “List of Drinking WaterContaminants and MCLs” www.epa.gov/safewater,Accessed on August 24, 2004.

World Health Organization. Drinking Water Web page.www.who.int/topics/drinking_water. Accessed on August24, 2004.

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1PIPELINE - Fall 1995; Vol. 6, No. 4 National Small Flows Clearinghouse 1-800-624-8301

PipelineFall 1995

Vol. 6, No. 4

Small Community Wastewater Issues Explained to the Public

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ut of sight and out of mind—does this describe yourrelationship with your septicsystem? If you are like most

homeowners, you probably never givemuch thought to what happens to whatgoes down your drain. But if you rely on aseptic system to treat and dispose of yourhousehold wastewater, what you don’tknow can hurt you. Proper operation andmaintenance of your septic system canhave a significant impact on how well itworks and how long it lasts, and in mostcommunities, septic system maintenanceis the responsibility of the homeowner.

Why Maintain Your System?There are three main reasons why

septic system maintenance is so important.The first reason is money. Failing septicsystems are expensive to repair or replace,and poor maintenance is a common causeof early system failures. The minimalamount of preventative maintenance thatseptic systems require costs very little in

Can you answer the following questions?

• Where is your septic tank located?(see page 6)

• How often should you have yourseptic system inspected? (see page 4)

• Does it help to add yeast to yoursystem? (see page 4)

• Do you know the last time your septictank was pumped? (see page 6)

• How do household cleaners affectyour system? (see page 6)

• How can you tell if your septic systemhas failed? (see page 2)

Even if you think you know the answersto all of these questions, you canprobably learn something new aboutseptic system maintenance in this issueof Pipeline. For a quick reference, seethe list of do’s and don’ts for septicsystem owners on page 5.

SEPTIC SYSTEM QUIZ

MAINTAINING YOUR SEPTIC SYSTEM—A GUIDE FOR HOMEOWNERS

Continued on page 2

Why Many Systems FailImproper siting, construction, or design

often contribute to septic system failures.But if your septic system has beenproperly designed, constructed, andinstalled, then you are the most likelyremaining threat to the health andlongevity of your septic system. Fortu-nately, it is easy to learn how to properlyoperate and maintain a septic system.

This issue of Pipeline focuses oneducating homeowners about properseptic system operation and maintenance.Some of the topics include groundwaterpollution, system inspections, and the use

comparison. For example, it typicallycosts from $3,000 to $10,000 to replacea failing septic system with a new one,compared to approximately $50 to $150to have a septic system inspected, and$150 to $250 to have it pumped.

The second and most important reasonto maintain your system is to protect thehealth of your family, your community,and the environment. When septic systemsfail, inadequately treated householdwastewater is released into the environ-ment. Any contact with untreated humanwaste can pose significant health risks,and untreated wastewater from failingseptic systems can contaminate nearbywells, groundwater, and drinkingwater sources.

Chemicals improperly releasedthrough a septic system also can pollutelocal water sources and can contributeto system failures. For this reason it isimportant for homeowners to educatethemselves about what should andshould not be disposed of through aseptic system. Finally, the third reason to maintainyour septic system is to protect the

economic health of your community.Failed septic systems can

cause property values todecline. Sometimesbuilding permits cannotbe issued or real estatesales can be delayed forthese properties until

systems are repaired orreplaced. Also, failed septic

systems can contribute to the pollutionof local rivers, lakes, and shorelines thatyour community uses for commercial orrecreational activities.


I N T H I S I S S U E1 Maintaining your septic system—

a guide for homeowners1 Septic system quiz2 Is your septic system failing?2 Groundwater pollution3 How to maintain your septic

system4 Do I need to add anything to my

septic system?4 What type of toilet paper is best

for septic tanks?

5 Septic system do’s and don’ts6 Pumping and inspecting your

system—what to expect6 How do household cleaners and

detergents affect my system?7 What some communities are

doing7 Contacts8 Resources available from NSFC

2

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Groundwater PollutionFREE POSTER!Preventing groundwater pollution from

failing septic systems should be a priorityfor every community. Contamination ofthe groundwater source can lead to thepollution of local wells, streams, lakes,and ponds—exposing family, friends, andneighbors to waterborne diseases andother serious health risks.

When a septic system fails, inadequatelytreated domestic waste can reach thegroundwater. Bacteria and viruses fromhuman waste can cause dysentery,hepatitis, and typhoid fever. Many seriousoutbreaks of these diseases have beencaused by contaminated drinking water.

Nitrate and phosphate, also found indomestic wastewater, can cause excessivealgae growth in lakes and streams calledalgae blooms. These blooms causeaesthetic problems and impair otheraquatic life. Nitrate is also the cause ofmethemoglobinemia, or blue babysyndrome, a condition that prevents thenormal uptake of oxygen in the bloodof young babies.

In addition, hazardous householdchemicals like paints, varnishes, wasteoils, and pesticides pollute the ground-water and should never be disposed ofthrough a septic system. They can alsokill the microorganisms in the system thatbreak down the waste.

See the list of do’s and don’ts for septicsystem owners on page 5 for more aboutwhat should and should not be disposedof in a septic tank system. of additives and cleaners. The issue

also includes a handy reference list ofimportant septic system do’s and don’tsfor homeowners.

You are encouraged to share, copy, ordistribute any infomation in Pipeline withothers in your community. The articles canbe reprinted in local newspapers orincluded in flyers, newsletters, andeducational presentations. We ask onlythat you send us a copy of the reprintedarticle for our files.

If you have any questions or requirefurther information about any of the topicsin this newsletter, please contact theNational Small Flows Clearinghouseat (800) 624-8301.

A new poster titled, “GroundwaterProtection Begins at Home,” is availablefree from the National Drinking WaterClearinghouse (NDWC). The poster listssources of hazardous waste in the homeand includes guidelines for their safedisposal in an easy-to-read format. Theimportance of groundwater pollutionprevention is also explained. The posteris a great reference source for everyhome with a septic system.

To order “Groundwater ProtectionBegins at Home,” call the NDWC at(800) 624-8301, and order Item#DWBLPE40. A shipping and handlingcharge will apply.

Continued from page 1

MAINTAINING YOUR SEPTICSYSTEM—A GUIDE FORHOMEOWNERS

GLASSCLEANER

BLEACTile

Cleaner

BATTERIES

KITCHEN/BATH

INSECTICIDE/FERTILIZER

GARAGE

SEPTIC TANK

PAINT

Groundwater Protection...GARAGENever pour gasoline ormotor oil onto theground, into a stormdrain, or into your septicsystem. One gallon of oilcan contaminate amillion gallons of water.

Also, motor oil picks upheavy metals, such aslead, as it circulatesthrough a vehicle’sengine. If you changeyour vehicle’s oilyourself, store usedoil in a sturdy, well-marked container. Takeit to a gas station or abusiness that recyclesmotor oil.

Antifreeze containseither ethylene glycol, asubstance poisonous tohumans and pets,or the less toxicpropylene glycol. If youhave a septic tank, donot pour antifreezedown the drain as it cankill the beneficialorganisms in the system.

Diluted antifreeze canbe processed by somecommunity sewagetreatment plants, butcheck with your systemoperator first.

KITCHEN/BATHProducts, such asfurniture polish, metalpolish, and nail polishremover, should neverbe poured down thedrain or placed in thegarbage. It is safe toplace empty ovencleaner containers inthe garbage.

BATTERIESDry cell batteries for usein portable radios orremote controls oftencontain mercury orcadmium. Batteriesshould never be thrownin the trash. Userechargeable batteriesor electrical adapterswhen possible.

Automobile and otherwet cell batteries oftencontain lead andsulfuric acid. Thesebatteries can berecycled.

F E R T I L I Z E RGROW

WEEDKILLER

When rain and snow fall, some water flows into streams, lakes, and oceans, and becomes surface water. Most precipitation, however, either evaporates or seeps deep into the soil, eventually becoming groundwater.

Water is the universal solvent, picking up pollutants on its way to the aquifer from whichwe draw our drinking water.

Some contamination can be traced to hazardous substances we use around our homes.If dumped down the drain, flushed down the toilet, or poured on the ground, thesesubstances can contaminate the groundwater supply, and once an aquifer is polluted,it is expensive and difficult to clean up.

If you purchase products containing hazardous substances, buy only as much as youneed, and use it up completely, give it to someone else to use, or save it for hazardouswaste collection.

A comprehensive story on household hazardous waste is on the back of this poster.

Unsaturated Zone

Saturated Zone(Aquifer)

Bedrock

Water Table

Efforts have been made to ensurethe accuracy of the informationon this poster; however, thisinformation MUST be used inaccordance with local regulations.Please contact your local healthdepartment for information aboutregulations in your communitybefore disposing of any hazardoussubstances.

LATEXPaint

PAINTSOil-based paint consistsof pigment and solvents,such as petroleumdistillates, that arehazardous substances. Ifpaint has completelydried in its container, itmay be put in thegarbage. Don’t rinsepaint brushes andcontainers wherewastewater can run intoa storm drain.

Whenever possible, uselatex paint that has awater-based solvent.

FERTILIZERS/PESTICIDESBe very careful using,handling, storing, ordisposing of pesticidesand fertilizers. Mostchemical pesticidescontain toxicsubstances thatcan result in bothimmediate and long-term health effects.Whenever possible, useorganic compostmaterial.

SEPTIC TANKLeaky or faulty septictanks are one of themost common sourcesof groundwatercontamination. Do notpour hazardous or toxicwaste down drains ortoilets. Even smallamounts can destroythe biological systemthat breaks downwaste, then drain outinto the groundwater.Make sure your septictank is routinelyinspected and pumpedout, if necessary. Do notdrive over the tank orthe adjacent absorptionfield.

(800) 624-8301

National Drinking WaterClearinghouse

West Virginia UniversityP.O. Box 6064

Morgantown, WV 26506-6064

The National Drinking WaterClearinghouse is funded by

the Rural Utilities Service.

Ant i f reeze

MOTOROIL

IS YOUR SEPTICIS YOUR SEPTICIS YOUR SEPTICIS YOUR SEPTICIS YOUR SEPTICSYSTEM FAILING?SYSTEM FAILING?SYSTEM FAILING?SYSTEM FAILING?SYSTEM FAILING?

Septic system owners should be alertto the following warning signs of afailing system:

• Slowly draining sinks and toilets• Gurgling sounds in the plumbing• Plumbing backups• Sewage odors in the house or yard• Ground wet or mushy underfoot• Grass growing faster and greenerin one particular area of the yard

• Tests showing the presence ofbacteria in well water

None of these warning signs canbe considered a sure indication thata system has failed, but the appearanceof one or more of them should prompthomeowners to have their systemsinspected. Septic system failuresalso can occur without any of thesewarning signals. For this reason, yearlyinspection of your septic system isrecommended and even required bysome communities.

For more information about septicsystem inspections, see the articlebeginning on page 6.


SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Septic systems are a very simple wayto treat household wastewater and areeasy to operate and maintain. Althoughhomeowners must take a more activerole in maintaining septic systems, oncethey learn how their systems work, itis easy for them to appreciate theimportance of a few sound operationand maintenance practices.

How Septic Systems WorkThere are two main parts to the basic

septic system: the septic tank and thedrainfield.

The Septic TankHousehold wastewater first flows into

the septic tank where it should stay for atleast a day. In the tank, heavy solids in thewastewater settle to the bottom forming alayer of sludge, and grease and lightsolids float to the top forming a layer ofscum (refer to the graphic on this page).

The sludge and scum remain in thetank where naturally occurring bacteriawork to break them down. The bacteriacannot completely break down all of thesludge and scum, however, and this iswhy septic tanks need to be pumpedperiodically.

The separated wastewater in the middlelayer of the tank is pushed out into thedrainfield as more wastewater enters theseptic tank from the house. If too muchwater is flushed into the septic tank in ashort period of time, the wastewater flowsout of the tank before it has had time toseparate. This can happen on days whenwater use is unusually high (laundry day,for example), or more often if the septictank is too small for the needs of thehousehold.

The DrainfieldWhen wastewater leaves a septic tank

too soon, solids can be carried with itto the drainfield. Drainfields provideadditional treatment for the wastewaterby allowing it to trickle from a series ofperforated pipes, through a layer ofgravel, and down through the soil. The

soil acts as a natural filter and containsorganisms that help treat the waste. Solidsdamage the drainfield by clogging thesmall holes in the drainfield pipes andthe surrounding gravel, and excess waterstrains the system unnecessarily.

How To Care for Your SystemSeptic system maintenance is often

compared to automobile maintenancebecause only a little effort on a regularbasis can save a lot of money andsignificantly prolong the life of the system.

Sound septic system operation andmaintenance practices include conservingwater, being careful that nothing harmfulis disposed of through the system, andhaving the system inspected annuallyand pumped regularly.

By educating everyone in yourhousehold about what is and what isn’tgood for septic systems, they can beginto develop good maintenance habits.

Use Water WiselyWater conservation is very important

for septic systems because continualsaturation of the soil in the drainfieldcan affect the quality of the soil and itsability to naturally remove toxins,bacteria, viruses, and other pollutantsfrom the wastewater.

The most effective way to conservewater around the house is to first takestock of how it is being wasted. Immedi-ately repair any leaking faucets or runningtoilets, and use washing machines anddishwashers only when full.

In a typical household, most of thewater used indoors is used in the bath-room, and there are a lot of little thingsthat can be done to conserve water there.

For example, try to avoid letting waterrun while washing hands and brushingteeth. Avoid taking long showers andinstall water-saving features in faucetsand shower heads. These devices canreduce water use by up to 50 percent.Low-flush toilets use one to two gallonsper flush compared to the three to fivegallons used by conventional toilets. Evenusing a toilet dam or putting a container

HOW TO MAINTAIN YOUR SEPTIC SYSTEMfilled with rocks in the toilet tank canreduce water use by 25 percent (refer tothe graphic on page 4).

It is also important to avoid overtaxingyour system by using a lot of water in ashort time period, or by allowing toomuch outside water to reach thedrainfield. Try to space out activitiesrequiring heavy water use (like laundry)over several days. Also, divert roof drains,surface water, and sump pumps awayfrom the drainfield.

Know What Not To FlushWhat you put into your septic system

greatly affects its ability to do its job. As ageneral rule of thumb, do not dispose ofanything in your septic system that canjust as easily be put in the trash. Remem-ber that your system is not designed to bea garbage disposal, and that solids buildup in the septic tank and eventually needto be pumped out.

In the kitchen, avoid washing foodscraps, coffee grinds, and other food itemsdown the drain. Grease and cooking oilscontribute to the layer of scum in the tankand also should not be put down the drain.Garbage disposals can increase theamount of solids in the tank up to 50percent and are not recommended for usewith septic systems.

The same common-sense approachused in the kitchen should be used in thebathroom. Don’t use the toilet to dispose

Continued on page 4

Inlet

Inspection ports

manhole

Sludge Baffle or Tee

Baffle or Tee

Scum

Outlet


4

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Q&A?Do I need to add anything tomy septic system to keep itworking properly?

What type of toilet paper isbest for septic tanks?

Contrary to popular belief, it is notnecessary to sacrifice personal comfortto protect your septic tank. There aremany types of toilet paper on the marketthat are perfectly safe for septic systems.

According to the National SanitationFoundation (NSF), a nonprofit organiza-tion that tests products relating to healthand the environment, the thickness andcolor of toilet tissue does not necessar-ily affect its biodegradability.

NSF subjects the toilet papers itcertifies to rigorous testing, and thebrands that pass carry the NSF markstating that they are safe for use withseptic systems. However, there probablyare many brands without the NSF markthat are also safe.

HOW TO MAINTAIN YOUR SEPTIC SYSTEM

Drinking &Cooking

5%Bathing

30%

Toilets45%

Water use around the home

Continued from page 3

of plastics, paper towels, tampons,disposable diapers, condoms, kitty litter,etc. The only things that should be flusheddown the toilet are wastewater and toiletpaper. (For a list of items, see “Do NotFlush” on page 5.)

Avoid Hazardous ChemicalsTo avoid disrupting or permanently

damaging your septic system, do not useit to dispose of hazardous householdchemicals. Even small amounts of paints,varnishes, thinners, waste oil, photo-graphic solutions,pesticides, andother organicchemicals candestroy helpfulbacteria and thebiological diges-tion taking placewithin yoursystem. Thesechemicals alsopollute thegroundwater.

Some septicsystem additives that claim to help orclean your system also contain hazardouschemicals and should be avoided. (See theQ&A on septic system additives at left.)

Household cleaners, such as bleach,disinfectants, and drain and toilet bowlcleaners should be used in moderation andonly in accordance with product labels.Overuse of these products can harm yoursystem. It makes sense to try to keep alltoxic and hazardous chemicals out of yourseptic tank system when possible. (Formore about the use of household cleaners,refer to the article on page 6.)

To help prevent groundwater pollution,be sure to dispose of leftover hazardous

While many products on the marketclaim to help septic systems work better,the truth is there is no magic potion tocure an ailing system. In fact, mostengineers and sanitation professionalsbelieve that commercial septic systemadditives are, at best, useless, and atworst, potentially harmful to a system.

There are two types of septic systemadditives: biological (like bacteria,enzymes, and yeast) and chemical.Most biological additives are harmless,but some chemical additives canpotentially harm the soil in the drainfieldand contaminate the groundwater.

While there hasn’t been extensivestudy on the effectiveness of theseproducts, the general consensus amongseptic system experts is that septicsystem additives are unnecessary.

Laundry &Dishes20%

Toilet Dams

A toilet dam (above left) or a rock filled milk container (aboveright) can reduce the amount of water flowing out of the toiletby up to 25 percent. (Reproduced with permission from MassachusettsCooperative Extension)

chemicals by taking them to an approvedhazardous waste collection center. Forlocations and more information, contactyour local health department.

Pump Your Tank RegularlyPumping your septic tank is probably

the single most important thing you cando to protect your system. If the buildupof solids in the tank becomes too high andsolids move to the drainfield, this couldclog and strain the system to the pointwhere a new drainfield will be needed.

Inspect Your System AnnuallyInspecting your septic system annually

is a good way to monitor your system’shealth. Inspections can reveal problemsbefore they become serious, and bychecking the levels of sludge and scum inyour tank, you can get a more accurateidea of how often it should be pumped.

For a more detailed discussion of septicsystem inspections and recommendedpumping frequencies and procedures,read the article “Pumping and InspectingYour System—What To Expect” on page 6.

Protect Your SystemFinally, it is important to protect your

septic system from potential damage.Don’t plant anything but grass near

your septic system—roots from shrubsand trees can cause damage—and don’tallow anyone to drive or operate heavymachinery over any part of the system.Also, don’t build anything over thedrainfield. Grass is the most appropriatecover for the drainfield.


SEPTIC SYSTEMS

DO’s DON’TsDo learn the location of your septictank and drainfield. Keep a sketch

of it handy with your maintenancerecord for service visits.

Do have your septic system inspectedannually.

Do have your septic tank pumped outregularly by a licensed contractor.(See the table on page 6 for estimatedpumping frequencies.)

Do keep your septic tank coveraccessible for inspections andpumpings. Install risers if necessary.

Do call a professional whenever youexperience problems with yoursystem, or if there are any signs ofsystem failure.

Do keep a detailed record of repairs,pumpings, inspections, permitsissued, and other maintenanceactivities.

Do conserve water to avoid overloadingthe system. Be sure to repair anyleaky faucets or toilets.

Do divert other sources of water, likeroof drains, house footing drains, andsump pumps, away from the septicsystem. Excessive water keeps thesoil in the drainfield from naturallycleansing the wastewater.

Don’t go down into aseptic tank. Toxic gases are

produced by the natural treatmentprocesses in septic tanks and cankill in minutes. Extreme careshould be taken when inspectinga septic tank, even whenjust looking in.

Don’t allow anyone to drive orpark over any part of the system.

Don’t plant anything over ornear the drainfield exceptgrass. Roots from nearby trees orshrubs may clog and damage thedrain lines.

Don’t dig in your drainfield or buildanything over it, and don’t coverthe drainfield with a hard surface suchas concrete or asphalt. The area overthe drainfield should have only agrass cover. The grass will not onlyprevent erosion, but will help removeexcess water.

Don’t make or allow repairs to yourseptic system without obtaining therequired health department permit.Use professional licensed septiccontractors when needed.

Don’t use septic tank additives. Theseproducts usually do not help and somemay even be harmful to your system.

Don’t use your toilet as a trash can orpoison your septic system and thegroundwater by pouring harmfulchemicals and cleansers down thedrain. Harsh chemicals can kill thebeneficial bacteria that treat yourwastewater.

Don’t use a garbage disposal withoutchecking with your local regulatoryagency to make sure that your septicsystem can accommodate thisadditional waste.

Don’t allow backwash from home watersofteners to enter the septic system.

coffee grindsdental flossdisposable diaperskitty littersanitary napkinstamponscigarette buttscondomsfat, grease, or oilpaper towels

and hazardous chemicals, such as:paintsvarnishesthinnerswaste oilsphotographic solutionspesticides

These items can overtax or destroythe biological digestion taking placewithin your system.

Be sure to exercise appropriatecaution when inspecting a septictank. Never allow anyone toinspect a septic tank alone or godown into a septic tank. Toxicgases are produced by the naturaltreatment processes in septictanks and can kill in minutes—even just looking in the tank canbe dangerous.

WARNING

Do not flush

SEPTIC SYSTEM DO’s AND DON’Ts

LATEXPaint


SEPTIC SYSTEMS

How do household cleaners anddetergents affect my system?

Continued on next page

Annual inspections of your septicsystem are recommended to ensure that itis working properly and to determinewhen the septic tank should be pumped.By inspecting and pumping your systemregularly, you can prevent the high cost ofseptic system failure.

Inspecting Your SystemAlthough a relatively simple inspection

can determine whether or not your septictank needs to be pumped, you shouldconsider calling your local healthdepartment or hiring a professionalcontractor. A professional can do athorough inspection of the entire systemand check for cracked pipes and thecondition of the tees or baffles and otherparts of the system.

A thorough septic system inspectionwill include the following steps:

1. Locating the system—Even a profes-sional may have trouble locating yoursystem if the access to your tank is buried.One way to start looking is to go in yourbasement and determine the direction thesewer pipe goes out through the wall.Then start probing the soil with a thinmetal rod 10 to 15 feet from the founda-tion. Once your system is found, be sureto keep a map of it on hand to save timeon future service visits.

2. Uncovering the manhole and inspectionports—This may entail some digging inyour yard. If they are buried, try to makeaccess to the ports easier for futureinspections. Install risers (elevated accesscovers) if necessary.

3. Flushing the toilets—This is done todetermine if the plumbing going to thesystem is working correctly.

4. Measuring the Scum and Sludge Layers—There are two frequently used methodsfor measuring the sludge and scum layersinside your tank. The contractor may usea hollow clear plastic tube that is pushedthrough the different layers to the bottomof the tank. When brought back up, thetube retains a sample showing a crosssection of the inside of the tank.

The layers can also be measured usinga long stick. To measure the scum layerusing a stick, a three-inch piece of wood

is attached across the end of the stick toform a “foot,” and the stick is pusheddown through the scum to the liquid layer.When the stick is moved up, the footmeets resistance on the bottom of thescum layer, and the contractor marks thestick at the top of the layer to measure thetotal thickness. As a general guideline, ifthe scum layer is within three inches ofthe bottom of the inlet baffle, the tankshould be pumped.

The sludge layer is measured bywrapping cloth around the bottom of thestick and lowering it to the bottom of thetank. This should be done either through ahole in the scum layer or through thebaffle or tee, if possible, to avoid gettingscum on the cloth. The sludge depth canbe estimated by the length of sludgesticking to the cloth. If the sludge depth isequal to one third or more of the liquiddepth, the tank should be pumped.

5. Checking the Tank and the Drainfield—Thecontractor will check the condition of thebaffles or tees, the walls of the tank forcracks, and the drainfield for any signs offailure. If your system includes a distribu-tion box, drop box, or pump, the contrac-tor will check these too.

Septic system inspection regulationsvary from one state to the next. Do youknow what the laws are in your state?

A new report from the National SmallFlows Clearinghouse (NSFC) providesthis information in a single 128-pagedocument, “Inspections from the StateRegulations.” It is a compilation ofregulations for septic system inspectionsfrom the 23 states that have them onthe books. This report includes acomplete list of state regulatory contactsand references for all 50 states. Thecost is $11.35. To order, call NSFC at(800) 624-8301 and request Item#WWPCRG40.

I nspections from the State Regulations

2.64.25.25.97.59.1

10.712.414.015.6

1.52.63.33.74.85.96.98.09.1

10.2

0.71.31.72.02.63.33.94.55.25.9

0.41.01.31.52.02.63.13.74.24.8

1.01.82.32.63.44.25.05.96.77.5

5.89.1

11.012.415.618.922.125.428.631.9

1 2 3 4 5 6

Household size(number of people)

Tanksize(gals.)

500750900

1000125015001750200022502500

Estimated septic tank pumping frequencies in years.These figures assume there is no garbage disposalunit in use. (Source: Pennsylvania State UniversityCooperative Extension Service)

When To PumpHow often your tank needs to be

pumped depends on the tank size, thenumber of people living in your home,and the habits of your particular house-

Pumping and Inspecting YourSystem—What To Expect

When used as recommended by themanufacturer, most household cleaningproducts will not adversely affect theoperation of your septic tank. Draincleaners are an exception, however,and only a small amount of theseproducts can kill the bacteria andtemporarily disrupt the operationof the tank.

If you are concerned about the effectof cleaning products on your septicsystem and the environment, there aresome safe alternatives. Penn StateUniversity has developed a fact sheetlisting alternative cleansers and theiruses. The fact sheet is included in theseptic system information packet forhomeowners, described on page 8.


SEPTIC SYSTEMS

CONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTS☎

Health DepartmentHomeowners with questions aboutregulations or requirements forseptic system construction ormaintenance should contact theirlocal health department (usuallylisted in the yellow pages).

National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC)The National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC) located atWest Virginia University, is also agood place for homeowners andcommunity officials to contact formore information about septicsystems and alternative systems.The NSFC is funded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agencyand offers technical assistance and avariety of free and low-cost productsto help small communities withwastewater issues. Some of theseNSFC products are listed on page 8.

Extension ServiceMany universities have U.S.Department of Agriculture coopera-tive state extension service officeson campus and field offices incounties and other localities. Partof the mission of these extensionservices is to provide access toinformation and assistance to thepublic, and to help educate thepublic about federal wastewaterpolicies and requirements. To locatethe extension office in your area,contact the U.S. Department ofAgriculture at (202) 720-3377, orNSFC at (800) 624-8301, and askfor Crystal Stevens, the contacts andreferrals assistant in the technicalassistance department.

What some communities are doing

Septic system informationavailable in bulk from NSFC

Continued from previous page

Pumping and Inspecting Your System—What To Expect

To protect public health and theenvironment, some communities areworking to promote septic systemmaintenance through public educationand the formation of septic systemmaintenance districts.

Septic system maintenance districtsare areas in which local governments andhealth agencies monitor and regulateprivately-owned septic systems on aregular basis. In a maintenance district,all residents must comply with themaintenance standards and must helppay for the cost of administration.

One of the advantages to this type ofsystem is, because detailed records arekept on the condition of the individual

systems, communities can identifyproblem areas and work with home-owners to develop solutions.

Another advantage is the opportunityto educate septic system ownersindividually about the proper operationand maintenance of their systems. Main-tenance districts also make it easier toarrange inspections and pumpings atseveral houses in a neighborhood at onetime, which can save money.

For more information about mainte-nance districts and other strategies forcontrolling septic system failures in yourcommunity, contact the National SmallFlows Clearinghouse’s technical assis-tance department at (800) 624-8301.

Gro

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NATIONAL SMA

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Helping Americas’s small

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NATIONAL SMALLF

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So...now you owna septic tank

Helping Americas’s small

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NAT

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A series of educational materials thatexplain the operation and maintenance ofseptic systems are available in bulkfrom the National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC). Thesematerials are written forhomeowners and would beuseful for any communityeducation program.

The NSFC’s series of threeseptic system brochures hasrecently been revised, updated, andreprinted. The brochures include:• So . . . now you own a septic tank,• The care and feeding of your septic tank system, and

hold. Garbage disposals and high-water-use technologies, such as a hot tub orwhirlpool, also affect the pumpingfrequency.

To estimate how often you should haveyour tank pumped, refer to the table onpage 6. This information combined withobservations from annual inspections willhelp you to estimate your individualpumping schedule.

When it’s time to pump out your tank,be sure to hire a licensed contractor. He orshe will have the appropriate equipmentand will dispose of the sludge at an

approved treatment site. You can findlistings for licensed pumpers and haulersin the yellow pages, or contact your localhealth department for assistance.

It’s a good idea to be present whenyour tank is being pumped. Make surethe contractor uses the manhole, not theinspection ports, to pump the tank toavoid damaging the baffles or tees. Alsomake sure all of the material in the tank isremoved. It is not necessary to leaveanything in the tank to “restart” thebiological processes, but it is also notnecessary to scrub or disinfect the tank.

• Groundwater protection.This issue and the summer 1995 issue

of Pipeline are also available in bulk. Thesummer issue explains the advantages

of septic tank systems, how theywork, the importance of site

evaluations, alternative septicsystem and drainfield designs,

and resources for more information. To order bulk copies of any of the

brochures or either issue of Pipeline,please call the NSFC at (800) 624-8301.Up to 10 copies of each item are freeexcept for shipping and handling charges.Orders of 11 or more will be charged afee to cover printing and shipping.


RESOURCES AVAILABLE FROM NSFCTo order any of the following products, callthe National Small Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) at (800) 624-8301, or write toNSFC, West Virginia University, P.O. Box6064, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064.Be sure to request each item bytitle and item number. Ashipping and handlingcharge will apply.

New NSFC Guide to Products and ServicesThe “National Small Flows Clearing-house’s (NSFC) 1995 Guide to Productsand Services” will be available soon.The updated guide contains completedescriptions of the NSFC’s nearly 300products that range from educationalvideos and brochures to technical designmanuals and case studies of small com-munity and onsite wastewater treatmentsystems. More than 50 new products areincluded. However, the new guide willonly be mailed to those NSFC customerswho have placed product orders inthe past year. It will also be availableupon request. Please call the NSFC at(800) 624-8301 to reserve your copy.

Septic System Information Packet forHomeownersThis information packet includes a varietyof resources that no septic system ownershould be without. The packet includesbrochures, articles, and other materials onseptic system design and the proper careand feeding of a septic system. The priceis $5.20. Item #WWPCPE28.

National Small Flows ClearinghouseWest Virginia UniversityP.O. Box 6064Morgantown, WV 26506-6064

NA

TIO

NAL SMALL FLOW

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E A R I N G H O U

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Nonprofit OrganizationU.S. Postage Paid

Permit No. 34Morgantown, WV

Printed on recycled paper

PIPELINEPipeline is published quarterly by the National Small

Flows Clearinghouse at West Virginia University,P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064.

Pipeline is sponsored by:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, D.C.Steve Hogye—Project Officer

Municipal Support DivisionOffice of Wastewater Management

National Small Flows ClearinghouseWest Virginia University

Morgantown, WVPeter Casey—Program CoordinatorJill Ross—Publications Supervisor

Tricia Angoli—Special Technical AdvisorCathleen Falvey—Editor

Eric Merrill—Graphic Designer

Permission to quote from or reproduce articles inthis publication is granted when due acknowledgementis given. Please send a copy of the publication in which

information was used to the Pipeline editor atthe address above.

ISSN: 1060-0043PIPELINE is funded by the United States Environmental Protection

Agency. The contents of this newsletter do not necessarily reflect theviews and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does

the mention of trade names or commercial products constituteendorsement or recommendation for use.

For Wastewater Information, Call the NSFC at 1-800-624-8301.

centers for each state, and EPA’s regionaland SCORE coordinators in an attractivechart that is suitable for display. Single ormultiple copies of the poster are available.Item #WWBLPE03. Shipping andhandling charges still apply.

The Care and Feeding of Your Septic TankThis 16-minute NSFC videotape discussesthe basic workings of a conventionalseptic system and its operation andmaintenance. Steps are given that can

prolong the life of septic systems, andthe idea of centralized septic system

management is discussed. Theprice is $20.00. Item#WWVTPE18/Video.

Septic Systems and GroundwaterProtection—A Program Manager’sGuide and Reference BookDesigned to provide information toofficials responsible for developing stateor local septic system management codes,this nontechnical photocopied bookprovides ideas, alternatives, and real-world examples for implementing amanagement plan appropriate for yourcommunity. The price is $19.25. Item#FMBKMGO3.

Do More With Score PosterA free poster from the U.S. Environmen-tal Protection Agency (EPA), “Do Morewith SCORE: Small Community Outreachand Education Helps Solve WastewaterProblems,” explains how EPA’s smallcommunity outreach program can helpcommunities solve their wastewatertreatment problems. It lists national andstate government agencies, public interestand advocacy groups, educationalinstitutions, small community outreachcoordinators and environmental training

1PIPELINE - Spring 1998; Vol. 9, No. 2 National Small Flows Clearinghouse 1-800-624-8301

PipelineSpring 1998Vol. 9, No. 2


M

INSPECTIONS EQUAL PREVENTATIVE CARE FOR ONSITE SYSTEMS

for operation, this issue of Pipeline focusesspecifically on inspections of existing onsitesystems already in operation. These inspec-tions sometimes occur independently or aspart of a maintenance visit, depending onlocal regulations, the type of system, thereason for the inspection, and the degree ofobservation and monitoring necessary.

This issue of Pipeline provides anoverview for homeowners of what occursduring an inspection visit. Readers areencouraged to reprint the articles in localnewspapers or include them in flyers,handouts, newsletters, and educationalpresentations. Please include the name andphone number of the National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC) on the reprintedinformation and send us a copy for our files.

If you have any questions about reprintingarticles or about any of the topics in thisnewsletter, please contact the NSFC at(800) 624-8301 or (304) 293-4191.

• to make sure it is functioning properly,• to protect the health of your family

and neighbors,• to extend the life of the system,• to catch and troubleshoot problems in

their early stages before they becomeserious and expensive to correct,

• to protect wells and other local drink-ing water sources from contamination,

• to protect life in local rivers, lakes,and coastal waters and prevent theneed for costly rehabilitation efforts,

• to comply with environmental andhealth regulations,

• to protect your investment in yourhome and property, and

• to fulfill legal or lending institutionrequirements for property transfers.

Why Have Your SystemInspected?

ost people know that it isimportant to visit the doctorfrom time to time if they wantto live a long healthy life.

Regular checkups can uncover physicalproblems or unhealthy habits before theylead to serious illnesses, yet many peopleput off going to the doctor precisely becausethey are afraid of what they might find out.

Perhaps it’s only human nature, therefore,that explains why many homeowners tendto put off having their onsite wastewatertreatment systems inspected. Homeownersoften don’t even know what type of systemthey have or when it was last serviced. Afterall, onsite systems usually are buried out ofsight, which makes them easy to ignore,especially when they seem to be working.

But ignorance about the condition of onsitesystems can be costly for homeowners.Careful examination by a trained professional

usually is required to determinewhether a system is trulyfunctioning properly and to

troubleshoot and accuratelydiagnose any potential

problems in their early stages before theylead to expensive emergencies.

In fact, regular inspections are as impor-tant to onsite system health as medicalcheckups are to human health. Inspectionshelp homeowners determine when andhow often systems need maintenance,which is essential for keeping them in goodworking order. Inspection results also cansuggest simple lifestyle changes, such asconserving water, to help homeownersprotect and extend the life of their systems.

Protect Your Home and FamilyInspections not only protect systems but

also the health of family, neighbors, andentire communities. Malfunctioning onsitesystems can contaminate nearby wells andpublic drinking water sources, and theycan pollute local rivers, lakes, and coastalwaters, contaminating and killing aquaticlife. Homeowners can be held liable forproblems and nuisances associated withfailing systems. Regular inspections areneeded to uncover problems before theythreaten public health and the environment.

Thorough onsite system inspections alsohelp homeowners protect their propertyinvestments. Imagine the nightmare ofmoving to a new home only to find that thewastewater system is failing or that it is toosmall. Some local regulations and lendinginstitutions require that systems beinspected prior to property transfers, justas termite and structural inspections areoften required, to help homebuyers avoidcostly surprises.

Types of Inspections Although newly constructed

onsite systems also need to beinspected before they are approved


2

ONSITE SYSTEM INSPECTIONS

Exactly when and how often systemsshould be inspected depends on local onsitesystem regulations, the type of system,how it is used, and whether it is located inan environmentally sensitive site or area.Contact your local health department forinformation concerning requirements foryour system. Refer to the contacts list onpage 7 for information on how to reachyour local health department.

Septic SystemsConventional septic tank/soil absorption

systems are the most common type ofonsite system serving individual homes inthe U.S. It is in homeowners’ best intereststo have their septic systems inspectedregularly, even when local regulations don’trequire it. Septic systems serving restaurantsor other businesses or institutions must beinspected more frequently than residentialsystems because they usually treat waste-water that is higher in strength and volume.

It is especially important for homeownersto schedule annual inspections for newseptic systems and systems that are new tothem as users to monitor how quickly thelayers of sludge and scum accumulate inthe septic tank with normal use. If sludgeand scum layers are allowed to become toothick, solid materials may flow from theseptic tank into the soil absorption field,clogging the pipes and soil and causing thesystem to fail. Annual inspections helphomeowners estimate more precisely howoften they need to have their septic tankpumped out to avoid this problem.

Inspections also can uncover any cracks,flaws, or other problems with systems, andthey can help homeowners find out if theyare using their systems wisely. For example,inspections can reveal if food scraps orother inappropriate items are being washeddown the drain regularly or if too muchwater is being used, which can overburdensystems.

For more information about how septicsystems work and proper septic systemoperation and maintenance, refer to theSummer and Fall 1995 issues of Pipeline(Items #SFPLNL02 and #SFPLNL03). Theprice for Pipeline back issues is 20 centseach plus shipping and handling. See page

8 for ordering information.

Other Onsite Systems Home aerobic treatment units, sand

filters, mounds, chlorination units, lagoons,and other alternative or innovative onsitesystem technologies have differentinspection requirements. Some systemsmust be inspected more frequently orrequire regular monitoring by speciallyqualified professionals. (See “Who inspectsonsite systems” on page 3.) In addition,systems with electrical or mechanicalcomponents, such as pumps, timers, controlpanels, and alarms, need to be inspectedand serviced according to manufacturerrecommendations.

Regulations may require that somealternative onsite systems be inspectedmore frequently than conventional septicsystems because of their more complexdesigns and because many alternativesystems are located at difficult sites or inenvironmentally sensitive areas. Somecommunities have onsite system manage-ment programs in place to ensure thatsystems are regularly monitored, orcommunities may issue operating permitsrequiring inspections as a condition forrenewal. Home aerobic treatment unitsusually come with maintenance servicecontracts that include regular inspectionsby a local manufacturer representative.Homeowners are sometimes required torenew these contracts after the initial two-year period, but should consider renewingthem even if not required to do so.

To learn more about community programsfor managing onsite system operation andmaintenance, refer to the Spring 1996 issueof Pipeline (Item #SFPLNL05). For moreabout home aerobic treatment units andservice contracts, refer to the Winter 1996issue of Pipeline (Item #SFPLNL04).

The National Small Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) also offers a variety of informationabout other alternative and innovativeonsite wastewater systems. Refer to pages7 and 8 for information.

Property TransfersIt is not unusual for regulations or

lending institutions to require that onsitesystem inspections be performed within agiven time of the sale or transfer of property.This requirement sometimes can be waivedif the owner has kept detailed records ofpast system inspections and maintenance.For their own protection, consumers shouldinsist on a thorough system inspectionbefore purchasing a home, whether or not itis required by local regulations, and oncethe home is purchased, they shouldmaintain detailed and up-to-date records ofall system inspection and service visits.

Major Changes and RepairsHomeowners often need to have their

onsite systems inspected to obtain buildingpermits for constructing home additions oradding new buildings to their property. Aninspection determines whether the systemwill be affected by the new constructionand if it will be able to handle any potentialchanges in the amount or strength of thewastewater from the extra rooms oradditional occupants.

Inspections also may be required beforemaking system repairs and other changesto property that can affect the system.Changes in the use of a property, forexample, from seasonal to year-roundoccupancy or from residential tocommerical use, also affect onsite systemsand inspections often are required beforesuch changes are approved.

Who initiates inspections?If your community has some type of

program in place for managing onsitesystems, you may be contacted by a healthofficial or management program employeeto schedule an inspection of your system.Otherwise, it usually is up to homeownersto initiate system inspections. Contact yourlocal health department for informationabout inspections in your area.

When should onsite systems be inspected?



Who inspects onsite systems?Onsite system inspections may be

performed by health officials, sanitarians,independent contractors (septic systempumpers and haulers, for example), orpeople employed by communities,developers, or homeowner associations.Manufacturer representatives are responsiblefor inspecting and servicing certain systemsand components covered by servicecontracts or warranties. Exactly who shouldinspect your system depends on the type ofsystem you have, the reason for the inspec-tion, and local onsite system regulations.

Choose the Right ProfessionalThe first step to finding the right person

to inspect your system is to contact yourlocal health department. (Refer to thecontact information on page 7.) Healthdepartment officials know about localonsite system regulations, and they mayknow whether your community schedulesregular system inspections. They also willbe aware of any special requirements foryour particular type of system or propertyand whether certain licenses, certification,education, or training are required foronsite professionals in your state.

For example, a few states, such asMassachusetts and Pennsylvania, andcounties in some states sponsor trainingprograms for onsite system inspectors andmaintain lists of the people who havecompleted these programs. Regulationsconcerning qualifications for onsitesystem professionals vary considerablyfrom state to state, and some states haveno requirements at all. Local healthofficials often can help you find qualifiedpeople in your area.

It is important to be aware, however, thatsimply finding a professional with therequired qualifications does not guaranteethat he or she is the best person for the job.Homeowners should compare estimates,check references, and hire someone whohas appropriate experience. It also is agood idea to hire someone who carriesadequate insurance and to be alert to anypotential conflicts of interest. For example,it is very common for onsite systemprofessionals working in the private sectorto perform a variety of different services, sothe person who inspects your system alsomay repair, maintain, and install systems.

Homeowners should simply be aware ofthe potential for a conflict and take thetime to check references.

Should you do it yourself?Do you know what a baffle looks like

and how to tell if it is working? Do youknow what you should find inside aproperly functioning septic tank, or how totest pump switches? If not, you should hirea professional to inspect your system.

Because some state and local regulationsdo not specify who should inspect systemsand how often they should be inspected,some homeowners may be tempted toinspect their systems themselves. Evenwhen this is an option, there are many advan-tages to hiring a professional to do the job.

Experienced onsite system professionalscan identify structural problems with tanksand other components and are able toinspect entire systems, including allplumbing, components, and the soilabsorption field. If a system is difficult tolocate, professional inspectors will havethe know-how and equipment to find thesystem more easily. After the inspection,they can provide the homeowner with awritten report detailing the results, thelocation of the system, and any mainte-nance that needs to be performed. Thesereports are official documents valuable forshowing to banks, insurance companies,and prospective homebuyers.

Another reason homeowners should hireprofessionals are the dangers inherent inperforming inspections and maintenancefor some systems. Septic tanks, for example,contain gases that can be poisonous,explosive, and potentially fatal, so tanksshould not be entered or inspected alone.Systems with electrical components pose ashock hazard and even probing in thebackyard with a metal rod (a commonmethod for locating systems) can bedangerous if there are utility lines buriedthere. Also, the wastewater in the tank maycontain disease-causing pathogens.

Professional system inspectors are awareof proper safety practices. They also havespecialized equipment that enables them toperform the inspection more safely andcost-effectively than would be possible formost homeowners.

If your local health department is unableto help you find a qualified professionalonsite system inspector in your area, thereare additional resources available:

NSFC’s Manufacturers andConsultants Database

Homeowners can call the National SmallFlows Clearinghouse (NSFC) and request acustomized search of the Manufacturersand Consultants Database to obtain a list ofconsultants in their area who work withonsite and small community wastewatersystems. The search can be narrowed toinclude only those consultants who havenotified the NSFC that they perform onsitesystem inspections. Homeowners then cancontact local consultants to compare prices,check references, and inquire about insur-ance coverage, certification, and licenses.

Contact the NSFC at (800) 624-8301 or(304) 293-4191 and ask to speak with atechnical assistance specialist for moreinformation about the database or to requesta search. Please be sure to specify the topicand Item #WWPCCM15 when requesting asearch. The price is 15 cents per page.

National Association of WasteTransporters, Inc. (NAWT)

As a professional organization servingonsite system pumpers and haulers, part ofNAWT’s mission is to advance and increasethe professionalism and public image of itsindustry. NAWT has developed its owntraining and certification programs for onsitesystem inspectors and offers the curriculumto states and others. The organization alsooffers group insurance for independentcontractors.

Homeowners who would like informationabout NAWT members who performinspections in their area can contact theorganization’s headquarters in Scandia,Minnesota, at (800) 236-6298.

Help Is Available!


4


Suppose you contacted your local healthdepartment, found the right people to inspectyour system, and scheduled an appoint-ment—now is your role in the inspectionover? Not if you’re smart. Your continuedinvolvement will help ensure that every-thing goes smoothly and that you benefit asmuch as possible from the process.

Gather InformationOne way homeowners can aid the

inspection process and save considerabletime and money is to provide the profes-sionals performing the inspection with asmuch information about the system aspossible. An “as-built” drawing of thesystem or reports from previous inspectionor maintenance visits, for example, willhelp the inspector locate the system andinspect it thoroughly. Other helpfuldocuments include operating manuals ormanufacturer information for systemcomponents. Gathering this information in

The Homeower’s Role in the Inspection Processadvance and having it on-hand at theinspection will help homeowners save timeanswering the inspectors’ questions (referto the article below, “Questions InspectorsMay Ask”), and it may save the expense ofsomeone else having to do the research.

These records sometimes can be foundwith the deed and other documents fromthe purchase of your home, or there maybe some information at your local healthdepartment. (Refer to page 8 for informa-tion about the National Small FlowsClearinghouse’s new “Homeowner OnsiteSystem Recordkeeping Folder.”)

Be PresentIt is important for someone living in the

home to be present during the inspectionto answer any questions the inspectorshave about the habits and lifestyle of thesystem users and to let the inspectors in thehouse to examine pipes and flush toilets.

Another good reason for homeowners tobe present is to oversee the inspection asan added precaution to ensure thateverything is done thoroughly andcorrectly—for example, that any soil orsod that is removed is replaced neatly (seethe article on page 5 for more information).

Ask QuestionsInspections are an excellent opportunity

for homeowners to learn about theirsystem and how to best care for it. It is agood idea to follow the inspector toobserve and ask questions. Some healthofficials and other onsite system profes-sionals are very good about taking the timeto interact with homeowners to educatethem about proper system operation andmaintenance. However, like any group ofpeople, different inspectors have differentpersonalities and priorities, and it some-times will be up to the homeowner to askfor this information.

A thorough onsite system inspectionusually includes a detailed interview of thehomeowner or resident concerning thesystem and household practices that mayaffect the system. The answers help theinspectors assess the quantity and qualityof wastewater flowing into the system atvarious times of the day and week andother burdens to the system. The interviewinformation also helps inspectors recom-mend ways residents can change theirhousehold habits to protect their systems.

The following are examples of the typesof questions homeowners should beprepared to answer:

User Information• How many people currently live in the home?• How many bedrooms are there in the home?• Is the home occupied year-round orseasonally?

• Is anyone in the home using medications or antibiotics long-term?• How many loads of laundry do you do perday and per week?

• Do you do consecutive loads?

• Do you use powdered or liquid detergent?• Do you have a garbage disposal?• Do you have a dishwasher?• Do you use a water softener?• How many rolls of toilet paper do you useper week?

System Information• Do you know what type of system you have?• When was the system installed?• Has the tank ever been pumped? If so, when was it last pumped?• Has the system ever been repaired?• Do you know where the septic tank anddrainfield are located?

• Have pumps ever been serviced?• Has the alarm system ever been repaired?• Has the alarm light ever been on, or hasthe alarm ever sounded?

• Where are the separate circuits for thealarm and pump?

• Has sewage ever backed up into the house?• Has sewage ever surfaced on the ground?• Are there any soggy areas in the yard evenin dry weather? Any odors?

Sometimes the inspectors will haveadditional questions after examining thesystem. They may suspect that too much

Questions Inspectors May Ask

wastewater is flowing into the system atonce from excess water use, leaky faucets,or running toilets, or that food scraps orharsh chemicals are being washed downthe drain. Or, there may be evidence thatinappropriate items, such as diapers,cigarette butts, tampons, or condoms arebeing disposed of in the system.

Although some of the inspectors’questions may seem intrusive and even alittle embarrassing, it is in your bestinterest to answer them all as openly andas honestly as possible. The inspectors’only motivation is to get an accuratepicture of what happens in the system sothey can identify and help you avoid anypotential problems. Again, think of yourinspection visit as if it were a medicalcheckup—your cooperation can helpprotect your system’s health.



After the inspectors obtain the informa-tion that they need from you, they willbegin to examine different parts of yoursystem and record what they find.Homeowners should be aware that thegoal of an inspection simply is to assessthe condition of a system at a particularpoint in time. It is impractical for inspectorsto make any predictions or guaranteesabout the future performance of thesystem because it can be affected by toomany unforeseeable factors, including theactions of homeowners.

Inspecting the SiteBefore examining the system itself, the

inspectors may check your property forobvious signs of trouble or system failure.They will look to see that downspouts anddrains are pointed away from the system,and they will observe the topography ofthe site and note any property features,such as pavement, trees, or wells, thatmay affect the system or be of concern.

Some warning signs of possible systemfailure that warrant further investigationinclude odors and areas of the yard wherethe ground is wet or mushy or where thevegetation is different or growing morerapidly.

Checking Inside the HouseInspectors also will ask to go inside the

house. They will flush the toilets and run asmall amount of water down the drains tosee if wastewater is backing up ordraining slowly, which is a possible signthat the system is clogged. They also mayadd dye to the system (see page 6 formore information), and they may locateand check the condition of pipes andverify the number of bedrooms and thenumber and size of water-using appliancesand fixtures.

Locating the SystemIf a map or drawing of the system is not

available, the inspector will need to findyour system some other way, which oftentakes considerable time and energy and, insome cases, even adds to the inspectioncost. Once the system is located, makesure the inspector sketches a map of itslayout and location for future inspections.

Common methods for finding systemtanks include estimating their positionfrom the direction of the sewer pipe thatleaves the house, probing the groundoutside with an insulated metal rod, using ametal detector, or flushing an electronictransmitter/locator device down the toilet.Once the tank is found, the inspectors willsearch for the rest of the system using themetal rod or metal detector, and they willtemporarily place flags in the yard as theylocate various features to facilitate sketchinga map of the system. The whole process oflocating and flagging different parts of thesystem may take several hours.

The NSFC’s “Homeowner Onsite SystemRecordkeeping Folder” contains moredetailed information about locatingsystems. See page 8 for more details andordering information.

Uncovering Tank Access PortsSystems, such as septic systems, that

have tanks buried underground shouldhave risers (elevated access covers) thatmake finding, inspecting, and maintainingthem more convenient. If not, inspectorswill have to unearth the tank’s inspectionports and manhole. Ideally, the diggingshould be done with care so the inspectorscan replace the sod neatly before they leave.

Homeowners should consider installinglockable risers for tanks that are difficult tolocate or access to save time and moneyfor future inspection and maintenancevisits. If risers are not practical, there areflags and other devices available formarking the location of the tank and othersystem components.

Inspecting the TankAfter the tank accesses are opened and

the covers are set aside, the inspectors willdetermine the size of the tank and whetherit is constructed of concrete, metal,fiberglass, or plastic. They also will notethe odor and appearance of the wastewaterinside. There should be a layer of scum ontop and the wastewater should smell musty,not sour.

Next, the inspectors will check the bafflesor tees inside the tank to make sure they arecorrectly positioned and that there is nodamage or plugging. (Adequate baffles andtees can prevent scum and sludge fromleaving the septic tank and clogging thedrainfield.) If the tank is equipped witheffluent filters to help prevent solids fromleaving the tank, these filters will beexamined as well and may be cleaned ifnecessary.

The inspectors also will try to determineif the tank is watertight or if it has anycracks or leaks by measuring the level ofliquid above or below the inlet and outlet.If the water is too high or if it is constantlyflowing out of the tank even when no wateris being used in the house, it could meanhigh groundwater or storm runoff isentering the tank. Low levels in the tankcan be a sign that wastewater is leaking out.The tank may need to be pumped andcleaned for leaks to be located. Theinspectors also may check the integrity ofthe pipes and connections to the tank.

If the inspector finds water stains in thetank that show that the level of wastewaterhas been high in the past, again the cause

Continued on page 6

The Inspection Visit



may be high groundwater or stormwater, orit may be the result of excess householdwater use. Leaky faucets, running toilets,and doing loads of laundry consecutively,for example, can discharge large volumesof water into the system, causing hydraulicoverloading. Inspectors may need to workwith homeowners to discover the root ofthe problem.

Measuring Scum and SludgeIf an onsite system is working correctly,

the wastewater in the tank will separateinto three layers—grease and other lightmaterials will float to the top to form alayer of scum, heavier solids will settle tothe bottom to form a layer of sludge, andthe partially clarified liquid that is left inthe middle of the tank flows out for furthertreatment. However if the layers of scumand sludge in the tank become too thick,solids can be flushed out of the tank alongwith the liquid and can clog the system.Therefore, one of the most important tasksthe inspector will perform is to measurethe depth of scum and sludge in the tank.

There are a few common methods thatinspectors use to measure the layers in thetank. They sometimes use a hollow clearplastic tube device that when lowered tothe bottom of the tank through a hole in thescum layer and brought back up retains across-section of the liquid and sludgelayers that can be measured. Or, the sludgelayer can be measured by wrapping a longstick with a towel or cloth and thenlowering it to the bottom of the tankthrough the baffle, tee, or a hole in thescum layer. The length of the sludgematerial sticking to the cloth indicates thedepth of the sludge layer.

To measure the scum layer, the inspec-tors may use a long stick with a short pieceof wood attached to the bottom to form an“L” or a “foot.” When this stick is pushedthrough the scum and brought back up, the“foot” meets resistance at the bottom of thelayer, and the inspectors can then mark thestick at the top of the layer to give themdepth of the scum layer.

When the scum and sludge layers in thetank become too thick or get too close to

The Inspection Visitcontinued from page 5

the bottom of the outlet baffle or tee, thetank should be pumped. Exactly how muchscum and sludge is too much and howoften a tank needs to be pumped dependson several factors, including local healthagency regulations or guidelines, the typeof system and the biological processes atwork, the size of the tank, the number ofpeople in the house and their habits, thetype of appliances and fixtures in thehome, and the temperature in the tank.Your local health department should beable to give you information concerningwhat levels in the tank indicate the needfor pumping.

How often the tank should be pumpedcan then be determined from observing therate of accumulation with regular inspec-tions. Although general pumping frequencyguidelines and schedules are available fordifferent types of systems, the best way toprotect your individual system is to have itinspected regularly so the most accuratepumping frequency can be determined.

The NSFC offers a variety of informationon the maintenance requirements of dif-ferent onsite systems. Refer to pages 7 and8 for contacts and product information.

Examining the Distribution BoxIf the system includes a distribution box

or drop box where all the effluent from thetank flows to be distributed to the differentlines in the drainfield, this box also may belocated and uncovered for inspection.

Inspectors will check to make sure thatthe box is level to ensure that the differentsections of the drainfield are receiving theintended amount of effluent. They also willnote the depth of the wastewater in the boxand if there are any solids in it. If the depthof effluent in the box is above the outlets,this may indicate that the drainfield isclogged. Solids in the box may indicate abroken baffle or tee in the tank or that thetank needs to be pumped.

Inspecting Pumps and SiphonsSome onsite systems are designed to use

pumps or siphons, which also need to bechecked. Pumps are located in tanks,called pump wells, chambers, or vaults,located either outside separate from thetreatment tank or in a compartment insidethe treatment tank. Pump tanks need to beinspected for damage, corrosion, andwatertightness, and are considered enclosed

spaces, which makes certain safetyprecautions necessary. Inspectors alsomust protect themselves from electricshock when inspecting pumps, as well asfrom the other hazards inherent withinspecting onsite wastewater systems.

Inspectors will look to see if any greaseor solids from the tank are in the pumpchamber, and they will manually check theoperation of the pump or siphon, testing alllevel controls, switches, and alarms. Theyalso may take readings from counters andmeters on the pump or siphon.

Checking Alarms and ControlsOnsite systems that have mechanical

components sometimes have electricalcontrol panels and alarm systems that needto be regularly inspected, tested, andserviced. Complex electrical systems maybe checked and serviced by a manufacturerrepresentative as part of the terms of aservice contract or warranty.

Inspecting the DrainfieldOnce the drainfield is located, the

inspectors will examine the site for signsof failure and for certain types of cover,such as trees and shrubs that can clog thedrainfield pipes. As they probe the area todetermine the layout of the drainfield, theywill note the number, length, and width ofthe trenches, and whether they are linedwith sand, gravel, or some other material.

Probing in the drainfield area also givesinspectors clues as to whether the soil un-derneath is clogged. The texture and colorof the adjacent soil is significant—thickblack sticky soil may indicate a problem.

Using Dyes and TracersAnother common method for testing

onsite systems is to flush tracers or dyesdown the toilet and into the system. Dyesand tracers are often used to locate leaksand to determine whether the drainfield isclogged and if the system is contaminatingnearby wells, other drinking water sources,or surface waters.

One drawback to this method is thatsome dyes are thought to be carcinogenicand may themselves contaminate nearbywater sources. Also, dyes sometimes don’tbecome visible for hours or days or maynot appear at all, even in systems that aremalfunctioning.



Local Health DepartmentsHomeowners and residents of smallcommunities who want informationabout onsite system inspectionsshould contact their local healthdepartments for local regulationsconcerning inspections, how oftencertain types of systems should beinspected, and who is qualified toperform inspections locally. Healthofficials also may have recordsshowing the exact location ofsystems, the frequency of systemmaintenance, and the results of pastinspections. Local health agenciesusually are listed in the governmentsection or blue pages of local phonedirectories.

National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC)The NSFC offers technical assistanceand free and low-cost information andmaterials on a variety of onsite andsmall community wastewater issues.Only a few of the NSFC’s manyresources and services are men-tioned in this newsletter. Call theNSFC at (800) 624-8301 or (304)293-4191 for more information or torequest a free catalog.

Extension Service OfficesMany universities have U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture Extension Serviceoffices on campus and in other loca-tions that provide a variety of servicesand assistance to individuals andsmall communities. For the phonenumber of the extension office inyour area, check the governmentpages of your local phone directory,call the NSFC, or call the U.S.Department of Agriculture directly at(202) 720-3377.

CONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTS

Inspections may uncover relativelyminor system issues, such as tanks thatneed to be pumped and baffles that need tobe repositioned or replaced, or they maybring attention to plumbing problems, suchas leaky fixtures.

However, in the event that an inspectionreveals a more serious problem thatrequires repairing or replacing part of yoursystem, it is important to contact your localhealth department (or, in some cases, youronsite system management program orhomeowners’ association) for informationand advice. Although inspectors may offersuggestions concerning repairs or differenttechnologies to help your system, you willneed to confirm which options areappropriate and allowed in your area.

For example, local health officials canconfirm which options are most practicaland cost-effective and which alternativetreatment technologies are allowed bylocal regulations. You also need to know ifyour system must be repaired within acertain time, if you need a permit, and ifyour water supply needs to be checked forcontaminants.

If there is a problem with an onsite waste-water system, Hollis Warren has probablyseen it. His family’s onsite system businesshas been serving Kent County, Delaware,since 1960. About five years ago they alsobegan inspecting systems.

“I like doing inspections because yousometimes catch the start of a failingsystem and save the homeowner money,”explains Warren. “Some of the problemswe have been finding are baffles missingin the tanks, which can let sludge out intothe drainfield, and things that don’t belongin the system, such as plastic products andundigested food. We’ve also found holes inthe tanks or around the pipes going into thetank, which can let excess water in, andwhen we question customers about theirwater use, we find that most people do allof their wash at one time, thus overloadingthe system.”

Usually, the most serious problem is afailed system. The exact criteria for systemfailure varies from place to place depend-ing on local regulations, but it usuallyindicates that operating the system in itscurrent condition poses a threat to publichealth or the environment. Depending onthe problem and conditions at the site, youmay be advised to replace part of yoursystem or to provide additional or alterna-tive treatment. Again, local health officialscan help you sort out the most practicalsolutions for your situation.

Even if an inspection does reveal aproblem that needs to be addressed,homeowners should feel reassured thatbecause of the inspection, they know moreabout their system and how to operate andmaintain it properly to avoid moreproblems in the future. After all, the costof periodic inspections and pumping is justa fraction of the cost of replacing all orpart of a system. Routine inspections andmaintenance along with proper operatinghabits significantly increases the potentialthat a system will function well for manyyears.

Sometimes, Warren explains, the problemis improper maintenance or shoddy workby untrained people in the field.

“We recently inspected an LPP [lowpressure pipe] system for a customer anddiscovered that the pump was installedwithout a check valve, which was causingproblems,” explains Warren.

According to Warren, this last exampleillustrates why homeowners should learnabout their systems and be careful to hiretrained professionals and not only look atcost when deciding to have work done totheir systems.

“There are still people out there who justflush the toilet three times, and if it goesdown, pass the system,” Warren says. “Wein the industry must maintain a highstandard and have a good understanding ofthe systems through education.”

Delaware Inspector Shares His Experience

What if there is a problem with my system?


RESOURCES AVAILABLE FROM NSFCNational Small Flows ClearinghouseWest Virginia UniversityP.O. Box 6064Morgantown, WV 26506-6064




PIPELINEPipeline is published quarterly by the National SmallFlows Clearinghouse at West Virginia University,

P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064.





Morgantown, WVPeter Casey—Program Coordinator

Tamara Vandivort—Special Technical AdvisorCathleen Falvey—Editor

Daniel Gloyd—Graphic Designer






For Wastewater Information, Call the NSFC at (800) 624-8301 or (304) 293-4191.

ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTEDNew Homeowner Recordkeeping Folderand Information PackageThe NSFC has developed new products tohelp homeowners to record and storeinformation about their onsite systems andto learn more about them. The “Home-owner Onsite System RecordkeepingFolder” includes sections for recordingpermit and local health departmentinformation, a checklist for informationabout different system components andaccessories, a place to record householdinformation, a grid for sketching the layoutand position of the system, as well as tipsfor locating the system. The price for thefolder is 40 cents. Item #WWBLPE37.

The NSFC’s new “Homeowner SepticTank Information Package” includes therecordkeeping folder described abovepacked with materials, such as back issuesof Pipeline, brochures, and fact sheets,designed to help youlearn more aboutyour septic system.The price for theentire package is$2. Item#WWPKPE28.

Free NSFC CatalogThe 1997 Guide to Products and Serviceslists and describes the many products andservices the NSFC offers. The catalog canbe downloaded from the NSFC’s Web siteat www.nsfc.wvu.edu or is available freeupon request. Item #WWCAT.

To order any of the following products, callthe National Small Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) at (800) 624-8301 or (304) 293-4191, fax (304) 293-3161, [email protected], or write NSFC,West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6064,Morgantown, WV 26506-6064. Be sure torequest each item by number and title. Ashipping and handling charge will apply.

Site Evaluation and InspectionsA new NSFC publication, Site Evaluationsand Inspections from the State Regulations,will be available beginning July 16, 1998.It is a compilation of onsite regulationsfrom different states including informationabout who may conduct onsite systeminspections and when and how often theyare required. Contact the NSFC in July forprice information. Item #WWBKRG27.

Onsite Wastewater System Operationand MaintenanceThis training curriculum offered by theNational Environmental Training Center forSmall Communities can be used to educateonsite professionals and includes informationabout inspecting and maintaining systems.The complete package (Item TRTPCD09),which includes a Trainer’s Resource Pack,Operator’s Manual, and Trainer’s Guide is$273. Ordered separately, the Operator’sManual (Item #TRPMCD11) is $36, and theOperator’s Manual and Trainer’s Guidetogether (Item #TRTGCD10) are $43.

1PIPELINE - Summer 1995; Vol. 6, No. 3 National Small Flows Clearinghouse 1-800-624-8301

PERFORATED PIPE

SOIL ABSORPTION DRAINFIELD

GRAVEL OR CRUSHED

STONE

NON PERFORATED

PIPE

HOUSE SEWER PIPE

SEPTIC TANK

ROOF PLUMBING VENT

STACK

PipelineSummer 1995

Vol. 6, No. 3


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re you the proud owner of aseptic system? If so, you’re ingood company. Nearly one outof every four homes in the U.S.relies on some form of septic

system to treat and dispose of householdwastewater. When properly designed,installed, and maintained, septic systemscan be the most cost-effective and efficientmethod of wastewater treatment ahomeowner can choose.

A septic system is an especially goodalternative for homeowners in many smalland rural communities. In these communi-ties, the cost per household of installing,maintaining, and operating a conventionalsewer system is usually higher because thepopulation is smaller. (A conventionalsewer system is the type of centralizedwastewater collection and treatment systemused by most U.S. communities. Wastewa-ter is collected from individual householdsand transported through a network ofsewers to a wastewater treatment plant.)

Because septic systems treat anddispose of household wastewater onsite,they are often more economical thancentralized sewer systems in rural areaswhere lot sizes are larger and houses arespaced widely apart.

Septic systems are also simple indesign, which make them generallyless expensive to install and maintain.

And by using natural processes to treatthe wastewater onsite, usually in a home-owner’s backyard, septic systems don’trequire the installation of miles of sewerlines, making them less disruptive tothe environment.

In addition, there are many innovativedesigns for septic systems that allow themto be placed in areas with shallow soils orother site-related conditions previouslyconsidered to be unsuitable.

Too good to be true?In spite of these facts, septic

systems suffer from an imageproblem. Many people who

would be better served by aseptic system than a centralized

treatment system still think of septic tanksas being undependable, old-fashioned, or

A

as a temporary solution until a conven-tional sewer system can be built.

Part of the blame for the poor reputa-tion of septic systems can be traced to thepopularity of conventional sewer systemsin the 1960s and early 1970s, when moregovernment funding was available toinstall and maintain large, complexsystems. Many communities weren’tinformed about possible alternatives and,therefore, didn’t consider more cost-effective or appropriate technologies likeseptic systems. And engineers, localofficials, and community residentssometimes may be easily impressed bymore high-tech solutions to problems.Septic systems may be overlooked as asolution in some cases because they aresuch a simple technology.

Pollution of local groundwater, lakes,and streams due to septic system failures isalso responsible for their unpopularity insome communities. The U.S. Environmen-tal Protection Agency (EPA) has identifiedfailing septic systems as a major source ofgroundwater pollution in some areas.However, most of these failures can beattributed to old systems with poor design,

Septic Systems—a practical alternative for small communities

ADVANTAGESOF SEPTIC SYSTEMS

• Simple and effective wastewater treatment• Less disruptive to the environment

to install and maintain• Less expensive to operate than

centralized treatment facilities• Provide wastewater treatment in areas

where it would not be available otherwise• When functioning properly, can help

replenish groundwater

Continued on page 2


2

Are septic systems rightfor my community?

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

H OW COMMON ARESEPTIC TANKS?

According to the 1990 U.S. Census,there are approximately 24.7 millionhouseholds across the U.S. that use septictank systems or cesspools (holes or pitsfor receiving sewage) for wastewatertreatment. This figure represents roughly24 percent of the total householdsincluded in the census. Roughly half ofthe households in Vermont, Maine, NewHampshire, and North Carolina use septicsystems or cesspools.

According to a review of local healthdepartment information by the NationalSmall Flows Clearinghouse, 94 percent ofparticipating health departments allow orpermit the use of septic tank and soilabsorption systems. Those that do notallow septic systems have sewer linesavailable to all residents.

The total volume of waste disposed ofthrough septic systems is over one trilliongallons per year, according to a studyconducted by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency’s Office of TechnologyAssessment, and virtually all of that wasteis discharged directly to the subsurface,which affects groundwater quality.

Approximately one out of every four homesin the U.S. uses an onsite system to treathousehold wastewater.

When planning cost-effective waste-water treatment, homeowners andcommunity leaders should work togetherto identify the needs of residents andother potential users of a system, such asschools, businesses, and industry. It is alsoimportant to evaluate factors such as theamount of money available for financing,regulations, and the performance ofexisting wastewater facilities and anyneeded repairs, expansion, or replacement.

Communities may decide that using acombination of technologies is the mosteffective way to fulfill the needs and goalsof the entire community. Many small and

rural communities use septic systems inless densely populated areas and cluster orcommunity treatment systems where thereare more users or smaller lot sizes.

The National Small Flows Clearing-house (NSFC) offers information andtechnical assistance for small communi-ties and homeowners planning orinstalling individual or commmunitywastewater treatment systems. Some ofthe resources available are listed through-out this newsletter and on page 8.To order products or to requestfurther assistance, call the NSFCat (800) 624-8301.

poor maintenance, poor installation, orinadequate site evaluations beforeinstallation.

In the past, a lack of adequateregulations for septic system design,construction, and installation alsocontributed to septic system failures. Witheducation, most problems with septicsystems can be avoided. Education canlead to the proper operation and mainte-nance of septic systems or the possiblerehabilitation of failing systems.

This issue of Pipeline presents somebasic information about septic tanksystems, how they work, and wherehomeowners and community leaders canfind further information and assistance.

The fall issue of Pipeline will cover the careand maintenance of septic systems in detail,including important tips for homeownerswho want to ensure the success andlongevity of their systems.

You are encouraged to share, copy, ordistribute any information in Pipeline withothers in your community. The articles canalso be reprinted in local newspapers orincluded in flyers and newsletters. We onlyask that you send us a copy of the reprintedarticle for our files. If you have anyquestions or require further informationabout any of the topics in this newsletter,please contact the National Small FlowsClearinghouse at (800) 624-8301.

Septic Systems—continued from page 1

1 Septic Systems—a practicalalternative for small communities

2 Are septic systems right formy community?

2 How common are septic tanks?3 How septic systems work3 What homeowners need to know

about septic tank design4 A proper site evaluation is essential5 Distribution systems for drainfields5 How much do septic systems cost?

6 Alternative septic system designs6 How regulations affect septic

system owners6 NSFC offers watersheds

information package7 Fall issue of Pipeline to focus on

septic system maintenancefor homeowners

7 Contacts8 Resources available from NSFC

I N T H I S I S S U E


How Septic Systems WorkSeptic systems are

wastewater treatmentsystems that collect, treat,and dispose of wastewatergenerated by homes orbusinesses. The wastewateris treated onsite, rather thancollected and transported toa centralized communitywastewater treatment plant.If properly designed,installed, and maintained, aseptic tank system caneffectively treat householdwastewater for up to 20years or more.

There are several variations of the basicseptic system design in use today. Whilemany systems are individually designed oradapted for a specific site, most work usingthe same basic principles.

A septic system consists of two mainparts—a septic tank and a drainfield, alsoknown as a leachfield, disposal field, or a soilabsorption system. The entire system isconnected by pipes, and a sewer pipe connectsthe home or business to the septic system.

The Septic TankThe main function of the septic tank is

to collect household wastewater, which

wastewater to separate fromthe liquids.

Inside the tank, solidslighter than water—such asgreases, oils, and, some-times, other solid materialslike toilet paper—float to thetop forming a layer of scum.Solids heavier than watersettle at the bottom of thetank forming a layer ofsludge. This leaves amiddle layer of partiallyclarified wastewater.

An outlet baffle in theseptic tank is positioned to allow only thepartially treated liquid waste in the middlelayer to flow out of the tank for furthertreatment.

The layers of scum and sludge remainin the septic tank where bacteria foundnaturally in the wastewater work to breakthe solids down. This process takes placeanaerobically, or without the presence ofoxygen, and gases produced from thedecaying solids are vented back through thesewer line and released, usually through aplumbing vent located on the roof of thehouse. The sludge and scum that cannot be

includes water from the toilet, referred toas blackwater, and water from the bathtub,showers, sinks, and laundry, which isknown collectively as graywater. Theseptic tank treats the wastewater naturallyby holding it in the tank long enough forsolids and liquids to separate.

Treatment begins when the householdwastewater flows from the home to theseptic tank through the sewer pipe. A baffle(an internal flap) or tee (a T-shaped pipe)at the inlet slows the flow of wastewatergoing into the tank and directs it downwardtoward the middle of the tank. Thewastewater is then retained for a day ormore in the tank to allow the solids in the

4" RAW SEWAGE INLET

FLOW LINE

LIQUID

SLUDGE

4" SETTLED SEWAGE OUTLET

INLET TEEOUTLET

TEE

16"

12"

MIN

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INSPECTION PORTS

MANHOLE

SCUM

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Continued on page 4

What Homeowners Need To Know About Septic Tank DesignSeptic tanks are usually made of precast

concrete, fiberglass, or plastic, and come ina variety of shapes and sizes. In order forseptic tanks to work properly, they must bewatertight and resistant to corrosion—for thisreason, metal tanks are not recommended.

Most septic tanks are single-compart-ment tanks. Tanks with two or morecompartments use the same processes totreat the wastewater, but often retain thewastewater in the tank longer allowing foradditional settling time for the solids, andthus providing additional treatment beforereleasing it to the drainfield. Some statesrecommend or require two or morecompartments for septic tanks that hold1,000 gallons or more, or two or moreseptic tanks used in series to provideadditional treatment.

Septic tank filters, screen- or basket-likedevices that trap and retain solids, areanother way to enhance treatment insideseptic tanks. A relatively new technology,septic tank filters are included with somenewer septic tank designs, or can beretrofitted to work with older designs.Homeowners should check with their localhealth departments to see if septic tankfilters are required or recommended.

Septic tanks are often rectangular, oval,or round. The overall shape of the septictank has little to do with its performance,but tank size is a very important factor.Septic tanks must be large enough toaccommodate the needs of the household.

The size of a septic tank is usuallydetermined by the number of bedrooms (notbathrooms) in a home. One way to estimate

the size of septic tank necessary for anaverage household would be to multiply 150gallons per bedroom per day, and thenmultiply this number by two to allow fortwo days retention time in the tank. Usingthis formula, a three-bedroom house woulduse 450 gallons of water per day, and wouldrequire at least a 900-gallon septic tank fortwo days retention. Standard septic tanksizes include 750; 1,000; 1,200; and1,500 gallons.

While there are several formulasavailable for estimating septic tank size, it ismost important for homeowners to know thespecific regulations for septic tank size anddesign in their state or area. For moreinformation on septic system regulations,see the article on page 6.


WARNING

4

How Septic Systems Work—continued from page 3

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Septic Tank Drainfield

Soil Absorption

PurificationSoil Layers

Groundwater

treat the wastewater to an acceptable levelthat will not contaminate the groundwater.

Certain toxics, such as paints, thinners,pesticides, waste oils, and other hazardouschemicals, cannot be treated by the drain-field and should never be disposed ofthrough a septic system. Some of thesechemicals also kill the bacteria found in theseptic tank, temporarily disrupting thenatural treatment process that occurs in theseptic tank.

The size of the drainfield is determinedby the amount of wastewater flow antici-pated and the quality of the soil below. Soiltype and the position of the water table alsohelp determine how deep the trenchesshould be. A thorough site evaluation shouldbe conducted when the septic system is stillin the planning stages. Septic systemfailures are often caused by poorly siteddrainfields. For more information, see thearticle on site evaluations at left.

broken down is retained in the tank untilthe tank is eventually pumped.

After the wastewater is allowed tosettle and separate in the septic tank, thepartially treated liquid from the middlelayer flows through the outlet baffle or teeto the drainfield.

The DrainfieldIn a conventional septic system, the

wastewater flows by gravity from theseptic tank to the drainfield or to a distribu-tion device, which helps to uniformlydistribute the wastewater flow in thedrainfield. (For more information on distri-bution methods, see the article on page 5.)

The drainfield or soil absorption fieldprovides the final step in the wastewatertreatment process. A standard drainfield isa series of trenches or a bed lined withgravel or coarse sand and buried one tothree feet below the ground surface.Perforated pipes or drain tiles run throughthe trenches to distribute the wastewater.

The drainfield treats the wastewater byallowing it to slowly trickle from the pipesout into the gravel and down through thesoil. The gravel and soil in a drainfieldact as biological filters.

As the wastewater percolates (movesthrough the soil) to the groundwater below,the filtration process and organisms in thesoil work together to remove toxics,bacteria, viruses, and other pollutants fromthe wastewater. Soil particles, particularlyclay, chemically attract and hold sewagenutrients, metals, and disease carryingorganisms. This process can effectively

In a typical site evaluation, a sanitarian,engineer, or other wastewater professionalexamines the soils, landscape features, andpast surveys of the potential site. He or shemakes special note of the location ofnearby wells, other septic systems, theslope of the land, depth to the groundwatersource and to impermeable layers (such asbedrock), natural drainage patterns, and theboundaries of the lot.

An important feature of the siteevaluation is a thorough study of the soil.Marking the position of the absorptionfield, the sanitarian digs an observation pitto examine the soil layers for texture,structure, and color patterns that will giveclues about the soil’s permeability andpotential for seasonal water saturation.Sometimes the sanitarian will conduct apercolation, or “perc,” test to measure howquickly the water moves throughthe soil. In some states, other methods oftesting soil permeability may be used.

A good site evaluation defines thelimitations of a site. If the soil or otherconditions are inappropriate for a conven-tional drainfield, workable alternatives canbe designed using the data collected inthe evaluation.

Poorly sited septic systems may fail,causing inadequately treated wastewater topond on the ground surface or to contami-nate the groundwater.

If you are planning to construct a septictank system, be sure to contact your localhealth department for more information onsite evaluation and permit requirementsfor your area.

A ProperSite EvaluationIs Essential

Toxic gases, including methane andhydrogen sulfide, are produced by thenatural treatment processes in septictanks. These gases can kill in minutes.Extreme care should be taken wheninspecting your tank, even when justlooking in. Never enter a septic tank ortry to inspect the tank alone. Mostcommunities have licensed septiccontractors who can inspect yoursystem periodically. For guidelines onhow to safely and properly inspectyour system, call your local healthdepartment.


The cost of installing and maintaininga septic system varies greatly dependingon its location and design. In order toaccurately estimate what a septic systemwill cost, homeowners should contacttheir local health department for moreinformation about the costs of septicsystems in their area.

In most areas in the U.S., conventionalseptic systems cost from $2,500 to $7,500to install. While certain site conditions oralternative drainfield designs can makeinstallation more expensive, this is ageneral range for standard septic tank andsoil absorption systems. Alternative septicsystems requiring pumps or speciallyconstructed drainfields can be consider-ably more expensive.

As a general rule of thumb, septicsystems are most cost-effective incommunities where houses are spacedwidely apart, and where connection to asewer system is not an option. When thecost of operation and maintenance of acentralized treatment plant is factored in,residents in small rural communities maypay many times more per household for acentralized sewer system than residents inmore densely populated areas. In certaincommunities, a centralized sewer systemwould be so expensive to install andmaintain that costs per household couldexceed property values.

In order to find the most cost-effectivewastewater system for their homes, smallcommunity residents should discussavailable options with local healthdepartment officials, neighbors, andcommunity leaders.

How much doseptic systems cost?

Q&A?DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR DRAINFIELDS

Some septic systems require the use ofa distribution system to ensure that theflow of wastewater coming from the septictank is evenly distributed to the differentparts of the drainfield. Uneven distributioncan overload areas of the drainfield,causing it to fail.

Following are descriptions of some ofthe most common distribution methods.

Distribution BoxA distribution box is a tank-like box

with as many outlets as there are pipes orlines in the drainfield. The effluent, orpartially treated wastewater, from theseptic tank flows into the box and throughthe different outlets to the drainfield.Because the outlets in the box are levelwith each other, and because this systemrelies on gravity to work effectively, it isimportant that the distribution box be level.If the distribution box is not exactly level,the flow to the drainfield will be uneven.

Advantages of this distribution methodinclude easy inspection (the top of the boxopens) and the option of capping outlets togive certain drainfield trenches a chanceto rest.

Drop BoxA drop box is also a very simple tank-

like box designed for effluent distribution.A series of drop boxes canbe used for distributingwastewater to drainfieldson sloped sites usingonly gravity.

Inside the drop box, thepipe inlet is higher thanthe outlets, allowing thewastewater to flow down-ward to the drainfieldtrenches. A series of drop boxes can bearranged on the sloped drainfield so thatafter the highest drainfield trench issaturated with wastewater, the flowcontinues on to the next drop box andtrench below. Drop box outlets can also becapped to control the direction of flow andto give the saturated upper trenches a rest.

Siphons and PumpsSome septic systems, because of site

conditions, soil conditions, or design,cannot rely on gravity alone to efficientlydistribute the flow of effluent from theseptic tank to the drainfield. Siphons orpumps are sometimes used as a method ofdistribution with these systems.

Siphons are often used when septictank effluent must be evenly distributedover a large area; for example, withdrainfields using more than 500 feet ofpipe. The effluent flows from the siphon tothe drainfield in pressurized doses, makinguniform distribution easier to achieve. Theeffluent from the septic tank flows into adosing tank, then through the siphon to thedrainfield. Siphons work using only air,water pressure and gravity—no outsidepower source is necessary.

Siphons are a relatively low-costtechnology that can improve the performanceof the drainfield, but because they requireapproximately two feet between the septictank outlet and the drainfield, they areunsuitable for some sites and septic systemdesigns. They also require more maintenancethan some other methods of distribution.

Electric pumps are also used to delivercontrolled amounts or doses of effluent tothe drainfield. Dosing can improve the

performance of anydrainfield by guaranteeingmore uniform distribution,but it is especially advanta-geous for drainfields withshallow or poor soilconditions. However, electricpumps are more expensive tooperate than other distribu-tion systems and they requireregular maintenance.

Some sites and drainfield designsrequire the use of electric pumps becausethe drainfield is higher than the septic tank,making it impossible to rely on gravity fordistribution. Mound systems, for example,always require an electric pump to elevateand distribute the effluent flow from theseptic tank. For more information aboutmound systems and other alternative septicsystem and drainfield designs, see thearticle on page 6.

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

CAP TO REST TRENCH

TO NEXT TRENCH

WORKING TRENCH

DROP BOX


Because of theimportance of site-related factors, such assoil quality, soil depth,the position of thewater table, lotrestrictions, andslope of the land,a thorough siteevaluation isneeded to deter-mine if a conven-tional septic systemdesign is appropriate fora given site. (To read more aboutsite evaluations, see the article on page 4.)

If the evaluation reveals difficult orunsuitable site characteristics, manyalternative drainfield designs are available.The following are just a few of the manyavailable alternatives (be sure to contactyour local health department for moreinformation about these alternatives, stateregulations, and other options availablein your area):

• Low Pressure Pipe (LPP) Systems—This drainfield design is typically usedin areas where the land is rocky, thesoil is shallow or tight, or the watertable is high. A pump is used toguarantee uniform distribution andto prevent soil saturation.

LPP system trenches are more shallowand narrow than conventional drainfieldtrenches, and the drainfield pipes areperforated and made of plastic.Advantages of LPP systems include therelatively low cost of installation for analternative system and that septicsystems can be used effectively withless than perfect site conditions.

Alternative septic system designs

• Serial Distribution Systems—Thisalternative design is helpful for slopedsites where conventional drainfielddesigns are unsuitable. A series oftrenches is dug parallel to the slope sothat each trench is higher than the next.Starting with the highest, each trenchfills with wastewater completely, thenoverflows through a series of overflowpipes (as illustrated) or drop boxes(instead of a single distribution box).Discharge to each trench can becontrolled through the overflow pipesor drop boxes.

• Mound Systems—These systems arehelpful for sites where the water table ishigh, or the soil is too shallow or tightto provide adequate treatment.

The drainfield is located in a man-mademound constructed of materials thatwill provide adequate treatment.The wastewater trickles through gravelbeds or trenches located on top of a bedof sandy soil or fill, which is built onthe plowed natural ground surface.With this design, a pump is necessary to

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Watershed and groundwater protectionhave become important concerns foreveryone who cares about the environ-ment. Questions often arise about the roleof wastewater and wastewater treatmentsystems in preventing water pollution.

To answer these concerns, TheNational Small Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) is offering a new informationpackage, “Wastewater in Watersheds.”This helpful package defines what awatershed is, describes the role of septictanks and other onsite systems in main-taining watershed and groundwaterquality, provides examples of successfulwatershed management projects, and listsadditional resources for information.

The cost of the package is $16.40.To obtain a copy, call the NSFC at(800) 624-8301 and ask for Item

#WWPCGN57. Please include$2 for shipping and handling.

NSFC Offers WatershedsInformation Package—

Homeowners considering installingor upgrading their septic systems needto familiarize themselves withlocal regulations.

In most areas of the U.S., there arelaws regulating the construction of theseptic tank itself, the size of the tank, thenumber of tank compartments required, theconstruction and design of the drainfield,and maintenance of the system.

These regulations can vary from stateto state and county to county. Often,communities have their own practices andstandards regarding how and where septicsystems may be constructed. Homeownersshould contact their local health depart-ment for information about local regula-tions and permit requirements. See the listof contacts on page 7.

ow RegulationsAffect SepticSystem Owners

H Septic TankAbsorption

Field on Slope

6'

minimum

SERIAL DISTRIBUTION

BARRIER MATERIAL

ABSORPTION BED

TOP SOIL

PERMEABLE SOIL

SOIL CAP

DISTRIBUTION LATERALS

CLEAN DRAIN ROCK

SAND FILL MATERIAL

TILLED TOP SOIL

WATER TABLE OR FRACTURED BEDROCK

MOUND

Continued on next page


SLOTTED PIPE FOR

WASTEWATER DISTRIBUTION

SLOPE 1%RHIZOME NETWORK

SOIL OR GRAVEL

WATERTIGHT MEMBRANE

INLET STONE DISTRIBUTION

CATTAILS

EFFLUENT OUTLET HEIGHT

VARIABLE

move the wastewater from the septictank to the drainfield mound.

• Constructed Wetlands—Thesealternative drainfield systems are builtto resemble small natural wetlands.Reeds and other aquatic vegetation areplanted to provide a natural filteringprocess. For example, in a subsurfacewetland design, a drainfield area isexcavated and covered with a syntheticor clay waterproof liner, and then filledwith rock, gravel, sand, and soil.Wastewater is treated by both the plantsand the soil. Climate is an importantconsideration in wetland design,because certain plants will not performwell in cold weather. Usually, wastewa-ter treated by wetlands require addi-tional treatment, such as disinfection ordischarge to a drainfield. These systemsrequire a lot of land area, but can be avery beautiful use of the land, and aregood for sites where the soil is notsuitable for adequate absorption.

• Sand Filters—A sand filter consists ofseveral layers of sand located under or

above ground. The wastewater ispumped evenly, or dosed, over the sandfilter, which also contains naturallyoccuring bacteria that aid the purifica-tion process. After this treatment, thewastewater usually needs to bedischarged to a drainfield or, lesscommonly, disinfected before beingdischarged directly to a body of water.This design is used in areas that requirethe effluent (treated wastewater) to bevery clean before being discharged.

There are several other alternativeseptic system designs available andsuccessfully being used in smallcommunities throughout the U.S. Someof these include drip and spray irrigationsystems, gravelless systems, and contourtrenches. Homeowners should contacttheir local health department for help indetermining the most suitable septicsystem design to fit their needs. TheNational Small Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) offers technical assistance anda variety of resources on septic systemalternatives. Refer to page 8 for apartial listing of resources, or contactthe NSFC for more information.

Continued from previous page

SEPTIC SYSTEMS

Everyone who owns a septic systemshould keep a copy of the next issue ofPipeline around the house. Pipeline’s fallissue will include all the information youneed to properly care for your septicsystem so that it can serve you, troublefree, for many years to come. Regula-tions, inspection, pollution prevention,

and other important issues for septicsystem owners will also be covered.If you are not already on our regularmailing list, call the National SmallFlows Clearinghouse at (800) 624-8301to request a free issue or subscriptionto Pipeline.

Fall issue of Pipeline to focus on septic systemmaintenance for homeowners

WETLANDS (Subsurface Design)

Health DepartmentHomeowners with questions aboutregulations or location requirements forseptic system construction andmaintenance should contact their localhealth department (usually listed in theyellow pages).

National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC)The National Small Flows Clearing-house located at West VirginiaUniversity is also a good place forhomeowners and community officialsto contact for more information aboutseptic systems and alternative systems.The NSFC is funded by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency andoffers technical assistance and a varietyof free and low-cost products to helpsmall communities with wastewaterissues. Some of these NSFC productsare listed on page 8.

Extension ServicesMany universities have U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture cooperative stateextension service offices on campusand field offices in counties and otherlocalities. Part of the mission of theseextension services is to provide accessto information and assistance to thepublic, and to help educate the publicabout federal wastewater policies andrequirements. To locate the extensionoffice in your area, contact the U.S.Department of Agriculture at (202)720-3377, or NSFC at (800) 624-8301and ask for Crystal Stevens in thetechnical assistance department.

CONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTSCONTACTS☎


RESOURCES AVAILABLE FROM NSFCTo order any of the followingproducts, call the NationalSmall Flows Clearinghouse(NSFC) at (800) 624-8301or write to NSFC, WestVirginia University, P.O. Box

6064, Morgantown, WV26506-6064. Be sure torequest each item by title

and item number. Please allow a minimumof $2 shipping and handling chargesper order.

Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Septic TanksSeptic tank functions, design, and geom-etry are discussed in this semi-technical,15-page booklet available from the NSFC.Included are tables illustrating typicalwastewater flows from commercial,institutional, and recreational services.Septic tank construction, operation, andmaintenance are also addressed. The priceis $1.20. Item #WWPCDM18.

Small Wastewater Systems:Alternative Systems forSmall Communities and Rural AreasThis foldout poster describes 20 differentalternative wastewater systems for smallcommunities. It also includes an illustra-tion of a sample community that detailswhere each system would be appropriate.The price is $1. Item #WWBLPE02.

So . . . Now You Own a Septic SystemThis free brochure describes how

homeowners should care for their septicsystems. Item #WWBRPE20.

Your Septic System: A Guide for HomeownersThis 11-minute videotape discusses septicsystem operation and maintenance,covering 10 basic rules for homeownersto follow. The price is $27. Item#WWVTPE16.

Septic Systems—A Guide for HomeownersConventional septic systems and how theyshould be cared for are described in thisfree brochure. Tips for trouble-freeoperation are also provided.Item #WWBRPE17.

Septic Systems and the SanitarianThis 10-minute videotape explains healthdepartment inspection procedures forseptic tank systems. It also discussescommon problems and suggests alternativesolutions for the construction of septictanks. It contains information of interestto homeowners and community officials.The price is $24.50. Item #WWVTGN11.

Septic System Information Packetfor HomeownersThis information packet includes a varietyof resources that no septic system ownershould be without. The packet includesbrochures, articles, and other materials onseptic system design and the proper careand feeding of a septic system. The price is$3.80. Item #WWPCPE28.

Site Evaluation for Onsite Treatmentand Disposal SystemsCritical site and soil characteristics and theuse of soil surveys and necessary equip-ment are discussed in this semi-technicalreport on site evaluation. Price is $4.95.Item #WWBLDM12.

National Small Flows ClearinghouseWest Virginia UniversityP.O. Box 6064Morgantown, WV 26506-6064

NA

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For Wastewater Information, Call the NSFC at 1-800-624-8301.


PIPELINEPipeline is published quarterly by the National Small

Flows Clearinghouse at West Virginia University,P.O. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV 26506-6064.





Morgantown, WVPeter Casey—Program CoordinatorJill Ross—Publications Supervisor

Tricia Angoli—Special Technical AdvisorCathleen Falvey—Editor

Betsy Noullet—Graphic Designer






This publication was financed in part through a grant from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency and the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency, under the provisions of Section 319(h) of the Clean Water Act.

An Equal Opportunity Employer/Provider

7/01

Ohio Department of HealthBureau of Environmental Health

Know what to do after a Sewage Back-up “To improve and protect the health of all Ohioians”

246 North High Street www.odh.ohio.govColumbus, Ohio 43215 614-466-1390

How to Clean up After Sewage Backup –

Heavy storms, blockages, breakdowns in sewer pipes or septic tanks, or a flooded leachfield can cause sewage to back up into basement floor drains. Children and pets should bekept out of the flooded area until it has been properly cleaned and disinfected.• Always protect yourself and wear boots and gloves during removal and cleanup.• Wash contaminated surfaces and objects with warm soapy water and disinfect with a

bleach/water solution (one cap of chlorine bleach to one gallon of water).• Either dispose or properly wash and disinfect toys, clothing, and other contaminated

objects.• Wash your hands with soap and water when you finish or between breaks.

How to Prevent Disease after a Sewage Backup –

Sewage has the potential of carrying disease causing pathogens that cause diarrhea and otherdiseases such as, Hepatitis, Salmonella, Cholera, and Giardia.• Avoid skin contact with sewage, especially cuts and sores.• Keep dry by wearing boots and gloves. If your skin becomes contaminated, wash with

warm and soapy water.• Keep children and pets out of the area until it has been properly cleaned and disinfected.• Do not eat anything that has been exposed to sewer water.• Keep contaminated objects away from mucous membranes (mouth, eyes, and nose).

Think Safety During Clean up –

Safety must always be considered during the clean up process. Wet surfaces can beslippery. Cleaning solutions can be hazardous or fatal if abused.• Read and follow directions on bleach.• Never mix cleaning products.• Do not use ammonia.• Ventilate area if possible.

This publication was financed in part through a grant from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency and the United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency, under the provisions of Section 319(h) of the Clean Water Act.

An Equal Opportunity Employer/Provider7/01

Ohio Department of HealthBureau of Environmental Health

Know Your Septic Tank

“To improve and protect the health of all Ohioans”

246 North High Street www.odh.ohio.govColumbus, Ohio 43215 614-466-1390 Most households that are not served by public sewers depend on a household sewage system to collectand treat wastewater. Your septic tank is the primary treatment device that collects and settles wastewaterfrom your home. Your household sewage system represents a significant investment that you will want toprotect. Failed sewage systems are costly to replace and proper ongoing maintenance can extend theirlife. Preventive maintenance will not only protect your investment, but will also protect the environmentand the public health.

What is preventive maintenance? An example is changing the oil in your car. Industry recommends thatevery 3–5 thousand miles that you have the oil changed. This removes the build-up of sediments that candecrease the performance of the engine. Another example is pumping your septic tank. The chart on theback of this fact sheet is the industry recommended pumping frequency rate. Pumping the septic tankremoves the build-up of sediments that reduces the performance of the tank that would lead to failure ofthe absorption field.

• The septic tank holds the wastewater in the tank long enough for solids and liquids to separate. The wastewaterforms three layers inside the tank. Sediments lighter than water (such as greases and oils) float to the topforming a layer of scum. Sediments heavier than water settle at the bottom of the tank forming a layer ofsludge. This leaves a middle layer of partially clarified wastewater.

• The layers of sludge and scum remain in the septic tank where bacteria found naturally in the wastewater work to break the solids down. The sludge and scum that cannot be broken down are retained in the tank until the tank is pumped.

Maintain accurate maintenance records. These records will be helpful if problems occur, and will bevaluable to the next owner of the home. The following chart can assist in establishing a goodmaintenance program.

Date Nature of Work(Tank Pumped, Inspection, Repairs)

Contractor Name Cost

• Inspect or have your septic tank inspected once each year. Ensure that the buildup of sludge and scum does notlimit the ability to settle solids. Check to ensure the baffles or tees are in good condition. If the tank has aneffluent filter, have it checked and cleaned if needed. Check for root intrusion or evidence of ground or surfacewater entering the tank.

• Your local health department may assist you with your annual inspection.

Many septic tank owners believe that if they haven’t had any problems, they don’t need to have theirseptic tanks pumped. If the solids are not removed, eventually they will flow out of the tank damagingthe rest of the system. The following chart can be used as a guide to assist you as to when to have yourtank pumped.Tank Size

(GAL) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8750 9.1 4.2 2.6 1.8 1.3 1 0.7 0.6

1000 12.4 5.9 3.7 2.6 2 1.5 1.2 11250 15.6 7.5 4.8 3.4 2.6 2 1.7 1.41500 18.9 9.1 5.9 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.81750 22.1 10.7 6.9 5 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.22000 25.4 12.4 8 5.9 4.5 3.7 3.1 2.62500 31.9 15.6 10.2 7.5 5.9 4.8 4 4

Number of People Living in House

Pumping Frequency in Years OSU Extension AEX-740-98

• Always use a registered septage hauler approved by your local health department.

• More frequent pumping is necessary if a garbage disposal is used.

• Biological and chemical additives are not necessary, may cause harm to the system, and do not eliminate theneed for pumping the septic tank.

Protect Your Investment


P.O. Box 570

1-5 West Winter Street

740-368-1700

Use the following area to create a sketch of your sewage treatment system location for future

reference.

Documents

Sewage Treatment Systems - Dedicated to Your Health · Power Outages and Sewage Treatment Systems Page 2 of 2 2/2011 ⇒ Stop all water use if electrical outage is extended or the