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Seven Dynamic Forces for War and PeaceThe history of the world is marked by explosion and degeneration separated by varying periods of history of more or less peace and human progress. Boundary lines between these periods of history, however, are not always clear cut.

If we were to examine the history of modern Western Civilization for instance, that is the period since the Renaissance, we would see three great periods of new ideas and rising forces, each of which culminated in long wars, tumults, and world disorder.The first was the Thirty Years war which was ended by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648The second was the forty years of war that followed in the wake of the American and French Revolutions, and that ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The third, the world wide conflicts beginning with the first world war, and which by the way we are still dealing with at this moment.The forces that make for war and peace are Ideologies - This includes religious faith, social, economic, political, artistic, and scientific ideas.

Economic Forces - Economic determinism, while not an absolute in history, does have an impact. People need food to live. They want, what most of us I think, want, to live above the bare subsistence level- this creates economic forces and pressures. The forces that make for war and peace are Nationalism - It grows out of language, religion, folklore, traditions, literature, art, music, beliefs, habits, modes of expression, hates, fears, ideals, and loyalties. It expresses itself in patriotism which is itself built from the fundamentals of love of family, love of country, pride in racial accomplishments. Look - we fight for hearth and home - we fight for the flag.The forces that make for war and peace areMilitarism - Man is a combative animal, that is most of us are - by this I mean competitive aggressive. We love to compete, and we learn to hate quite easily. Humans are also egoistic and in the mass we become even more egoistic. Our beliefs in superiority are quickly transformed into arrogance. And it is this arrogance which is one of the stimulants of aggression. The forces that make for war and peace areImperialism - One of the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders. It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures. They all feed on one another.ImperialismImperialism can be placed in to three categories. The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second - into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and their resources.The forces that make for war and peace areExtreme Nationalism threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly turns into imperialism.The forces that make for war and peace are Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which are burned into their souls. The forces that make for war and peace areThe Will to Peace - Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike. The forces that make for war and peace areImperialism - One of the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders. It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures. They all feed on one another.ImperialismImperialism can be placed in to three categories. The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second - into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and their resources.The forces that make for war and peace areExtreme Nationalism threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly turns into imperialism.The forces that make for war and peace are Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which are burned into their souls. The forces that make for war and peace areThe Will to Peace - Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike. HISTORY OF US AIR POWERHistorical Applications

WWI, WWII, the Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War

Theory, Doctrine, Objective, StrategyHistoryTheoryStrategySimulations& ExercisesDoctrineObjectiveConflict World War IWorld War II Early Cold WarKorean War VietnamGulf WarOverview

Theory City busting Bomb the people break their will Morale is a center of gravity Need air superiority Independent Air Force Industrial web -- bomb means of war Air power commanded by Airmen First Expeditionary Air Force St. Mihiel Need air superiority Independent Air Force

Mitchell

DouhetWho were the prominent airpower theorists?23American military leaders learned from British combat experience 1914-1917

Billy MitchellFrom his friend General Hugh Trenchard, Commander of the British Royal Flying Corps, he learned to think of the airplane as an offensive weapon, best used in giant fleets of bombers striking against the enemys homelandIn September 1918 Mitchell commanded allied group of nearly 1500 airplanes in the first mass use of aircraft for bombing attacks on enemy supply routes and in support of ground troops.

What role did ACTS and AWPD-1 play in forming our initial airpower doctrine?Doctrine Hi-Alt Precision Day Bombing Strategic bombardment Industrial/Economic systems Bomber will always get through The Germany Plan 6,860 bombers 2,160,000 personnel 6 months = victory

What were US objectives in Europe?Objective

Grand Allied Strategy Unconditional surrender Germany first Start in North Africa Strategic bombing Limit Pacific activities Channel invasion

What was the initial European Theater airpower strategy?Strategy

Combined Bomber Offensive Americans by day British by night

How well did this initial concept work? AWPD-42 Change in doctrinal thinking Bomber does not always get through Air Superiority is keyDoctrine

DoctrineHow did airpower doctrine in the Pacific differ from Europe?

30Objectives in the Pacific?ObjectiveGrand Allied Strategy Germany first, then Japan Unconditional surrender

What airpower strategy was employed?Strategy

Island hopping campaign Area bombing Strategic interdiction of Japan Centralized control Atomic bomb

We have grasped the mystery of the atom . . . . The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living.General Omar Bradley

06 Aug 4509 Aug 45

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Iron Curtain -- bi-polar worldview US vs USSR Democracy vs Communism WW III Would be fought in Europe Use of nuclear weapons inevitableTheory

Doctrine FM 100-20: Command/Employment of Airpower Based on experiences in North Africa AFs declaration of independence Land and air coequal and interdependent Departure from FM 31-35

Air superiority first requirement

Airpower must be commanded by Airmen

ObjectiveWhat were US post-WWII objectives? Truman Doctrine - Soviet containment NSC-68 - Paul Nitze Marshall Plan - Europes economic recovery Keep the Cold War Cold - prevent WWIII

Strategy Berlin Airlift, Jun 48-Sep 49 Saved Berlin Demonstrated resolve Specific air routes avoided escalation

By July 1, 1948, the Soviet Union had blocked all land and water routes into West Berlin. This is called a blockade. The people of West Berlin could not survive long without food, coal, or other supplies. They would be forced to become part of Communist East Germany.

C-47 planes of the airlift task force at the Wiesbaden air base being loaded with food and supplies for the people of the Russian-blockaded city of Berlin.

Strategy Reconnaissance/Surveillance Cost = 78 Airmen and 10 aircraft Develop nuclear bomber and ICBM force Forward basing

Long logistical lines Lack of heavy airlift NATO v. Warsaw Pact 1,400 bases/31 countries

TheoryWhat were the prevailing theories influencing Korean War doctrine?Conflict = escalation to World War IIIAggression must be checked (credibility)Europe would be the main theaterKorea as possible diversionLimited resourcesDoctrine Guiding doctrine was FM 100-20 Force and organization design SAC and strategic bombardment Jet age

ObjectiveWhat were the US objectives?Jun 50: Status Quo Ante Repel invaders Restore 38th parallel

Oct 50: Unite peninsula Northeast Asian security Jan 51: Status Quo Ante Chinese intervention

Red China is not a powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the JCS, this strategy [Gen MacArthurs] would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with the wrong enemy.Strategy Limited war (Europe was key) Tactical vs strategic airpower Couldnt bomb source (China) Limited targets Modern systems unused B-29s vs B-36 F-51 / Twin Mustang, F-80 F-86 comes on-line later Counterland Operation STRANGLE Offensive counterair MIG Alley

World War II Early Cold War Korean WarSummary

The Vietnam War

Theory, Doctrine, Objective, StrategyHistoryTheoryStrategySimulations& ExercisesDoctrineObjectiveConflictOverviewVietnam WarTheory and DoctrineObjectivesContextual ElementsOperational ElementsStrategiesLessons Learned

TheoryWhat were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the Vietnam War?Airpower Combined With Nuclear Weapons Appeared to be the Way to Fight WarsPreparation for General War Would Suffice to Win Any Limited WarTechnological Superiority Will Bend the Enemy to Our Will

DoctrineAircrew Training Concentrated on Nuclear Weapon Delivery No Provision For non-Nuclear Strategic BombingHow were the prevailing theories translated into doctrine?

DoctrineAFM 1-1 (1964) Focused on Deterrence Nukes could deter all levels of conflict Introduced Flexible Response National leaders decide best use of forces

SAC Training Manuals Focused on strategic bombing and nuclear weapons deliveryJohnson Administration ObjectivesIndependent, non-Communist South VietnamPrevent Chinese and Soviet Participation and Possible Escalation - WWIIIPersuade North Vietnamese to Desist by Convincing Them They Could Not WinNot Allow Vietnam War to Eclipse Great Society ProgramsWhat airpower strategy was used to accomplish the Johnson Administration objectives?StrategyStrategy Strategic bombing and interdictionRailroad chokepoints, bridges, roads, ammo depots, petroleum storage, power production Gradual increase in bombing intensityRestrictions on # of sorties, targets, and weapons loadsROLLING THUNDER (Mar 65 Nov 68)

56Strategy Failed to Accomplish ObjectivesConventional airpower applied in an unconventional warConcentrated on severing north vietnamese supportSupply interruptions, destruction of fuel depots, etc., had little impact on Viet CongMirror imagingWhy is ROLLING THUNDER considered an ineffective campaign?1968: Dramatic YearSiege at Khe SahnTet OffensiveCronkites viewLBJ WithdrawsMLK AssassinatedRFK AssassinatedNixon Elected

58Nixon Administration ObjectivesVietnamization-US WithdrawalUS Opted for No-Win SituationPeace With Honor--Willing to Exit Without a Total Victory for South Vietnam

What strategies were used to accomplish the Nixon Administration objectives?StrategyStrategic bombing and interdictionMined Haiphong Harbor, bombed railroad yards, highways, bridges, POL depots, power plants, war-related resourcesElectro-optical and laser guided bombs

LINEBACKER I (May 72 - Oct 72)Strategy

61Strategic BombingStruck Targets In and Around North Vietnams 10 Major CitiesDepleted N.V. Air DefensesSAM Sites, Rail Yards, Supply Depots, Petroleum Storage Facilities, Power Production Plants, Civilian Morale

StrategyLINEBACKER II (Dec 18-29, 72)

62

Why are the LINEBACKER operations considered effective campaigns?StrategyAccomplished objectivesLINEBACKER IStopped the 1972 Spring OffensiveBrought North Vietnam to peace talksLINEBACKER IIReturned North Vietnam to peace talksPaved the way for total US withdrawalConventional Airpower vs Conventional ForcesStrategySUMMARYVietnam WarTheory and DoctrineObjectivesContextual ElementsOperational ElementsStrategiesLessons Learned

The Inter-War Years

The Inter-War Years Small regional conflictsOperation EAGLE CLAWOperation URGENT FURYOperation EL DORADO CANYONShortfalls / failures in theory and doctrine67The Inter-War Years Goldwater-Nichols Act (1986)Directed Services to fight as Joint TeamRemoved Service Chiefs from combat chain-of-commandJoint Chiefs of Staff placed in Advisor rolesAir Force coordinates on first Joint Doctrine, but Army Doctrine Took Lead in Determining Role of AirpowerFM 100-5Operations68TheoryWhat were the prevailing airpower theories prior to the Gulf War?

DoctrineHow were these theories translated into doctrine? AirLand Battle Doctrine Focused on fighting Soviets in Europe Fulda Gap No provisions for independent air campaign using conventional weapons against non-Soviet enemy Stuck in strategic/tactical stovepipes

8th GUARDS ARMYDoctrineVII CorpsThe Fulda GapAFM 1-1 (1984) AF has primary responsibility for maintaining US freedom to act throughout the aerospace environment

Establish one authority for air defense and airspace control Missions: Strategic Aerospace Offense/Defense, Counterair, Air Interdiction, CAS, Special Ops, Airlift, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Maritime OpsDoctrine

End of the Cold War

The Gulf War

OverviewOperation DESERT STORMContextual & Operational ElementsObjectivesStrategyLessons Learned

* Iraqi disposition of forces in Kuwait on 6 August 1990. Regular army divisions were arriving from garrisons in Iraq, freeing Republican Guard units for further employment.

2. Restoration of Kuwaits Legitimate Government 3. Security and Stability of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf4. Safety and Protection of American Citizens Abroad 1. Immediate, Complete, and Unconditional Withdrawal of Iraqi Forces From Kuwait ObjectivesStrategyLeadershipSystem Essentials/ ProcessesInfrastructurePopulationFielded Forces/AgentsStrategic Bombing Major shift from AirLand Battle Doctrine Target War-Making Capacity/Enemy Morale Mitchellesque Warfare Target Centers of Gravity Conduct Parallel Warfare

Lessons LearnedDoctrine Was Updated (Joint and AF)Integrated Strategic & Tactical AirpowerLeveraged Technology (Stealth, PGMs, Space)Major Reorganization (AF Transformation)Airpower Emerges as Go-To Force (Operation DELIBERATE FORCE and ALLIED FORCE, Operation DESERT FOX.)Emergence of Clinton DoctrineSummaryOperation DESERT STORMInter-War YearsPre-Gulf War Theory and DoctrineContextual ElementsOperational ElementsObjectives and StrategyLessons Learned

The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower DevelopmentThe Rise of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle- Persistence as the new paradigm- Autonomy vs. Accountability

The Essentiality of Precision- The CNN Effect- Precision makes war affordable

The Value of Stealth (?)

The Promise of Directed Energy (?)

The Post-Gulf War World and Airpower Development (Contd)Net-centric Warfare The creation of virtual battlespaces Bandwidth as King- Intelligence as Queen

The Proliferation of Non-State Actors

The Threat of Climate Change