SET 2205

Passive Design Strategy for Residential House in Indonesia

The Preliminary Stage

SANTY1, HIROSHI MATSUMOTO2, 1 University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, JL RS Fatmawati , Pondok Labu, Jakarta Selatan,

Indonesia, [email protected],2Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan, [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

14th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies – SET 201525th - 27th of August 2015, Nottingham, UK

SANTY, MATSUMOTO, HIROSHI_208 2

Abstract: Human thermal comfort research is increasing in a surprising number across the world, includes in Indonesia. This field of research is mainly connected to the building design concept, especially on the development of passive building strategy issues. The passive building strategy believed as one of conscious approach in the energy conservation, which is loudly spoken linearly with the depression of natural energy resources. Previous research in human thermal comfort in Indonesia was more about investigation about thermal neutrality and development of adaptive thermal comfort in this country. It is still lacking study proposed solution about how should be the building design that both served thermal comfort and energy conservation. The objective of this study is to investigate the climates characteristic of Indonesian regions and proposed passive building design strategy, especially for residential house, appropriate with Indonesian climates.

Jakarta, which is representing a large portion of Indonesian regions in term on climate characteristics, was selected. This paper adopted bioclimatic chart, psychometric chart and Mahoney Table as most popular and suitable tools used in the preliminary stage in the development of passive building. The bioclimatic chart showed that the climate is need high level of wind to counteract the vapour pressure and shading to reduce solar gain entering the building. The psychometric chart proposed natural ventilation, high mass cooling and evaporative cooling for the passive design strategy. The analysis of Mahoney table recommends for the open spacing for breeze penetration, room’s single banked and permanent provision for air. These results are believed as significant and indispensable basis for the next research to elaborate, detailed concept for each recommendation gained in this study.

Keywords: Thermal comfort, passive design, psychometric chart, bioclimatic chart, Mahoney table


1. INTRODUCTION

Indonesia is the largest country in the South East Asia region with an area of 1,910,931 Km. The population in Indonesia is growing rapidly and in 2013 was reached of 248.818.100 people (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2014:p.9). A linearly rises of the energy used was come up with this increasing number. Data from the IEA (International Energy Agency) reported the electricity consumption in Indonesia for residential was gone up from 60.099GWh in 2010 to 72.687GWh in 2012(International Energy Agency 2012). Previous study by Kubota et.al(Kubota, Surahman, & Hisagi, 2014:p.5) noted that cooling energy consumption in residential house was ranked second after cooking. This fact cannot be separated with the climate characteristic of Indonesia as a tropical country which is traverse by the equator and result on experienced of long summer during one full year. Data gathered from the meteorological station in 34 cities in Indonesia showed that in 2014, the average outdoor temperature and average humidity was range between 20 to 30oC and 50% to 93% respectively (Figure 1). This range of temperature is slightly higher than thermal comfort boundary proposed by Indonesia Government (SNI 03-6572-2001) (Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2001:p.11) which was adopted from ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamental. The standard suggests 20.5 to 27.1oC as the comfort zone for Indonesian.

Figure 1. Relative humidity versus average temperature during a year for all Indonesian regions

Previous research by Feriadi and Wong gathered 525 sets of data from naturally ventilated houses in Yogyakarta. The result of this study was that occupants prefer cooler (26oC) environment, than the neutral temperature they chosen (29.2oC) (Feriadi & Wong, 2004:p.625). Other research by Sujatmiko observed the thermal neutrality, thermal acceptance and thermal preference in residential house`s occupant in Bandung, Semarang and Bekasi. It is result that thermal acceptability 80% between 22.8 to 30.2oC (Sujatmiko, 2011:p.98). A critical point to be conveyed for this research is that the average outside temperature in Bandung has a statistically significant with Semarang after analysed using t-test (p<0.0001). Data in 2014 showed that the monthly average temperature range in Bandung and Semarang were 21 to 23oC and 27 to 30oC respectively. This difference should be a consideration to differentiate the thermal comfort model for different region in Indonesia, considering Indonesia as a big country as described previously. Bandung has a special characteristic in temperature because of the location in the highland with the average altitude is 768m. Research by (Karyono, Wonohardjo, Soelami, & Wisnu, 2006:p.8) support that comfort temperature and neutral temperature between subject lives in Bandung was lower that people lives in Jakarta. The author was also suggested to verify the adaptive thermal comfort model in coastal (such as Jakarta) and highland areas (such as Bandung). In figure 2, it is also shown that Bandung is tending to separate from other cities in Indonesia. All of these results are



taken into consideration for this research, because the passive house should be designed occupants need

This paper is the first stage of a larger study, which is aiming to develop a recommendation for residential building standard in Indonesia that served both thermal comfort and energy efficiency. This study, carried out the climatic classification and the analysis, and recommendation for passive building strategy concerning to the Indonesian climate. One city, Jakarta, which represents almost all of Indonesia region, was selected for this paper. Bioclimatic chart, psychometric chart and Mahoney Table were used to analyse the climatic characteristic of selected cities. Some passive designs were proposed based on the analysis.

2. INDONESIAN CLIMATES CHARACTERISTIC

Indonesia has 34 provinces lying down between 6o08 N-11o15 S and 94o45 – 141o05 E and traversed by the equator (Figure 2). This layout makes Indonesia experienced only two seasons, the rainy season and dry season. The weather data of the capital city were selected for the each province, and when the capital city weather data is not available, the nearest city was replaced it. As previously illustrated in Figure 1, among 34 cities, there some cities lay in a distinct point from the entire cities. Bandung has lowest average monthly temperature than other cities. Kendari, Mataram, Kupang and Makassar were plotted slightly far away from the entire cities for several months. The entire rest city has a temperature range of 25 to 29oC with relative humidity range of 60 to 90%. In this study, Jakarta was selected to be studied more because it can reflect most of Indonesian region as seen in Figure 1. However, it is a compulsion for next investigation on other cities with different climatic characteristics.

Typical daily temperature for Jakarta was range between 23oC and 31oC. It is started to increase at 8 a.m and reach maximum in 12 a.m -13 p.m. On the other hand, wind speed was rises at 10 a.m and reach maximum at 16 p.m -19 p.m. Wind direction was varied from north to south. Wind direction was fully in ENE direction August and in NNE direction in December.

Figure 2. Map of Indonesia

Figure 3. Typical Daily Outdoor temperature for Jakarta



(a) (b)

Figure 4.Average Wind Speed (a) and Persentage of Wind Direction for Jakarta

Figure 5. Direct (a) and Diffuse (b) Radiation for Jakarta

3. BIOCLIMATIC CHART

Bioclimatic chart is the initial stage for the development of passive building by the architecture(Olgyay & Olgyay, 1992:p.22). In this stage, historical data related temperature and relative humidity is plotted in the chart. The first bioclimatic was developed by Olgyay in 1965. In this chart, the comfort zone for different built environment can be discovered. Corrective measures needed such as wind, sun radiation and shading can also be known for every plotted fall over the comfort zone. The Bioclimatic chart was already used by previous research of passive building design in different area across the world (Lam, Yang, & Liu, 2006:p.752 )(Bodach & Sc, 2014:p.5)(Pourvahidi, 2010:p.21)(Wan, Li, Yang, & Lam, 2010:p.1465). Figure 5 highlight the schematic bioclimatic chart for Jakarta based on minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity gathered in 2014. It is illustrated that Indonesian climate is need high level of wind to counteract the vapour pressure and shading to reduce solar gain entering the building every month along the year. Only in a fraction lies in the comfort zone.

.

Figure 6. Bioclimatic chart for Jakarta



4. PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

The psychometric chart is another tool mainly used by researchers in energy less building design. This chart displayed the relation of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, wet bulb temperature, humidity ration, specific volume. This chart is usually done as a preliminary stage for climate classification and building design strategy in the built environment (Silva, Kinsel, & Garcia, 2008:p.3). Psychometric chart for Jakarta illustrated in Figure 6. It is demonstrated that not all of the values lied in the comfort zone and most of them were down up to the comfort zone. Additional information gathered from the psychometric chart is the passive building strategies upon the relative humidity and dry bulb temperature. In Figure 6, it is derived that the most appropriate passive techniques suitable for Indonesian climate is natural ventilation, but high mass cooling, high mass cooling with night ventilation and evaporative cooling are also possible.

Figure 7. Psychometric Chart for Jakarta

5. Mahoney Table

The Mahoney tables are a series tables developed especially to address the design requirements for composite climates and been used former researchers (Upadhyay, Yoshida, & Rijal, 2006:p.172; Upadhyay, 2007:p.8). Mahoney Tables (Table 1-8) provide design recommendations based on the analysis of temperature, relative humidity and number of rainfall for a given location. Recommendation for Jakarta based on the analysis was develop an open spacing for breeze penetration and room sink banked for the provision of air movement.

Tabel 1. Monthly Mean Air Temperature

Air Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly mean max 30 31 32 33 32 33 32 33 34 34 33 32Monthly mean min 25 25 25 26 26 26 25 25 26 26 26 26

Monthly mean range 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 7

Tabel 2 Monthly Mean relative Humidity

Relative Humidity: % Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMonthly mean max a.m 90 91 81 83 82 80 83 77 79 79 80 86Monthly mean min. p.m 71 67 69 67 72 71 63 60 65 65 62 68

Average 80 79 76 76 76 73 75 69 68 72 74 77Humidity group 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4

Tabel 3. Monthly Number of Rainfall



Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Rainfall (mm) 4.9 8.0 4.8 3.6 6.4 2.4 0.6 0.0 1.8 2.6 1.5 5.7 42.1

Tabel 4. Humidity Group

1 below 30% 3 50-70%

2 30-50% 4 Above 70%

Tabel 5 Temperature Diagnosis

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AMT

Monthly mean max 30 31 32 33 32 33 32 33 34 34 33 32 32

Day comfort upper 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 29 29 27 27 27 27

Day comfort lower 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 22 22 22 22 22 22

Monthly mean min 25 25 25 26 26 26 25 25 26 26 26 26 25

Night comfort upper 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 23 23 21 21 21 21

Night comfort lower 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

Thermal stress day H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Thermal stress night H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Tabel 6 Comfort Limit

AMT over 20oC AMT 15oC- 20oC AMT below 15oC

Humidity Group Day Night Day Night Day Night

　 1 26-34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21

　 2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20

　 3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19

4 22-27 17-21 20-25 14-20 18-24 12-18

Tabel 7 Comfort Indicator

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

H1(Air movement essential) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12

H2 (Air movement desirable) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　H3 (Rain Protection) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　A1 (Thermal storage) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　A2 (outdoor Sleeping) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　

A3 (Cold season problem) 　　　　　　　　　　　　　Tabel 8 Recommendation

Indicator Total Recommedation

H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3 　　　　　　　　

Layout

　　　　 0 --10 　 1. Buildings orientated on east-west axis to reduce exposure to sun

　　　　　 5 -- 12 　　　　　 11--12 0 -- 4 2. Compact courtyard planning

Spacing

11 or 12 　　　　　 √3. Open spacing for breeze penetration

2 -- 10 　　　　　 4. as A3, but protect from cold hot wind

0 or 1 　　　　　 5. Compact planningAir movement

3--12 　　　　　 √ 6. Rooms single banked. Permanent provision for air movement.



1--2　　 0--5 　　　　　 6--12 　　　

02--12 　　　　 7. Double- banked rooms with temporary

provision for air movement

0 or 1 　　　　 8. No air movement requirement.Openings

　　　 0--1 　 0 9. Large openings, 40 – 80 % of N and Swalls

　　　 11 or 12 　 0--1 10. Very small openings, 10 – 20 %

　　　 Any other conditions 　　 11 Medium openings, 20 -40 %

Walls

　　　 0--2 　　 12. Light walls; short time lag

　　　 3--12 　　 13. Heavy external and internal wallsroofs

　　　 0--5 　　 14. Light insulated roofs

　　　 6--12 　　 15. Heavy roofs; over 8 hours’ time lagOutdoor sleeping

　　　　 2--12 　 16. Space for outdoor sleeping requiredRain penetration

　　 3--12 　　　 17. Protection from heavy rain needed

1. DESIGN RECOMMENDATION

Climatic design guideline based on Bioclimatic chart, Psychometric chart and Mahoney Table was developed and mmaries in Table 9. Following are specific explanation for each design recommendation:

Wind utilization

The wind utilization should be integrated with the ventilation. As illustrated in Figure 4, the wind direction was varied from NNE to South and the speed at 16 p.m to 19 p.m. This should be taken into consideration when we need to decide ventilation direction. Neighboring land form, structures or vegetation might also use to direct the breeze

Solar Shading

Solar shading might be gained by the following techniques: use neighboring land from, structure or vegetation, shape and orient the building shell to minimize the solar radiation, provide shading for wall exposed to the sun, use heat reflective materials on surface oriented to the sun, provide glazing exposed to the summer sun (Watson & Labs, 1983:p.81)

Natural ventilation

Natural Ventilation is the most cheapest and simple concept for passive house. The natural ventilation utilization was largely depend on the air movement/wind/breeze. The stack effect ventilation also ….

High mass cooling

High mass cooling with night ventilation

Evaporative cooling

Open spce for breeze penetration

Room sink banked



Table 9 Summary of Design RecommendationTool Design Recommendation

Bioclimatic Chart Wind utilizationSolar shading

Psychometric Chart Natural ventilationHigh mass cooling

High mass cooling with night ventilation

Evaporative cooling

Mahoney Table Open space for breeze penetrationRoom sink banked

2. CONCLUSION

Reference

Badan Pusat Statistik, 2014. Statistik Indonesia 2014, Badan Pusat Statistik.

Bodach, S. & Sc, M., 2014. Developing Bioclimatic Zones and Passive Solar Design Strategies for Nepal. , (December), pp.1–8.

Feriadi, H. & Wong, N.H., 2004. Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia. Energy and Buildings, 36(7), pp.614–626. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778804000143 [Accessed July 15, 2014].

International Energy Agency, 2012. IEA data 2012. Available at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=INDONESIA&product=electricityandheat&year=2012.

Karyono, T.H. et al., 2006. Report on thermal comfort study in Bandung, Indonesia. In Proceedings of International Conference ’Comfort and Energy Use in Building Getting Them Right. pp. 1–9. Available at: http://nceub.commoncense.info/uploads/Karyono.pdf.

Kubota, T., Surahman, U. & Hisagi, U., 2014. A Comparative Analysis of Household Energy Consumption in Jakarta and Bandung. , (December), pp.1–8.

Lam, J.C., Yang, L. & Liu, J., 2006. Development of passive design zones in China using bioclimatic approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(6), pp.746–762. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890405001421 [Accessed December 25, 2014].

Olgyay, V. & Olgyay, A., 1992. olgay 1992, New York: Van Nostrand New York.

Pourvahidi, P., 2010. Bioclimatic Analysis of Vernacular Iranian Architecture. , (January).

Silva, C., Kinsel, L.S. & Garcia, S.T., 2008. Climate Analysis and Strategies for Bioclimatic Design Purposes. PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, (October), p.5.

Standar Nasional Indonesia, 2001. Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Ventilasi dan Pengkondisian Udara pada Bangunan Gedung .,

Sujatmiko, W., 2011. Development of the Adaptive Thermal Comfort Satndard for Residential in Indonesia. , 3(2), pp.27–29.

Upadhyay, A.K., 2007. Understanding Climate for Energy Efficient or Sustainable Design. IAHS World Congress on Housing Science, pp.1–12.



Upadhyay, A.K., Yoshida, H. & Rijal, H.B., 2006. Climate Responsive Building Design in the Kathmandu Valley. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 5(1), pp.169–176.

Wan, K.K.W. et al., 2010. Climate classifications and building energy use implications in China. Energy and Buildings, 42(9), pp.1463–1471. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378778810000939 [Accessed February 12, 2015].

Watson, D. & Labs, K., 1983. Climatic BUilding Design, United States: MacGraw Hill Inc.

. All these research were explore various kind of strategies to be applied to the building. Some books also provide a fundamental recommendation for passive cooling [25]–[27]. Table 1 demonstrated basic cooling strategy recommend by Bansal [25] based on

Minimize external load Minimize internal load Removal of heat Provision of


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SET 2205