Session 9 - Flight Recorder.ppt - Secretaría de la CLACclacsec.lima.icao.int/Reuniones/2014/Sem-CAAS/Presentaciones/Ingles... · EUROCAE (European Organisation ... Graphical Chart

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Session 9

Flight Recorder

SEMINAR ON AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INCIDENT INVESTIGATION11-15 AUGUST 2014

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Topics

� Relevant documents

� Evolution of recorders

� How is the data recorded

� Frame data file

� What is good to know

� FDR Data presentation

� Where to readout

Relevant Documents

� International� ICAO Annex 6

� Europe:� EASA: European Aviation Safety Authorities� Eurocae : European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (ED112, ED55, ED56)

� USA:� FAA� ARINC : Aeronautical Radio Inc, (ARINC 647A,Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation)

� Other local regulations:� Local Civil Aviation Authorities (DGCA, DGAC, CAA….)

Relevant Documents cont’d

ICAO

� Flight recorders requirements

� In Annex 6, Chapter 6

� In Annex 6, Appendix 8

� The Flight Recorder (FLIREC) Panel is in charge of Annex 6 improvement

What is a flight recorder?

Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/incident investigation.

ICAO Annex 6 Chapter 6

� ICAO Annex 6 gives no technical specifications

General requirements

– Orange/Yellow painted.

– Reflective material.

– Underwater locating device

– Reference to EUROCAE documents (ED-112 …)


6.3.1.1 Types

� Types I and IA FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation.

� Types II and IIA FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag devices.

Recorder Type Requirements

� Type IA FDR. This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the 78 parameters in Table A8-1.

� Type I FDR. This FDR shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 32 parameters in Table A8-1.

� Types II and IIA FDRs. These FDRs shall be capable of recording, as appropriate to the aeroplane, at least the first 16 parameters in Table A8-1.

Recorder Type Requirements

Which type of recorder fitted depends on:

�Date of certification

�Weight of aircraft

�Type of engine


6.3.1 Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording systems

Note 3.—Parameters to be recorded are listed in Tables A8-1 and A8-3 of Appendix 8.


11.6 Flight recorder records

� An operator shall ensure, to the extent possible, in the event the aeroplane becomes involved in an accident or incident, the preservation of all related flight recorder records and, if necessary, the associated flight recorders, and their retention in safe custody pending their disposition as determined in accordance with Annex 13.


6.3.4.4 Flight recorder electronic documentation

� Recommendation.— The documentation requirement concerning FDR and ADRS parameters provided by operators to accident investigation authorities should be in electronic format and take account of industry specifications.

� Note.— Industry specification for documentation concerning flight recorder parameters may be found in the ARINC 647A,Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation, or equivalent document.

ICAO Annex 6 Appendix 8

� 2.3.3 Documentation concerning parameter allocation, conversion equations, periodic calibration and other serviceability/maintenance information shall be maintained by the operator. The documentation needs to be sufficient to ensure that accident investigation authorities have the necessary information to read out the data in engineering units.

Flight recorder certification standards

6.3.1 Flight data recorders and aircraft data recording systems

Note 1.— FDR and AIR performance requirements are as contained in the EUROCAE ED-112, Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems, or equivalent documents.

EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment)

� 70 member organizations (private, public)

� 14 nations worldwide

� 7 public organizations

� 17 working groups

� 600 engineers

EUROCAE ED112

� MOPS : Minimum Operational Performance Specifications

� Crash Survival Tests specifications� Impact Shock (3400 Gs 6.5ms)� Penetration (227kg w 6 mm pin dropped from 3 m)

� Static crush (22,25 KN {5000 lbs} on all axis for 5 mins)

� High temperature fire (1100 Deg C for 1 hour)

� Low temperature fire (260 deg C for 10 hours)

� Deep sea pressure (6000 m)� Sea water immersion (3 m for 30 Days)� Fluid immersion (48 hours)

FLIREC Panel

� Established in 1994

� Technical experts - Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Russian Federation, Spain, UK, USA

� Organisations – IATA, IFALPA

FLIREC Panel

� Review status of technology

� Propose ICAO flight recorder provisions inline with technological developments

� Keep abreast with future technological developments

� Prepare amendment proposals for Annex 6 guidance material and new procedures

Evolution of Recorders

Types of recorders

� Foil

� Photographic

� Magnetic Wire

� Magnetic Tape

� Solid State (Computer Chips)


Foil

� Oscillographic recorder

� Used needles to scribe onto metal foil.

� Held 6 parameters

� Held data up to 400 hours

� Foil had to be changed

� Unreliable


Foil

The use of engraving metal foil FDRs shall be discontinued.


Photographic

� Used light moved by mirrors to burn a data trace onto a 90 mm wide roll of light sensitive paper

� Paper had to be changed

� Data was lost if paper was exposed to light after a crash.


Photographic

The use of photographic film FDRs shall be discontinued.


Magnetic Wire

� Used metal wire to record the data digitally

� Media was in an endless loop and did not require to be changed regularly


Magnetic Wire


Magnetic Tape

� Uses Mylar tape a plastic tape coated with magnetic material

� Media was in an endless loop

� Data was recorded in digital format

� It was recorded onto 8 tracks

� Tape would wear out over time

� Downloading could take 2 – 8 hours


Magnetic Tape

Recommendation.— The use of magnetic tape FDRs should be discontinued by 1 January 2011.

The use of magnetic tape FDRs shall

be discontinued by 1 January 2016.


Solid State

� No moving parts

� Reliable

� Low maintenance


Solid State


Damaged Recorders

How is the data recorded?

How is the data recorded?

� The parameters are recorded as raw binary data (1s and 0s)

� The format used is ARINC standard

� Parameters to be recorded are determined by the DFDAU NOT the recorder

Example of Raw Data

Sub 1

Sub 2

Sub 3

Sub 4

Data Frame

� The data frame file converts the raw data into engineering values

� There could be several different data frame files for aircraft in the same aircraft family (B737,B777)

� The data frame may be dependant on engine configuration, EFIS equipped, etc

What is good to know

� Aircraft type and Data Frame version (Take note if the DFDAU has been upgraded for older aircraft)

� What is the quality of the data?

� Possible bad recorder (refer to previous annual readout to verify)

� Possible faulty connection

� Tape may shift due to impact

� When was the Data Frame file validated?

� Obtain a copy of the raw data for records

FDRData presentation

3 ways FDR data can be viewed

� Spreadsheets

� Graphical charts

� Animation

Spreadsheet

Graphical Chart

Colours

� Choose colours that are not similar

� Keep key parameter (e.g. Magnetic Heading, Pressure Altitude, etc) colours consistent if the same parameter is on several pages

� Avoid light colours

� Use text boxes to annotate key events. (use the same colour as the parameter if necessary)

Format of Plot

Format of Plot

X Axis Scale

X Axis Scale cont’d

Sample Rate

Examples of parameter sampling at 8/sec, 4/sec, and 1/sec

Data presentation in a graph

Which way is the aircraft turning?What is positive?

Data presentation in a graph

Same data with a different Y-Axis scale

Heading Wrap

Altitude data

Remember

� The data is to help understand the event and should be easily read

� Communicate what parameters, and how you would like these parameters to be presented

� In order to write the report you have to understand the data. Do not be afraid to ask for clarifications

Animations

Uses of animations

� An animation should only be made after the data has been verified

� Animations are good for briefings and crew training

� More than 100 parameters can be shown to give a clearer picture of what is happening

Take Note

�Animations are a recreation of the recorded parameters that are recorded at different sample rates. There is interpolation of the data between data points.

Where to readout

� Plan before a crisis occurs

� Places in Asia with Readout facilities:

� China

� India

� Australia

� Indonesia

� Japan

� Taiwan

� Republic of Korea

� Singapore

AAIB download equipment

AAIB Analysis and Animation Software

AAIB’s capabilitiesCVR download

AlliedSignal/Honeywell SSCVR

Fairchild/Loral/L3 A100S

Fairchild/Loral/L3 A200S

Fairchild/Loral/L3 FA2100

FDR download

Lockheed LAS209/PV1584

Sundstrand/AlliedSignal DFDR

Sundstrand/AlliedSignal UFDR

Fairchild/Loral/L3 F800

AlliedSignal/Honeywell SSUFDR, SSFDR

Loral/L3 F1000

Loral/L3 FA2100

AAIB Singapore offers the use of its facility for no charge.

Please feel free to contact us for assistance

Contact Information

Michael Alan Toft

[email protected]

(65) 6541 2797

Thank you

Questions?

65

-End -

Session 9

Flight Recorder

SEMINAR ON AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INCIDENT INVESTIGATION11-15 AUGUST 2014