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1 Petros Levounis, MD, MA Chair, Department of Psychiatry Rutgers New Jersey Medical School STIMULANTS ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships Content of Activity: ASAM Review Course 2014 Commercial Interests Relevant Financial Relationships: What Was Received Relevant Financial Relationships: For What Role No Relevant Financial Relationships with Any Commercial Interests Petros Levounis x 1. 1980s: Cocaine 2. 1990s: Ecstasy 3. 2000s: Crystal Methamphetamine 4. Crystal Meth in a Gay Subculture 5. 2010s: Bath Salts 6. Summary Outline General Roadmap Effects Chemistry and Neurobiology Intoxication Withdrawal LongTerm Effects Treatments Special Topics 1 1980s: Cocaine Erowid.org

Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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Page 1: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

1

Petros Levounis, MD, MAChair, Department of Psychiatry

Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

STIMULANTS

ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships 

Content of Activity: ASAM  Review Course 2014

Commercial Interests

Relevant Financial 

Relationships: What Was Received

Relevant Financial 

Relationships: For What Role

No Relevant Financial 

Relationships with Any 

Commercial Interests

Petros Levounis x

1. 1980s: Cocaine

2. 1990s: Ecstasy

3. 2000s: Crystal Methamphetamine

4. Crystal Meth in a Gay Subculture

5. 2010s: Bath Salts

6. Summary

Outline General Roadmap

Effects

Chemistry and Neurobiology

Intoxication

Withdrawal

Long‐Term Effects

Treatments

Special Topics

11980s: Cocaine

Erowid.org

Page 2: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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“Cocaine is like really evil coffee.”‐ Courtney Love

• Euphoria

• Sense of Mastery

• Sexual Arousal

• Appetite Suppression

Effects Free Base Cocaine

En.wikipedia.com

Neurobiology

News.Medill.Northwestern.edu ; NIH.gov.

0

50

100

150

200

0 60 120 180

Time (min)

% of Basal DA Output

Empty

Food Sex

100

150

200

DA Concentration (% Baseline)

SampleNumber

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Female  Present

Natural Rewards and Dopamine Levels

Adapted from: Di Chiara, Neuroscience, 1999; Fiorino & Phillips, J Neuroscience, 1997; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.

Box Feeding

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3

0

100

200

300

400

0 1 2 3 4 5 hr

% of Basal Release

COCAINE

0

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 hr

% of Basal Release

NICOTINE

Adapted from: Di Chiara & Imperato, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1988; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.

Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Levels 1

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4hr

% of Basal Release 0.25

0.512.5

0

Dose (g/kg ip)

ETHANOL

MORPHINE

% of Basal Release

0

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 hr

0.51.02.510

Dose mg/kg  

Seizures

Psychosis• Paranoia

• Visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations

• Virtually indistinguishable from schizophrenia

Stereotypical behaviors

Sensitization

“First Dose” effect• Cardiovascular Effects

• Euphoria, mastery, sexual arousal

• But no longer‐term tolerance

Anorexia

Tolerance

1. Euphoria

2. Decreased appetite

3. Hypervigilance to frank paranoia

4. Autonomic hyperactivity

5. Stereotyped behavior

6. Seizures

Intoxication

1. Dysphoria

2. Increased appetite

3. Fatigue

4. Psychomotor retardation

5. Vivid, unpleasant dreams

6. Insomnia or hypersomnia

Withdrawal

1. Functional Analysis

2. Skills Training to: identify,

avoid, and

cope with thoughts & cravings

Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy

Carroll, Sust Use Misuse, 2000.

Page 4: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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REDS

1. Roll with Resistance

2. Express  Empathy

3. Develop  Discrepancy

4. Support  Self‐Efficacy

Miller and Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd Edition, 2002.

Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Today

Beyond REDS

Engaging

Focusing

Evoking

PlanningMiller and Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change, 3nd Edition, 2012.

Pani, The Cochrane Library, 2011.

Antidepressants ‐ FAIL

Amato, The Cochrane Library, 2011.

Dopamine Agonists ‐ FAIL

Dackis, J Subst Abuse Treat, 2012.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in cocaine dependence.

The Modafinil Promise ‐ FAIL

Martell, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in cocaine dependence.

The Cocaine Vaccine ‐ FAIL

Page 5: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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Cocaine Trafficking Mules

Brazilian Federal Police, Gerry Images.

21990s: Ecstasy

“Freshmen love it,Sophomores like it,

Juniors are ambivalent, andSeniors are afraid.”

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• Essentially partly a stimulant and partly a hallucinogen: An attenuated form of cocaine, plus An attenuated form of LSD.

• Empathy (more than ecstasy).• Profound feelings or relatedness to the rest of the world.

• In the 1970s, it was used in psychotherapy (unsuccessfully).

EffectsMethamphetamine

En.wikipedia.com

Methylene‐Dioxy‐Methamphetamine

En.wikipedia.com

• Acutely increases serotonin levels by: Blocking reuptake, and Directly releasing the neurotransmitter.

• Chronically decreases serotonin levels by: Depleting serotonin stores Inhibiting the synthesis of new serotonin.

• Neurotoxicity.

Neurobiology

• “Disco dump” and bruxism.• Stimulant effects: Wakefulness, endurance, energy. Trismus, anorexia, diaphoresis, hot flashes.

• Serotonin Syndrome: Treat with hydration, cooling, and sedation. Do not use beta‐blockers, which may worsen vasospasm and hypertension.

Intoxication

• Anhedonia and depressed mood.

• Lethargy and fatigue for several days.

• Frank suicidality in the absence of co‐occurring depressive disorder is rare.

• No indication for treatment.

Withdrawal

Page 7: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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• Associated with: Depression

Anxiety

Panic Disorder

Increased impulsivity

Sleep disturbances

Cognitive dysfunction

• No FDA approved medications.

• MET and CBT are the major treatment modalities.

Long‐term Effects

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Trend Report, 2012.

Ecstasy Across the World

32000s:

Methamphetamine

StreetDrugs.org

“It was the hardest boyfriendI ever had to break up with.”

‐ Fergie

Page 8: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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AddictionInstituteNY.org

MethamphetamineEpinephrine

AddictionInstituteNY.org

AddictionInstituteNY.org

Pseudoephedrine

StreetDrugs.org

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

0 1 2 3 4 5 hr

% of Basal Release

DA

Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Levels 2

AMPHETAMINE

Adapted from: Di Chiara & Imperato, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1988; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.

Cocaine v. Methamphetamine (1)

COCAINE

Inhibits Reuptake of synaptic dopamine

METH

Inhibits Reuptake of synaptic dopamine

Promotes Direct dopamine release

Page 9: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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Cocaine v. Methamphetamine (2)

COCAINE

Metabolizes rapidly

Effects typically last 1‐2 hours

Withdrawal can last 1‐2 days

METH

Metabolizes slowly

Effects typically last 10‐20 hours

Withdrawal can last several days

Obert, A Clinician’s Guide to Methamphetamine, 2005. TalentlessHero.blogspot.com

The Crystal Mouth

Courtesy of Multnomah County Sheriff, Oregon, www.facesofmeth.us.

Volkow, J Neuroscience, 2001.

The Frying Pan

Volkow, J Neuroscience, 2001.

People Recover

• Group Psychotherapy

• Individual Counseling

• Family Therapy

• Contingency Management (CM)

• Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous

• Treatment of Co‐occurring Disorders

Lee and Rawson, Drug and Alcohol Review, 2008.  

The Matrix Model

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The Case of Sertraline

Shoptaw S, Drug Alcohol Depend, 2006.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in methamphetamine dependence.

Methylphenidate

4Crystal Meth in a

Gay Subculture

Courtesy of Peter Stanley and the Crystal Meth Working Group, New York City.

59

1. Crystal meth intoxication

2. Decreased inhibitions and judgment

3. Increased sensation seeking and extreme sexual arousal

4. Unsafe sex

5. HIV transmission

Levounis and Ruggiero, Primary Psychiatry, 2006.

The Basic Pathway

60

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• Erectile dysfunction, i.e., the “crystal dick” problem.

• In 1998, sildenafil became commercially available.

• From 1999 to 2005, new diagnoses of HIV in men having sex with men increased by almost 18%.

Sildenafil and HIV

61

Levounis and Ruggiero, Primary Psychiatry, 2006.

• The Perfect Storm

• Sex, both virtual and real, both safe and unsafe, is only a click away.

• Variable Intermittent Reinforcement

Crystal, Sex, and the Internet

62

63

Courtesy of Daniel L. Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.

Primary Prevention

Page 12: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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Courtesy of Daniel L. Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.

Secondary Prevention

Courtesy of Daniel L Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.

Women Men

% rep

orting any substan

ce use disorders

* ****

Ref

*p<0.05, ***p<.001 based on logistic regression analysis adjusted for race, age, educational level, personal income, employment status, relationship status, health insurance status, geographic location, MSA, age at alcohol onset, and family history of AOD problems.  Reference group was “heterosexual” group.  

***

Sexual Attraction

Courtesy of Sean McCabe, PhD.

52010s: Bath Salts

Page 13: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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“Hey, I just met you,and this is crazy,

but I’m on bath salts,and your face looks 

tasty.”

Effects

• Euphoria

• Heightened alertness

• Elevated energy

• Increased sexual arousal

Levounis P and Herron A. The Addiction Casebook. 2014.

En.Wikipedia.org

Cathinone (Khat)

Endition.cnn.com

Cathinone (Khat)

En.Wikipedia.org

Cathinone (Khat)

StreetDrugs.org

Mephedrone

En.Wikipedia.org

Page 14: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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Winstock and Marsden, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010.

The British Experience Methylone

En.Wikipedia.org

En.Wikipedia.org

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)

UK Forensic Science Service (FSS), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010

The British Data

Smiles2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenethylamine

Fedor Kondratenko, Shutterstock

Page 15: Session 7. Stimulants. Levounis Handout [Read-Only] · 2014-07-24 · 4 REDS 1. Roll with Resistance 2. Express Empathy 3. Develop Discrepancy 4. Support Self‐Efficacy Miller andRollnick,MotivationalInterviewing:PreparingPeopleforChange,

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En.Wikipedia.org

2C‐I and the 2C Family Alexander Shulgin, 1925‐2014

The Documentary

IMdB.com

6Summary

1. Cocaine is the prototypical dopaminergic drug.

2. Ecstasy acts as half a mild stimulant and half a mild hallucinogen.

3. Crystal methamphetamine is the turbo cocaine.

4. Culturally‐specific community involvement is the key to prevention.

5. Bath Salts are as pleasurable as ecstasy and as addictive as cocaine.

Thank you