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1
Petros Levounis, MD, MAChair, Department of Psychiatry
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
STIMULANTS
ASAM Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships
Content of Activity: ASAM Review Course 2014
Commercial Interests
Relevant Financial
Relationships: What Was Received
Relevant Financial
Relationships: For What Role
No Relevant Financial
Relationships with Any
Commercial Interests
Petros Levounis x
1. 1980s: Cocaine
2. 1990s: Ecstasy
3. 2000s: Crystal Methamphetamine
4. Crystal Meth in a Gay Subculture
5. 2010s: Bath Salts
6. Summary
Outline General Roadmap
Effects
Chemistry and Neurobiology
Intoxication
Withdrawal
Long‐Term Effects
Treatments
Special Topics
11980s: Cocaine
Erowid.org
2
“Cocaine is like really evil coffee.”‐ Courtney Love
• Euphoria
• Sense of Mastery
• Sexual Arousal
• Appetite Suppression
Effects Free Base Cocaine
En.wikipedia.com
Neurobiology
News.Medill.Northwestern.edu ; NIH.gov.
0
50
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Time (min)
% of Basal DA Output
Empty
Food Sex
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DA Concentration (% Baseline)
SampleNumber
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Female Present
Natural Rewards and Dopamine Levels
Adapted from: Di Chiara, Neuroscience, 1999; Fiorino & Phillips, J Neuroscience, 1997; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.
Box Feeding
3
0
100
200
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0 1 2 3 4 5 hr
% of Basal Release
COCAINE
0
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150
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0 1 2 3 hr
% of Basal Release
NICOTINE
Adapted from: Di Chiara & Imperato, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1988; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.
Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Levels 1
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4hr
% of Basal Release 0.25
0.512.5
0
Dose (g/kg ip)
ETHANOL
MORPHINE
% of Basal Release
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0.51.02.510
Dose mg/kg
Seizures
Psychosis• Paranoia
• Visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations
• Virtually indistinguishable from schizophrenia
Stereotypical behaviors
Sensitization
“First Dose” effect• Cardiovascular Effects
• Euphoria, mastery, sexual arousal
• But no longer‐term tolerance
Anorexia
Tolerance
1. Euphoria
2. Decreased appetite
3. Hypervigilance to frank paranoia
4. Autonomic hyperactivity
5. Stereotyped behavior
6. Seizures
Intoxication
1. Dysphoria
2. Increased appetite
3. Fatigue
4. Psychomotor retardation
5. Vivid, unpleasant dreams
6. Insomnia or hypersomnia
Withdrawal
1. Functional Analysis
2. Skills Training to: identify,
avoid, and
cope with thoughts & cravings
Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy
Carroll, Sust Use Misuse, 2000.
4
REDS
1. Roll with Resistance
2. Express Empathy
3. Develop Discrepancy
4. Support Self‐Efficacy
Miller and Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd Edition, 2002.
Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Today
Beyond REDS
Engaging
Focusing
Evoking
PlanningMiller and Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change, 3nd Edition, 2012.
Pani, The Cochrane Library, 2011.
Antidepressants ‐ FAIL
Amato, The Cochrane Library, 2011.
Dopamine Agonists ‐ FAIL
Dackis, J Subst Abuse Treat, 2012.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in cocaine dependence.
The Modafinil Promise ‐ FAIL
Martell, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in cocaine dependence.
The Cocaine Vaccine ‐ FAIL
5
Cocaine Trafficking Mules
Brazilian Federal Police, Gerry Images.
21990s: Ecstasy
“Freshmen love it,Sophomores like it,
Juniors are ambivalent, andSeniors are afraid.”
6
• Essentially partly a stimulant and partly a hallucinogen: An attenuated form of cocaine, plus An attenuated form of LSD.
• Empathy (more than ecstasy).• Profound feelings or relatedness to the rest of the world.
• In the 1970s, it was used in psychotherapy (unsuccessfully).
EffectsMethamphetamine
En.wikipedia.com
Methylene‐Dioxy‐Methamphetamine
En.wikipedia.com
• Acutely increases serotonin levels by: Blocking reuptake, and Directly releasing the neurotransmitter.
• Chronically decreases serotonin levels by: Depleting serotonin stores Inhibiting the synthesis of new serotonin.
• Neurotoxicity.
Neurobiology
• “Disco dump” and bruxism.• Stimulant effects: Wakefulness, endurance, energy. Trismus, anorexia, diaphoresis, hot flashes.
• Serotonin Syndrome: Treat with hydration, cooling, and sedation. Do not use beta‐blockers, which may worsen vasospasm and hypertension.
Intoxication
• Anhedonia and depressed mood.
• Lethargy and fatigue for several days.
• Frank suicidality in the absence of co‐occurring depressive disorder is rare.
• No indication for treatment.
Withdrawal
7
• Associated with: Depression
Anxiety
Panic Disorder
Increased impulsivity
Sleep disturbances
Cognitive dysfunction
• No FDA approved medications.
• MET and CBT are the major treatment modalities.
Long‐term Effects
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Trend Report, 2012.
Ecstasy Across the World
32000s:
Methamphetamine
StreetDrugs.org
“It was the hardest boyfriendI ever had to break up with.”
‐ Fergie
8
AddictionInstituteNY.org
MethamphetamineEpinephrine
AddictionInstituteNY.org
AddictionInstituteNY.org
Pseudoephedrine
StreetDrugs.org
0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 hr
% of Basal Release
DA
Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Levels 2
AMPHETAMINE
Adapted from: Di Chiara & Imperato, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1988; courtesy of Nora D. Volkow, MD.
Cocaine v. Methamphetamine (1)
COCAINE
Inhibits Reuptake of synaptic dopamine
METH
Inhibits Reuptake of synaptic dopamine
Promotes Direct dopamine release
9
Cocaine v. Methamphetamine (2)
COCAINE
Metabolizes rapidly
Effects typically last 1‐2 hours
Withdrawal can last 1‐2 days
METH
Metabolizes slowly
Effects typically last 10‐20 hours
Withdrawal can last several days
Obert, A Clinician’s Guide to Methamphetamine, 2005. TalentlessHero.blogspot.com
The Crystal Mouth
Courtesy of Multnomah County Sheriff, Oregon, www.facesofmeth.us.
Volkow, J Neuroscience, 2001.
The Frying Pan
Volkow, J Neuroscience, 2001.
People Recover
• Group Psychotherapy
• Individual Counseling
• Family Therapy
• Contingency Management (CM)
• Crystal Methamphetamine Anonymous
• Treatment of Co‐occurring Disorders
Lee and Rawson, Drug and Alcohol Review, 2008.
The Matrix Model
10
The Case of Sertraline
Shoptaw S, Drug Alcohol Depend, 2006.Please note: This agent is not approved by the FDA for use in methamphetamine dependence.
Methylphenidate
4Crystal Meth in a
Gay Subculture
Courtesy of Peter Stanley and the Crystal Meth Working Group, New York City.
59
1. Crystal meth intoxication
2. Decreased inhibitions and judgment
3. Increased sensation seeking and extreme sexual arousal
4. Unsafe sex
5. HIV transmission
Levounis and Ruggiero, Primary Psychiatry, 2006.
The Basic Pathway
60
11
• Erectile dysfunction, i.e., the “crystal dick” problem.
• In 1998, sildenafil became commercially available.
• From 1999 to 2005, new diagnoses of HIV in men having sex with men increased by almost 18%.
Sildenafil and HIV
61
Levounis and Ruggiero, Primary Psychiatry, 2006.
• The Perfect Storm
• Sex, both virtual and real, both safe and unsafe, is only a click away.
• Variable Intermittent Reinforcement
Crystal, Sex, and the Internet
62
63
Courtesy of Daniel L. Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.
Primary Prevention
12
Courtesy of Daniel L. Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.
Secondary Prevention
Courtesy of Daniel L Carlson, Crystal Meth Working Group (HIV Forum), www.hivforumnyc.org.
Women Men
% rep
orting any substan
ce use disorders
* ****
Ref
*p<0.05, ***p<.001 based on logistic regression analysis adjusted for race, age, educational level, personal income, employment status, relationship status, health insurance status, geographic location, MSA, age at alcohol onset, and family history of AOD problems. Reference group was “heterosexual” group.
***
Sexual Attraction
Courtesy of Sean McCabe, PhD.
52010s: Bath Salts
13
“Hey, I just met you,and this is crazy,
but I’m on bath salts,and your face looks
tasty.”
Effects
• Euphoria
• Heightened alertness
• Elevated energy
• Increased sexual arousal
Levounis P and Herron A. The Addiction Casebook. 2014.
En.Wikipedia.org
Cathinone (Khat)
Endition.cnn.com
Cathinone (Khat)
En.Wikipedia.org
Cathinone (Khat)
StreetDrugs.org
Mephedrone
En.Wikipedia.org
14
Winstock and Marsden, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010.
The British Experience Methylone
En.Wikipedia.org
En.Wikipedia.org
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
UK Forensic Science Service (FSS), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010
The British Data
Smiles2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenethylamine
Fedor Kondratenko, Shutterstock
15
En.Wikipedia.org
2C‐I and the 2C Family Alexander Shulgin, 1925‐2014
The Documentary
IMdB.com
6Summary
1. Cocaine is the prototypical dopaminergic drug.
2. Ecstasy acts as half a mild stimulant and half a mild hallucinogen.
3. Crystal methamphetamine is the turbo cocaine.
4. Culturally‐specific community involvement is the key to prevention.
5. Bath Salts are as pleasurable as ecstasy and as addictive as cocaine.
Thank you