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Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

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Page 1: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 2: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 3: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Soil Management analyzed via 18 interrelated criteria including: original and seasonal land clearing methods land preparation soil protection quality enhancement soil water management

Page 4: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Eastern Caribbean States are not engaged in  Eastern Caribbean States are not engaged in significant farmland expansionI l d i   d d  f  i bl     f  Isolated instances recorded of unsustainable use of bulldozers and subsequent burning

St  Lucia  St. Lucia  Slash and burn H bi id   li ti Herbicide application Slash/cutting up 

h Mechanization 

Page 5: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 6: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Low soil exposure In less‐mountainous islands  holding moisture  improving fertility  avoiding wind erosion

Improved drainage to reduce soil loss by water

Page 7: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

COUNTRY CONSERVATION METHODCOUNTRY CONSERVATION METHOD

St Kitts and Barbados Contour ploughing and terracing  variations with 

St Vincent and the Grenadines Contour ploughing and planting (19/35)

Barbados Contour planting, fruit trees for soil gstabilization

Grenada and mountainousWindward Islands

Selective thinning and planting of spreading crops, green cover, p g p , g ,windrowing and cut vegetation to reinforce contour protective bunds

Page 8: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Ameliorants used to improve soil quality Ameliorants used to improve soil quality: Green manures such as guinea grass  Nutrient recycling (animal / green manures) Nutrient recycling (animal / green manures) Manure incorporation:▪ on‐farm collection and subsequent spreading on farm collection and subsequent spreading ▪ animal droppings whilst grazing (= weed control)

Page 9: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 10: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

‘Textbook’ crop rotations in several cases  Textbook  crop rotations in several cases with choices reflecting:  different nutrient uptake regimes different nutrient uptake regimes differing feeding depths and dissimilar pest profilesprofiles

Soil measurably improved due to fertility increases  lowered pest loads and improved increases, lowered pest loads and improved friability (looseness of soil)

Page 11: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

CROPS/SEQUENCE in St. Vincent and the CROPS/SEQUENCE in St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Melons  → Peanuts  →Ochroes Carrots → String Beans →Cabbage Carrots → String Beans →Cabbage Tomatoes → Sweet Potatoes →Yams Cucumbers →Tomatoes →LettuceC b C   Edd   C bb Cucumbers→Carrots → Eddoes →Cabbage

Sweet Potatoes →Yams → Eddoes Sweet Potatoes →Tomatoes →YamsS eet otatoes o atoes a s Yams & Eddoes →Tomatoes →Ginger Tomatoes & Cabbage → Eddoes →Yams →Tannias→Tannias

Sweet Potatoes →Yams → Eddoes

Page 12: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

St. Kitts/Nevis and St. Lucia Significant evidence that rotations based more on economic factors than on crop husbandry Same family rotations as a means to cash in on hi h  l    (“ d”   h d  i il   / high value crops (“rotated” crops had similar pest/ disease and nutrient profiles)E t d  i  / il i t  i   t  Expected agronomic /soil improvement gains not obtained

Page 13: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Varied from minimum to sub‐soil Varied from minimum to sub soil  Often used with other operations such as deep 

planting, fallow and manual land clearing Antigua and Barbuda   Antigua and Barbuda:  Two farms (sandy loam soils) used ploughing every 3 years

Barbados:  Most ‘organic’ farmers routinely minimize tillage/ compaction by using small hand‐push tillers

St Kitts/Nevis  St Lucia  Grenada  St  St Kitts/Nevis, St Lucia, Grenada, St Vincent/Grenadines: Direct planting, limiting soil disturbance & reduced tillage in 

bi       d  b   l i   d bcucurbits, papaya, roots and tubers, plantain, and banana

Page 14: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 15: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

b d ll Barbados St Kitts  Antigua and Barbuda

Well water Ponds and wells Ponds and dams Antigua and Barbuda

St Lucia Ponds and dams Water course protection p

Page 16: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013
Page 17: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

St Lucia: 80% of farms in Regions 7 and 8 are rainfed most other regions:  most other regions: ▪ 10% of holdings source gravity flow water (stream/river)▪ 15% use drip▪ 80% of protected agriculture uses overhead systems▪ 80% of protected agriculture uses overhead systems

Page 18: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

COUNTRY/PRODUCTION  METHOD USEDCOUNTRY/PRODUCTION SYSTEM

METHOD USED

Antigua Sprinkler irrigation (sprinkler systems deemed t i bl  f   t  t (  sustainable for pest management (e.g. 

disrupting adult diamond‐back moths from settling on crops)

Barbados Drip irrigation

Mulching – entire area or strips, inorganic /mainly plastic common; organic include cured coconut fibre/green waster from solid waste plant

Pastures Solar powered sprinklers

Page 19: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Security of tenure: one of the root  Security of tenure: one of the root determinants of sustainability

Long‐term lease/free‐hold/well‐monitored g / /rental agreement foster sustainable agribusiness models

Farmers without secure title:  Unable to make long‐term choices, take short‐t   iterm gains Lack of access to/availability of financial resources (e g  bank loans) to capitalize operations(e.g. bank loans) to capitalize operations

Page 20: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Concern for environmental dimension of sustainabilitysustainability

Improvement of soil quality appears to be lagging behindlagging behind

Composting remains a largely misunderstood conceptconcept

Page 21: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Water harvesting and conservation:  Low flow irrigation techniques Potable water used directly from State mains On‐farm conservation often lacking when state water used Head‐end leaks in drip systems Overwatering using drip Need for remedial interventions

Page 22: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Water reuse / recycling needs consideration Sustainability concerns should be assessed  Sustainability concerns should be assessed prior to farm building construction  directed rainwater runoff and  directed rainwater runoff and  storage from guttering

Page 23: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

Minimum soil disturbance/loss when preparing  Minimum soil disturbance/loss when preparing site

Windrow and/or compost cut vegetation Windrow and/or compost cut vegetation Properly constructed terraces on slopes of 15 percent or lesspercent or less

Direct planting of fruit trees on sloping land Use of contour drainage Use of contour drainage Maintain appropriate green cover during fallow

Page 24: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

f Promote use of green manures Crop rotations that involve less closely‐

l d l brelated plants e.g. Cucumbers‐tomato‐lettuce that proportionately utilize different 

d h d ff lnutrients and have different pest complexes.  Appropriate/Minimum tillage

ff Effective composting

Page 25: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

On‐farm storage of rainwater Effective use of low flow emitters, drip irrigation

f f l l h Use of green/artificial mulch Practical soil moisture tests (e.g. ‘feel tests’ with 

) auger)  Low‐flow tap to wash equipment/produce/ machinerymachinery

Adequate drainage to avoid water‐logging  Solar‐powered sprinkler systems for pastures and  Solar powered sprinkler systems for pastures and soiling grasses

Page 26: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013

The reintroduction of Good Agricultural P ti   ith   f    Cli t t Practices with a focus on Climate‐smart agriculture could, in one fell swoop, ensure the i bilit   f th   t  i     h i  viability of the sector in a comprehensive way

Page 27: Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF · 2013-01-15 · Microsoft PowerPoint - Session 4 - SCPI Land and Water Presentation Rev LMF Author: lopezvy Created Date: 1/9/2013