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Impact of the food-industry on the practices of cocoa producers in Cameroon
Sarah Langrand (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)
Laurène Feintrenie (CIRAD, Yaoundé)
World Conference on AgroforestryDelhi 2014
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What is on the menu?
• Method: how did we proceed?
• The context: Cocoa in Cameroon
• Market chain organization
• Certification
• To conclude: Take-home message
3
How did we proceed ?
• Market chain analysis– Interviews
• 8 food-industries• 2 certification bodies• 9 experts from public
and private sectors• 73 farmers
• Fieldwork– Talba (Center region)– Yaoundé and Douala
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Cocoa in Cameroon
• 5th producer of the World
• Smallholders: 1.5 to 3 ha per farmer
• Food-industry companies
• 80% exported
• 2020: 100% certified
Mabou et al., 2012; Barel, 2009
How do the food-industries impact the cocoa production in Cameroon?
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Market chain organizationMiddle harvest(January to June)
Big harvest(July to August)
Products Standard StandardCertified
Price paid to the farmers
< 1200 € per ton > 1200 € per ton + premium (certified)
Cocoa market Closed 1 per weekBuyers Middlemen TradersQuality of the production
Low>20% does not have the required quality
High
6Finished product
Cocoa-pods
Beans fermented and dried
Beans sorted, packaged, at
the EU standard
Beans fermented and dried
Selling price i+1 =
selling price i + charges
+ added value
(euro/ton)
Farmers (Talba)
Buyers (EU)
572328
Middlemen
Wholesalers (Douala)
Exporters (Douala)
50
1540
1730
1870
290
50
60
1200
140
80
Market chain organization
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• Share of the export tax
Market chain organization
23%
13%
55%
9%
ONCCCICCFodeccSODECAO
80 euros/ton of tax
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Federation of unions of GICs
Unions of GICs
GICs (Groupements d’initiative commune)
State cooperatives
2002
2001
1985
Roles
Represents all GICs within the government organization
Regroup GICs, stock the cocoa and negotiate the sale contract
Regroup farmers
2013 project: CooperativeWho?
GIC UnionGIC
1960 Disappear
Market chain organization• Farmers’ organization
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Tons
of c
ertifi
ed c
ocoa
Certification
Modified from Potts et al., 2010
Organic
Fairtrade
Rainforest Alliance
UTZ certified
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European consumer
Market
Certification bodies
Food-industries
Farmers
Certified product
requested
Help
Certification setting up
project
Asian consumer
Food-industries
Farmers
Low price product request
NGO impact
Certification
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Certification• Farming school– Scope statements • Maintain a variety of species• 18 cover-trees per ha
• Remunerations• Premium to farmers: 20 € per ton• Added value to food-industry: 260 € per
ton (vs 80 € per ton)
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Certification body
Farmers
Cooperatives
Buyers
Yield release Verification (comparisons between production delivered and expected
production)
Cocoa delivery in
homologated bags (logo,
batch number)
Certification
• Traceability
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Environmental• Limitation of pesticides• Maintenance
Agroforestry systems
Social• Training for
farmers• Farming school
Economical• Premium• Added value
Certification
Certification
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• Partnerships with the industries: opportunities for the farmers (increased transparency)
• The main influence of industries on agricultural practices is through certification
• Certification, recommended by the food industry has positive impact on the agroforestry cropping systems
• After 2020, how will the quality be remunerated?
To conclude
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Thank you for your attention
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References
• Barel, M. 2009. Du cacao au chocolat, l’épopée d’une gourmandise. 1ère édition. QUAE, France, 144pp.
• Mabou, A., Francois, M., Monkam, N., Broutin, C., Barlet, S. 2012. Comment développer les métiers agroalimentaires en Afrique subsaharienne ? Etude de cas Cameroun. Gret – rapport Cameroun.
• Potts, J., Van der Meer, J., Daitchman, J. 2010. The state of subtainability initiatives review: Sustainability and transparency. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) & International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 98pp. (http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2010/ssi_sustainability_review_2010.pdf)
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Acknowledgements• To the CIRAD team in Yaoundé, and more so Martin ten
Hoopen, Olivier Sounigo and Edouard Baut. To IRAD in Yaoundé, and especially Eddy Ngonkeu. In the field, we would like to thank Francoise and Kenneth, the frères de la mission Talba and the farmers in Talba.