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1
Session 1
Low Volume Rural Road Principles
SummarySession 1 lays out the general principles that govern the appropriate design, construction and g pp p glong term management of Low Volume Rural Roads (LVRRs) within the overall requirements of rural infrastructure development.
This session describes the function that LVRRS have to perform and how this together with thehave to perform and how this together with the road environment must have a direct impact on their design if they are to be part of a sustainable infrastructure.
2
Points to ConsiderWhat are Rural Roads?
What key functions do they perform?y y p
Why should do they need special attention?
The Requirement
3
Within a low volume traffic environment it is
Basic Concept
Within a low volume traffic environment it is possible to focus on specific design and construction procedures such that more roads can be built and maintained within constrained budgets.
Budget
Road TaskRoad EnvironmentEnvironment
SUSTAINABLE RURAL ROADS
4
What is a Low Volume Rural Road ?
In general terms a Low Volume Rural Road is a road carrying limited traffic whose performance is not wholly dominated by the traditional factors of traffic and sub-grade strength.
Its performance and design are governed by a much wider range of factors known collectively as the Road Environment
Traffic and Non-Traffic Impacts
Million standard axles (8.2T
About 150 motorised ADT with up to about 20 medium trucks/day
5
Upper Limits
Low Volume Rural Roads (LVRRs)
< 150-200 motor vehicles/day< 4 to 6 t axle loads< 250,000 esa
This limit has been suggested as appropriate for a substantial portion of the Cambodian rural road network in
LVRR Upper Limit
the Cambodian rural road network in consideration of current and likely future traffic demand, and the pragmatic management of the road network with the limited resources available.
Bigger roads cost more money
6
Working within the LVRR Envelope
It is important to note that the LVRR Classification does not imply that all Rural Roads must comply with say a 6T limit; only that roads to be designed under the LVRR principles must do so.
If some Rural Roads are deemed to require a qhigher axle load or higher traffic standard then logically they must be dealt with under other design procedures.
There are clearly areas within Cambodia where the rate of
Be Clear when NOT to use the LVRR Approach
economic development is such that the application of LVRR principles is inappropriate.
There are also roads where the risk of axle overloading is suchrisk of axle overloading is such that they should be subject to design procedures outside the LVRR approach..
7
Construction of sustainable rural roads compatible with:
LVRR Engineering Objectives
p
The TASK they have to perform
The ROAD ENVIRONMENT in which they exist
Available WHOLE LIFE BUDGETS
The Road Environment and its Impact
8
In reality the performance of a LVRR depends on a whole range of factors that cumulatively can be
What is the Road Environment?
whole range of factors that cumulatively can be described as the “road environment”.
Factors important to the road environment can be broadly grouped as those on which we can some influence and those on which we have little or no influence as illustrated in the following slideinfluence – as illustrated in the following slide
THE ROAD ENVIRONMENT
HYDROLOGYHYDROLOGY ROAD SAFETY REGIME
ROAD SAFETY REGIME
Appropriate LVRR Designs
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTIONREGIME
CONSTRUCTIONREGIME
MAINTENANCEREGIME
MAINTENANCEREGIME
SUB-GRADESUB-GRADE
TERRAIN TERRAIN
THE GREEN ENVIRONMENTTHE GREEN ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATECLIMATE TRAFFICAXLE LOADS
TRAFFICAXLE LOADS
REGIMEREGIMEENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
9
The nature, engineering character and location of
Construction Materials
construction materials are key aspects of the road environment assessment for LVRRs where the use of locally available materials is
k ia key issue.
Construction Regime
The construction regime governs whether or not the road design can be applied in an appropriateroad design can be applied in an appropriate manner. Key elements include:
Appropriate plant use
Selection and placement of materials
Compliance with specificationCompliance with specification
Technical supervision
LVRRs should designed to be within the capabilities of the construction regime.
10
Maintenance Regime
All roads, however designed and constructed will require regular maintenance to ensurewill require regular maintenance to ensure that the design life is reached.
LVRRs should not designed on the basis of unrealistic maintenance expectations.
The capacity and available funding to carry out the necessary maintenance works is a primary consideration in selecting LVRR options
Traffic
Traffic is still a key issue in the appropriate design of sustainable LVRRs. In particular the assessment of risk in terms of heavy trucksterms of heavy trucks or axle over-loading is a vital issue.
11
Road SafetyLVRRs are very likely to carry mixed traffic; light t k t d t itrucks to pedestrians.
There is a significant risk to non-motorised users that must be addressed bythat must be addressed by appropriate design measures
Terrain
Terrain reflects the geological and g ggeomorphological history. Apart from its obvious influence on the grade of the road, the characteristics of the terrain will also i fl th t f ilinfluence the type of soil present, and availability of materials.
12
The prevailing climate will influence the supply evaporation and movement
Climate.
evaporation and movement of water. Climate impacts upon the road by erosion and on the moisture regime within the pavement. It has a particular influence onparticular influence on unsealed pavement options
Hydrology
It is often the interaction of water or more specificallywater, or more specifically its movement, within and adjacent to the road structure that has an over-arching impact on the road performance. High water p gtables and flooding are a particular influence
13
Sub-grade ConditionsThe sub-grade is essentially the foundation layer for the pavement and as such the assessment of its condition is fundamental to anfundamental to an appreciation of the road environment.
The “Green” EnvironmentConstruction and ongoing road use have impacts on the natural environment,. These have to be assessed and mitigated by appropriate design and pp p gconstruction procedures.
14
Impact on Design Approach
The road environment factors should be a significant influence on the thebe a significant influence on the the various aspects of LVRR design:
Earthworks,
Drainage,
StructuresStructures,
Pavement
Therefore LVRR Should Be ?
Task based – they should suit the road function and its traffic.
Local resource based – be compatible with the the engineers and technicians who will design the roads; the contractors and labourers who will construct them; the villagers who maintain them; and, the gconstruction materials that are available.
Affordable – they must facilitate the construction of roads that will not exhaust budgets or place excessive burdens on local communities.
15
Discussion
Do you know why we build rural roads?Do you know why we build rural roads?
Why are they a “Special Case” ?
Why is there a need for a new approach to rural road design and construction ?
1
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2
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3
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4
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6
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7
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8
kt üabrid æan n igplb:H Bal ; The Road Environment and its Impact
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9
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10
kt üabrid æan
HYDROLOGYHYDROLOGY ROAD SAFETY REGIME
ROAD SAFETY REGIME
Appropriate LVRR Designs
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTIONREGIME
CONSTRUCTIONREGIME
MAINTENANCEREGIME
MAINTENANCEREGIME
SUB-GRADESUB-GRADE
TERRAIN TERRAIN
THE GREEN ENVIRONMENTTHE GREEN ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATECLIMATE TRAFFICAXLE LOADS
TRAFFICAXLE LOADS
REGIMEREGIMEENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
sMPar³sagsg;
11
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12
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13
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14
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15
lkç½N RKwH eRkam (Sub-grade Conditions)
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The “Green” Environment
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16
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17
d Uec ñH eKK UreRKagpøÚv l MCnbTd Uc emüc?
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18
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SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 1
Session 2Session 2
Surfacing and Pavement Options
Points to Consider
The use of local materials
When unsealed surfaces are appropriate and when they are not.
The advantages and disadvantages of each pavement option
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 2
Unsealed Surface Roads
Engineered Natural Surface Roads - ENSRs
Gravel Wearing Course Roads - GWCRs
ENSRsAdvantages
Low initial materials cost
Can usually be constructed with local labour and plant
Suitable for light basic access trafficaccess traffic
Suitable for local managment
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 3
ENSRsDisadvantages
•Unsuitable for di t hi h t ffimedium to high traffic
•Susceptible to erosion by flooding or rainfall-terrain combinations
•Dust hazards
•High input of low-level maintenance
GWCRsSEACAP research in Vietnam has identified limits to the sustainable use of GWCRs in terms of :l h l hi h i f ll hi h t ffi t i llong hauls, high rainfall, high traffic, poor material, steep gradients, flooding, poor construction practices and lack of maintenance capacity.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 4
GWC use can be assessed in terms of gravel loss: Greater than 20mm/yr becomes unsustainable
Low delta/coastal
Subject to flood
Low delta/coastal
Minimal flood
Inland Flat
Rolling small hills
Mountainous
1. Basic Gravel Loss (mm/year)
40 25 30 20 35
Key Regional Factor
2. Adjustment t B i L
Poor quality material
+15mm/year
Poor quality material
+5 mm/year
Poor quality
material
+10
Gradient
2-4%: +5 mm/year
Gradient
2-4%: +5 mm/year
to Basic Loss for Regional
Factor
+10 mm/year 4-6%:
+10 mm/year
4-6%: +10 mm/year
3. Maintenance guaranteed
-30% -30% -30% -30% -30%
Gravel Loss Comparison
8090
100 Unsealed coarse gravel surface
There `Must be Appropriate Use of Materials
20304050607080
ite C
umul
ativ
e%
Unsealed Lateritic Gravel:
Low lying Mekong
Northern Hills: Vietnam
01020
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Gravel Loss/Year (mm)
S Low lying Mekong Delta
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 5
Where specified quality material is locally available for construction and maintenance
Unsealed GWCR Use
Where road gradients are less than 4% in medium rainfall areas and 6% in low rainfall areas
Where adequate drainage is in place
Where an appropriate maintenance regime exists
Where flooding is only a minor local occurrence
Where traffic is below 200 motor vpd equivalent
Proven performance in tropical and sub-tropical, gravel-rich environments
GWCR Advantages
g
Suitable for light to medium traffic
Usually lower initial cost than most other surfacing options
Can be used as an intermediate surface in a planned and resourced ‘stage construction’ strategy
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 6
May occur in limited natural deposits of variable quality Subject to unsustainable gravel loss (>20mm/yr) when
GWCR Disadvantages
use in inappropriate environments
Essential to have a sustained maintenance programme and regular re-gravelling to replace gravel loss.
Dust pollution in dry weather. Health & -Environmental concernsconcerns
Traffic, climatic and longitudinal gradient (<6%) constraints on use
Gravel LVRR SummaryUntil recently, the commonly appliedsolution for improving rural access ind l i t i t iddeveloping countries was to providegravel roads. Superficially, the attractionslooked convincing; low initial road cost,all-weather access and simple technologyHowever there significant shortcomingsg gassociated with gravel roads in the regionthat have become apparent.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 7
Appropriate Use of GravelThe research has clearly indicated that there
are appropriate uses for suitable quality laterite, colluvial and alluvial gravels:
As an unsealed road surface or shoulder material in certain road environmentsAs a base or sub-base materialAs a temporary road surface within a staged construction programmestaged construction programme
100mm
10mmSeal
BaseGraded crushed
Flexible Sealed Pavements
100mm
100mm
150mm
Base
Sub-base
Sub-
stone
Weathered rock gravel
Grade
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 8
The principal seal options :
Bituminous emulsion stone chip seals, these can be either single SBST(E) or double bituminous surface treatment DBST(E)bituminous surface treatment, DBST(E).
Hot bitumen double or single chip seals (SBST, DBST)
Bituminous emulsion sand seal, SS(E)
Bitumen penetration macadam (PenMac)Bitumen penetration macadam, (PenMac)
OTTA seal
Seals
SBST
DBST
SS
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 9
Chip Seal
S d S lSand Seal
Otta seal uses a graded aggregate instead of the generally used one sized crushed rock aggregate and allows the use of relatively inferior and cheaper, naturally occurring, unscreened gravels. g
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 10
Use of EmulsionPrincipal Advantages
Provide safer handling by avoiding the need to heat the bitumen to a high temperature, and it is not flammable.
For application using labour-based methods, bitumen emulsion is the safer and easier to use option[
Principal Disadvantages
Availability may be limited.
Shorter storing time Emulsion must be used within 3Shorter storing time. Emulsion must be used within 3 months of manufacture and regularly agitated (rolled if stored in drums) to prevent premature separation of the components.
Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
Sub-standard materials may be effectively improved in order to increase strength and bearing capacity by treatment with an additive such as cement, lime, bitumen or mechanical stabilisation (or blending). ( g)
Soil Properties
More than 25% <0.075 mm Less than 25% < 0.075mm Type of
Stabilisation
PI < 10 10<PI<20 PI > 20 PI < 6; PP < 60 PI < 10 PI > 10
Cement S S M S S S
S: Suitable M: Marginally Effective X: Not Suitable
Lime M S S X M S
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 11
Lime and Cement Stabilisation
Utilises locally available materials
Can use locally available
Difficult to construct during the rainy seasons.
Specific care needs to beyagricultural equipment for mixing.
Less curing time for cement than needed than for lime stabilisation
Specific care needs to be taken to complete mixing, correct moisture addition and adequate curing.
Limited time available for final compaction andfinal compaction and shaping after mixing is completed.
Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 12
Mechanical Stabilisation
Utilises locally available materials with little haulage.
No significant health and safety issues
Testing programme Not effected as much by rain during construction as lime or cement stabilisation
g p grequired to identify mix proportions.
Requires careful control on mixing operations.
Non Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
In areas where there is an adequate supply of good natural gravel or crushed stone, the use of non-stabilised, or unbound, granular base and sub-bases i i t d i i i lis appropriate. drainage, or impervious layer.
The internal factors governing the engineering performance of an unbound gravel aggregate are the engineering behaviour and geometric properties of its constituent particles, its mass grading and the plasticity of its fines.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 13
Non Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
Natural Gravel Base or Sub-base
Armoured Gravel Road-Base
Sand Sub-Base
Quarry Run Sub-base
Graded Crushed Stone
Dry Bound or Water Bound Macadam
Natural Gravel
Low cost use of locally available materials
Local contractors well experienced in using this option
Requires adequate testing control on variable natural materials.
Some natural gravels may not achieve technical requirements unless stabilised
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 14
Armoured Gravel Road-Base
The intention is the cost-effective use of suitable locally available natural gravels, and to i th ffi i tl timprove them sufficiently to accept a thin bituminous surfacing.
An initial component of natural gravel laid, followed by a topping or armouring (usually 50-75mm thick) of crushed/broken stone aggregate.
Natural Sand
Potential sub-base alternative providing thatalternative, providing that laboratory test on grading and initial site compaction testing indicate adequate compaction is possible
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 15
Quarry Run
“Quarry Run” is used as a general term to cover naturally occurring rock and weathered rock materials excavated fromrock materials excavated from a quarry or borrow area and delivered to site without processing.
Likely to be highly variable in terms of grading and plasticity hence would require adequatehence would require adequate control testing and site monitoring of delivered material
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 16
Macadam
A Macadam layer essentially consists of a stone skeleton of single size stone (usually 35-50mm nominal size) in which the voids are filled with another material The stone skeleton because of its single sizematerial. The stone skeleton, because of its single size, has large amounts of voids but has a high shear strength. If confined properly, a crucial requirement for macadam basecourses, the stone skeleton forms the "backbone" of the macadam and is largely responsible for the strength of the constructed layer. The material used to fill the voids provides lateralThe material used to fill the voids provides lateral stability to the stone skeleton but adds little bearing capacity
The term Waterbound Macadam (WBM) is generally used to describe a material similar to DBM except that the fines are “slushed” into the voids.. The slushing process consists of saturating the macadam layer (coarse and fine aggregate) by spraying it with water,
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 17
Block Pavement Options
Block paving is based on the proven ability ofindividual blocks to effectively disperse load.Concrete or clay brick and stone block options haveb d t d f ll i bl lt ti tbeen adapted successfully as a viable alternative togravel or unsealed macadam on low volume ruralroads, especially for high rainfall or steep terrain roadenvironments.
Blocks are re-usable so that if road base failureoccurs they can be merely taken up, cleaned andreused after the road-base/foundation has beenrepaired.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 18
Concrete Pavement Options
Cement concrete slab pavements are widely used to provide a high strength, d bl d f ithdurable road surface with very low maintenance requirements. However, they require a good quality non-erodible sub-base to support them. They are suitable for any traffic loading fromany traffic loading from bicycles to high flows of heavy trucks.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 19
Concrete Pavement Options
Three types of cement concrete slab pavement have been trialled under the SEACAP programme:-
1.Bamboo reinforced concrete pavementp
2.Steel reinforced concrete pavement
3.Non-reinforced concrete pavement.
Recent SEACAP research, has indicated that there is no significant benefit to be gained by the use of bamboo reinforcing over the use of well constructedbamboo reinforcing over the use of well constructed non-reinforced concrete
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 20
Indicative CostCOST CONTEXT
Carriageway width: 3.0mShoulder: 0.5m
haule distance (gravel and aggregate): 50km
C t 2 fIndicative cost US$/Km US$/Km Cost per m2 of
pavementFrom To From To
Laterite surfaced road 10,000 15,000 3.3 5.0Armoured laterite with SBST 20,000 25,000 6.7 8.3Armoured laterite with DBST 22,000 27,000 7.3 9.0
Crushed stone RB & SBST 23,000 29,000 7.7 9.7Crushed stone RB & DBST 26,000 32,000 8.7 10.7
WBM ith SBST 24 000 30 000 8 0 10 0WBM with SBST 24,000 30,000 8.0 10.0WBM with DBST 27,000 34,000 9.0 11.3
Cobble stone with SBST 28,000 35,000 9.3 11.7Cobble stone with DBST 31,000 38,000 10.3 12.7
Un-reinforced concrete 34,000 40,000 11.3 13.3
Discussion
What options are most suitable forWhat options are most suitable for Cambodia ?
Regional variations in pavement and surfacing use?
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 1
emeronT I 2 - Session 2
RbePT é n é p Þk MralpøÚvSurfacing and Pavement
Options
pøÚv \tRkalekAs U‘ Unsealed Surface Roads
M μ i IpøÚvRkalkMralFmμCati¬pøÚvdI¦ ENSRs
Engineered Natural Surface Roads - ENSRs
pøÚvRkalRKYsRkhm GWCRs
Gravel Wearing Course Roads -GWCRs
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 2
ENSRsKuN Rbey aCn _cMNayGs føsMPar³ticcNayGs;é fsPar tcGacsagsg;)anedayeRbIBlkmμ nig]bkrN_kñúgRsuksmrmü sMrab;cracrN_tic
Ef M M M μGacEfTaM)anedaykMlaMgBlkmμ nig]bkrN_kñúgRsuk
ENSRsKuN v ibt üi
miGaceRbIsMrab;cracrN_mFü mb¤eRcInM w w iqab;b¤gayTTYlrgnUvsMNwkedaysarTwklic
b¤TItaMgEdlmanePøó gFøak;eRcInebomTwkFUlIhuybMBulbridæanlM)ak nigcMNayeRcInsMrab;karEfTaM RTg;RTaykMralpøÚv
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 3
kareRbIR) as ;eGay ) an Rt wmRt Uv n Uv s MPar³ pøÚv GMB IRK Ys Appropriate Use of Gravel
mancMNucbec©keTsKYreGaykt;sMKal;mYycMnYnRtUv)anelIkeLIgTak;TgnwgkareRbIR)as; kMralpvGMBIRKs³kralpøÚvGBRKYs
dwkCBa¢ÚncMgayq¶ay kMritbrimaNTwkePøó gx<s; cMnYncracrN_eRcIn sMPar³KuNPaBGn; cMNucEdlman cMeNaT pøÚvekag tMbn;licTwk viFIsaRsþsagsg;min)anRtwmRtUv nigkgVH smtßPaBkñúgkarEfTaMpøÚv enaH eyIgBuMKYreRbIkMralpøÚvGMBIRKYseLIy .
GMNH GMNagxagelIenH tUv)anbgðajtamry³tarageRbIR)as;é nkMralpøÚvGMBIRKYs .
Gravel Loss Comparison
90100 Unsealed macadam type
f
bMerIbMras ;eGay ) an Rt wmRt Uv n Uv s MPar³ s Mrab;pøÚv K WCakt üas Mxan ; There Must be Appropriate Use of Materials
2030405060708090
Site
Cum
ulat
ive%
Unsealed Lateritic Gravel:
Low lying Mekong Delta
surface
Northern Hills: Vietnam
010
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Gravel Loss/Year (mm)
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 4
enAkEnøgNaEdlmanRbPBRKYsEdlmanKuNPaBeKarBeTAtamtMrUvkarbTdæanbec©keTsRKb;RKan;sMrab;sagsg; nigCYsCul
bMerIbMras ;é nk MralpøÚv GMB IRK Ys
;R ; ; ; Y u- eRbI)anenAtMbn;EdlmanePøó gFøak;mFü m nigcMeNaTticCag 4% nig 6%sMrab;tMbn;EdlmanePøÓ gFøak;tic - eRbI)anenAké nøgEdlmanRbB½n§edaH TwkBIpøÚvRKb;RKan; - eRbI)ansMrab;pøÚvNaEdlmanEpnkarCYsCulRKb;RKan; ¬fvikar¦- eRbI)anenAkEnøgEdlmanTwklictictYcehIyqab;hYt- eRbI)anenAkEnøgEdlmancracrN_mFü mticCag 200 rfynþkñúgmYyé f
tamry³skmμPaBsagsg;RsavRCavknøgmkeXIjfaenAtMbn;RtUBicmanRKYsKuNPaBl¥ nigsmrmsMrabkarsagsg
KuN Rbey aCn _ GWCR (GWCR Advantages)
ngsmrmü srab;karsagsg;
- smrmü sMrab;cracrN_ticeTAmFü m
- CaTUeTAté møsagsg;dMbUgticCagRbePTkMralpøÚvepS g² eTot
- GaceRbIR)as;)ankMralbeNþaH GasnñsMrab;cracrN_ nigtMrUvsMrab;yuTæsaRsþeTAé f¶muxEdl MeRKagRkalekAsU‘ ¬karsagsg;CadMNak;kal¦
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 5
mantMbn;mYycMnYnEdlktþaFmμCatiminGMeNayplsMrab;karsagsg;kMralpøÚvBIRKYsedayvaGacnwgRtv)atbgnvkMralpøv (>20mm/yr) ebIeyIgsgvaenAtMbnena .
K uN v ibt üi
cngRtUv)at;bg;nUvkralpÚv ( 20mm/yr) ebeygsg;vaenAtbn;enaH .
TamTarnUvEpnkarEfTaMCab;lab; nigCaRbcaMKWRtUvbEnßmkMralRKYsedIm,IbMeBj nUvkMras;Edl)an)at;bg;
enAeRkamGakasFatus¶tvanwgmanFUlIhuuybMBulb:H Bal;dl;brisßan R u ¶Þ U u u u :H ; ; ß
TMhMcracrN_ GakasFatu cMeNaTbeNþaypøÚv RtUvtUcCag6% KWCa]bsKÁé nkareRbI
bMerIb Mras ;n Uv k MralRK Yss Mrab;p øÚv CnbT EdlmanT Mh Mc racrN _t ic
rhUtdl;bc©úb,nñenH CarYmdMeNaH RsayedIm,IbegIánnUvcracrN_eTAkan;tMbn;CnbTdac;RsyalsMrab;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ n_enaH kareRbIR)as;kMralpøÚvGMBIRKYsenAEtCau Ú YCMerIsd¾RbesIredaysarEt- tMé lé nkarsagsg;dMbUlTab- GaceRbIR)as;)anRKb;rdUvkalTamTarnvbec©keTssagsgsamBa-TamTarnUvbeckeTssagsg;samBa
edayELkeyIgkt;sMKal;eXIjfamankarkat;bnßynUvkareRbIR)as;pøÚvGMBIRKYsCak;;EsþgenAtamtMbn;mYycMnYn .
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 6
kars ik S aeTAel Ik MralpøÚv GMB IRK Ys
eyIgeXIjfanAkñúgsßanPaBeRcInbMerIbMras;é nkMralpøÚvGMBIRKYsenAEtCaCMerIsd¾smrmü nigGacTTYlyk)an. eTa CayagNakedaytamry³karGegátRsavRCavenARbeTsevotNameK ankMNtnvkMriteTaH Cay:agNak¾edaytamrykarGegátRsavRCavenARbeTsevotNameK)ankNt;nUvkrt RBMEdnsMrab;kareRbIR)as;pøÚvGMBIRKYs
kareRbIR) as ;eGay ) an Rt wmRt Uv n Uv s MPar² p øÚv GMB IRK Ys
tamry³karRsavRCav)anbgðajy:agc,as;faKWmanEtkareRbIR)as; nigeRCIserIsnUvdIRkhm RKYsFmμCati nigRKYslMhUrEdlman
W MKuNPaBl¥KWCakarcaM)ac;
eRbIsMrab;pøÚvKμankMralekAsU‘ b¤cieBa©ImpøÚv b¤sMrab;kMNat;dak;Rcas;é npøÚvNamYyenAtMbn;NamYy.eRbIsMrab;CaRsTab;RKwH pøÚvÚeRbIsMrab;CakMralpøÚvbeNþaH GasnñrhUtdl;manfvikarsg;pøÚvekAsU‘Can;BIelI
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 7
100mm
10mmSeal
BaseGraded crushed
Flexible Sealed Pavements
100mm
100mm
150mm
Base
Sub-base
Sub-
stone
Weathered rock gravel
Grade
eKalkarN_é nkareRbIkMralekAsU‘:
)acekAsU‘RtCak; ehIyerayRKab;RKYsBIelIenaH KWeyIgGaceRCIserIsfaRkalRKYs 1Can b¤ 2Can ; ¤ ;
)acekAsU‘ekþAehIyRkalRKYseFVI1Can; b¤2Can;
)acekAsU‘RtCak;ehIyerayxS ac;
RkalkMralfμmakadaM (macadam )ehIy)acekAs‘ R ( ) UOTTA seal
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 8
Seals
SBST
DBST
SS
Chip Seal
S d S lSand Seal
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 9
Otta seal KWeyIgeRbIR)as;l,ayRKYscMruH CMnYseGaykMeTcfμEdl)ankMNt;kñúgTMhMRKab;fμkinbu:n² Kña. eKGaceRbIR)as;)annUvRKYsEdlmanTMhMtUcCag efakCag gayRsYlrknigmincaM)ac;Erg.
bMerIbMras ;ekAs U‘RtCak ;
KuNRbeyaCn_cm,gpþl;eGaynUvsuvtißPaBRbesIrCagkñúgkareRbIR)as;edaymincaM)ac;dutkMedAekAsU‘ rhteTAdlsItNðPaB xs nigminqabeq .rhUteTAdl;stuNPaB x<s; ngmnqabeqH . sMrab;kareRbIR)as;ekAsU‘edayeRbIkMlaMgBlkmμenaH ekAsU‘RtCak;mansuvtßiPaBCagekAsU‘ekþAniggay eRbICag . KuNvibtþicm,g-GacBi)akrk. -Tukmin)anyUr: ekAsU‘RtCak;RtUvEteRbIeGayGs;kñúgrvag3ExbnÞab;BIé f¶plit nigeFVIkarkUrRcbl;va CaRbcaM¬RtUvRbemó lebITukkñúgFug¦ edIm,IeCosvagnUvkarEjkecjBIKña é nrUbFatuEdlcUlpS M.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 10
Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
sMPar³EdlesIÞr b¤xVH KuNPaB KWeyIgGacbegIánKuNPaB)an edIm,IbegIánnUvrebIgrbs;vanigsmtßPaBRTRTg; rbs;va edayeFVIkarlayRcbl;bEnßmCamYysarFatuKImIdUcCa suIm:g;t_ kMe)arekAsU‘ b¤edayRcbl;tamlkéN³bec©keTsemkanic.
Soil Properties
More than 25% <0.075 mm
Less than 25% < 0.075mm Type of
Stabilisation
PI < 10
10<PI<20
PI > 20
PI < 6; PP < 60
PI < 10
PI > 10
Cement S S M S S S
Lime M S S X M S
S: Suitable M: Marginally Effective X: Not Suitable
Lime and Cement Stabilisation
eRbIR)as;nUvvtßúEdlGacrk)ankñúgRsuk
GaceRbIR)as;nUveRKOgcRkksikmμmkeFVIkarlayRcbl
Bi)akkñúgkarsagsg;eBl¬layva¦ enArdUvePøó gkarykTkdakCaBiesseTAelIkarlayKWCayRcbl;
sMrab;kareRbIsuIm:g;t_layKWRtUvkareBlkkrIgnigRbtikmμCagkareRbIR)as;kMe)armklayRcbl;
karykTukdak;CaBesseTAelkarlayKCakarcaM)ac;edIm,IFana)annUvkarRcbl;)ansBVl¥ kMritsMeNImRtwmRtUvnigry³kalRbtikmμRtwmRtUv l¥.eBlevlakMNt;caM)ac;edIm,IGaceFVIkarbgáab;begIáy)anegáy)an nigeKoreFVICaragRTUgfñl;eRkayBIeBllaycb;ehIy.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 11
Stabilised Bases and Sub-Bases
lay eday eRbIbec ©keTsemkan ic
eRbIR)as;nUvsMPar³EdlGacrk)anedayeRbIry³cMgaydwkCBa¢ÚnxIø
minsUvmanplbH Bal;dl;suxPaBkmμviFIeFVIetsþKWcaM)ac;edIm,IkMNt;nUvsmmaRt nkMritlay.minmankarb:H Bal;xøacePøó gkñúgeBlkMBugsag
sg;dUcCakarlayedayeRbIsuIm:gt_ b¤kMe)areT.
smmaRté nkrtlay.TamTarnUvkarykcitþTukdak;RtYtBinitü elIviFIsaRsþenAral;eBllay.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 12
RsTab;) at n igRsTab;RK wH B IFmμCat i
enAtMbn;EdlmanenAsMPar³EdlGacpÁt;pÁg;RKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVIpøÚv ehIysMPar³TaMgena EfmTaMgmanKNPaB leTotpgena ¬RKsBIFmμCati fμkin¦ehysPar TagenaH EfmTagmanKuNPaB l¥eTotpgenaH ¬RKYsBFmCat fkn¦ enaH KWeyIgmincaM)ac;layRcbl;vabEnßmeT KWeyIgGacykvamk eFVICaRsTab;)at nigRsTab;RKwH )anEtmþg . ktþaEdlnaMeGayeKmineRbIl,aykMeTcbMeBjsMrab;pøÚvRkalRKYsKWsMGageTAelIbec©keTs bTBiesaFn_ visVkmμpøÚvfñl; V Ú ñ ;nigeyageTAelIbNþMúé nkMritTMhMRKab;EdlpS McUlKñaTMgn;l,ayTMhMRKab; nigkMritsVité nl,aykMeTcepH .
RsTab;) at n igRsTab;RK wH B IFmμCat i
RsTab;)at nigRsTab;RKwH eFVIBIRKYsFmμCati Natural Gravel Base or Sub-base
RsTab;)atesIþgeFVIBIRKYsRsTab;)ateFVIBIxS ac; RsTab;RKwH eFVIBIl,aysMNl;fμkincMruHRsTab;)ateFVIBIfμkin EdlmankMMritnUvTMhMRKab;EdlcUlpS MRsTab)atedaymakadaMRsTab;)atedaymakada
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 13
RK YsFmμCat i
tMé lefakebIGacrk)annUvkñúgRsukGñkem:Akarsagsg;kñúgRsukmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInkñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvRKsFmμCatienvRKYsFmCatenHTamTarnUvkareFVIetsþRtYtBinitü eGay)anRKb;RKan;elIRbePTRKYsFmμCatiepS g² KñaRKYsFmμCatimYycMnYnminmanKuNPaBRtwmRtUvRKb; RKan;eTAtamtMrUvkaré nbTdæanEdlTamTareGayeyIgRtveFIkarlayRcblsarFatvtKImIbEnm.eygRtUveFVkarlayRcbl;sarFatuvtßúKmbEnßm.
RsTab;) ates IügGMB IRK Ysfμ Armoured Gravel Road-Base
eKalbMNgEdleRbI Armoured Gravel Road base KW edIm,IsnS MnUvfvikar nigkat;bnßyeTAtambrimaNRKYsFmμCatiEdlmanenAkgRskFmCatEdlmanenAkñúgRsukehIyedIm,IGaceGayeKGacRkalBIelInUvRsTab;é pÞkMralekAsU‘esIþgBIelIbEnßmeTot.
RsTab;vapS MeLIgedayl,ayRKYsFmμCatibnÞab;mkdak; RkalnUvfμkinbMEbkBIelIEdlmankMras;CaTUeTA 50-75mm.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 14
xS ac ;FmμCat i
eBlxøH eyIgGaceRbIxS ac;CMnYskEnøgé nRsTab;RKwH EteyIgRtUvykcitþTukdak;eTAel Ikarbgðab;taMgBIRsTab;dMbUgTamTarnUvviFIsaRsþ nigkarbgðab; EdlRKb;RKan;RtwmRtUvEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.
fμkinc MruHfμkincMruH b¤kMeTcfμcMruH KWpS MeLIgedayRbePTfμkMeTcEdlkinb¤kMeTcfμBIFmμCati EdlEbkexÞcedaysarGakasFat KWedayRKanEtdwkykBIkardæanvayfμ u R ;b¤BIkñúgdIehIyykeTAeRbIenAkardæanEtmþgedayKμaneFVIkarEké cñGIVeT. ehtudUcenH ehIyvamanTMhMRKab;xus² Kña kMritdIs¥itepS g² Kña ehtudUecñH ehIyvaTamTarnUvkareFVIetsþRttBinit eGay)anRtwmRtv nigenAeBlEdlþR Y ü R R UdwkCBa¢ÚneTAeRbIenAkardæan.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 15
RsTab;RK wH eFVIB Ifμkin eday mank MN t;T Mh MRKab;tams üg;da
esckIþepIþmCaTUeTAvaminRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;CaCMerIskñúgkarekorpøÚvCnbTeT. EtedayELkeKeRbIsMrabeFVICaRsTabRKwHL R ; V R ;R Hb¤RsTab;)atedIm,CMnYsRsTab;)aTeFVIBImakadaM.
cMNucsMxan;sþIBIsMParsagsg;RbPBé nsMPar³RtUvEteFVIkareRCIserIs nigBiesaFn_ edIm,IFana)annUvsmtßPaBeFVIkarrbs;vainigmancMnYnRKb;Rkan; tamtMrUvkar.
ehIysMPar³eTotesatRtUveKarBeTAtambTdæanbec©keTsdUcCaTMhMRKab; kMlaMgRTRTg; ¬PaBrwgrbs;fμ¦ nigrUbragTMrg;é nTMhMRKab;nImYy² .
RsTab;m:akada M
RbePTfμ macadam CacaM)ac;RtUvmanRbePTfμEdledIrtYCaeRKagq¥wgEdlmanTMhMCaTUeTA ¬35-50mm¦ ehIycenøaH Rbehagrbs;vaRtUv)anbMeBjedaykMeTcfμl¥it. H R ; R U jedaysarEtfμmYyduM² manTMhMFMeBl tMerobcUlKñavaGacbegIánnUvsmtßPaBRTRTg;x<s;Emn etIvaenAsl;cenøaH RbehageRcIn² vamantYnaTIedIrtY y:agsMxan;sMrab;ykeFVICaRsTab;)atGMBIfμmakadaMKWfavamantYnaTICaGñkRTnUvTMgn; eRbobbIdUcCa {eRKagq¥wgxñg} é nmakadaMedIm,IRTnUvTMgn;é nRsTab;epS g BIelIva nigTMgn;rfynþ. sMPar³Edl ,R U ;é R ; S ; þeRbIsMrab;ykmkbMeBjcenøaH Rbehag edIm,IeFVIeGayvamané pÞrabesIμ Etvamin)anCYybegIánsmtßPaB RTRTg;bnÞúkrbs;fmakadaMbu:nμaneT.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 16
RsTab;fμ macadam s¶ÞtKWpS MeLIgelIkartMerobRsTab; fμmYyduMFM² bBa© ÚlKña¬fμkin¦ EdlmanTMhMCaTUeTA 37>5mm eTA 50mm ehIybMeBj cenøaH Edleday kMeTcfμepH
RsTab;) aT¼RsTab;RK wH eFVIGMB Imakada M
fμm:akadaMesIm (WBM) KWdUcKñaeTAnwg (DBM) EdrEtxusKñaRtg;faeyIgeFVIkarbenS ImTwkedIm,IeGaykMeTcfμepH gayRsYlRCabcUleTAkñúgcenøaH Rbehag)aneBjl¥
j H HedayerayvaBIelIkMralfμEdl)antMerobehIyenaHehIyeFVIkar jak;bgðab;eGay kMeTcfμTaMgenaH cUlsBVcenøaH Rbehag edaymineRbITwkeT.
V S , H R Y R U ñú H R jKWfaeyIgRtUvdMbUgtMerobfμ ehIyeGaykMeTcfμ bnÞab;mk)aj;TwkBIelI rYceTIbbgðab;.
kareRbIR) as ;k MralpøÚv GMB Id uMk MralepS g²
kMralpøÚvGMBIduMepS g² KWGaRs½yeTAnwgsmtßPaBRTRTg;;nUvbnÞúkrbs;RbePTduMepS g²EdlvaGacRT)annUvbnÞúkedaymanRbsiTæPaB. duMebtug duM\dæ nigduMfμ KWCaCMerIsEdlRtv)aneKeRCIserIsykeRbIR)as)anCMnseGayRKsfμmakadaMKμanRkalekAs‘EdlRtUv)aneKeRCsersykeRbR)as;)anCnYseGayRKYsfmakadaKanRkalekAsUsMrab;pøÚvCnbTEdlmancracrN_tic nigCaBiesssMrab; tMbn;EdlmanePøó gFñak;eRcInkEnøgEdlmancMeNaTxøaMg.
duMbøúkTaMgenaH GacykmkeRbIR)as;vij)anenAeBlEdlpøÚvxUcenAkEnøgcMNucNamYynpøÚv KWeyIgRKan;EterIvaykmklagsMGatehIydak;bBa© ÚltMerobvij bnÞab;BICYsCulÚ Ú Þ
dIRKwH xageRkamvaehIy.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 17
é pÞkMralvaeFVIeLIgedaytMerobnUvRsTab;\dæedaytMerobeTAtamCYrbeNþaybNeBjcenøaHbEnßm edaysuIm:g;t_ nigTb;sgxageTAedayi ©I I M I æ μ M
k MralpøÚv GMB Id I\d æd ut
TMhMé n\dæGacERbRbYleTAtamxñaté n\dæ EdleFVIenAtamtMbn; ehIyCaTUeTAKWeyIgGaceRCIserIsykkMras;vaCamFü m 100mm )anehIy.
cieBa©ImpøÚvenaH GaceFIVGMBI\debtug b¤fμtMerob.
vaTamTarCaBiessnUvKuNPaBé ndI\dæEdlykmkeRbIenaH . enARbeTserotNameKeFVI\dæEdlmankMlaMgdl;eTA 25Mpa .
kMralpøÚv GMB IfμPðMt Merob
esckIþGFib,aykMralpøÚvenH eFVIeLIgGMBIkartMerobnUUvfμPñMrag 4RCug EdleyIgeFVIkareRCIserIsnvTMhMfμEdlCaTeTAKWmanTMhMBI 100eRCsersnUvThfEdlCaTUeTAKmanThB 100-150mm ehIy RkalvaeGaymanragCaxñgGeNIþkbniþcKWfaeyIgRkalvaBIelI RsTab;xS ac;bnÞab;mkeKeFVIkarbgðab;vaeGaysuIcUleTAnwgRsTab;xS ac;xageRkamenaH .
cMNcsMxansMrabsMPar³cNucsxan;srab;sParfμEdlykmkeRbIKWRtUvEteFVIetsþva edIm,IFana)annUvkarRTkMlaMgsgát; PaBrwgteTAnwgsMNwknigmingayBuk puyedayEtGMbil.
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 18
kMralpøÚv GMB IfμPðMt Merob
cMNucsMxan;sMrab;sMPar³fμPMñKWRtUvEtmanlkéN³páafμduM4RCugeRKImnigmanEpñké pÞméagkñúgcMeNamTaMg4RCugenaH sMEb:t EdlGacykmkeFVICa é pÞ elIé nkMral)an.sMPar³EdlykmkbMeBjcenøaH rvagfμtMerobnImYy KWRtUvEttUc² GaccUleTAbMeBjcenøaH Rbehag)an dUcCakMeTcfμ RKYs b¤epH .
k MralpøÚv ebt ug
kMralpøÚvGMBIebtugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlayedaysarva pþl;nUvsmtßPaBRTRTg;)anl¥ pÞkMralenAfitefrCab;)anyUrÞ
nigTamTarnUvkarCYsCultictYcbMput. EtvaRtUvkarnUvRsTab; )atRKwHEdlCab;maMminrgnUvsMNwk b¤hUrdac;edaysarTwkePøó g b¤Twklic edIm,IRTva. vaGaceRbI)ansMrab;RbePTé n cracrN_ edayKitcabBIkgrhteTAdlrfynþFnFnFM .edayKtcab;Bkg;rhUteTAdl;rfynþFunF¶n;F .
SEACAP 19 Inception Progress – Presentation 3 19
kMralpøÚv GMB Iebt ug
KuNRbeyaCn_Cacm,gvaGacTTYlrg nigEbgEcknUvbnÞúkEdlmanenAelIva dUcenH KWvaGacsagsg;)anenAelIdIRKwH eRkamEdlGn;. ebIKiteTAelIGaykalTaMgmlKWfavamantM lefak.ebKteTAelGayukalTagmUlKfavamanté lefak.tMrUvfvikarCYsCulefakKWfavaGacRTnUvbnÞúkF¶n;rbs;rfynþFM² )an. vaGacTb;Tl;eTAnwglMhUreRcaH )an
KuNvibtþiCacm,gEdlKYrykcitþTukdak; cMNayfvikardMbUgeRcInKWvaTamTarnUvkarpøas;bþÚrekAsU‘RTnab;sMrab;cenøaH rIkrYm edaysarkMedACaerOy² .
k MralpøÚv GMB Iebt ug
KWmanRbePTkMralpøÚvGMBIebtug 3RbePT Edl)aneKykmkeFVIetsþBiesaFn_enAeRkamkmμviFIrbs; SEACAP: 1. kMralebtgpøvGMBIebtgbs I1. kralebtugpÚvGBebtugbsS2. kMralebtugpøÚvGMBIebtugGaem3. kMralpøÚvGMBIebtugsuTæ
karRsavRCavfIμenH rbs; SEACAP rkeXIjfaminmanplRbeyaCn_GIVbu:nμaneTsMrabkareFIkMralpøvebtgGMBIb£s I. kareFIkMralebtgGMBIebtgsTæeGay)anRtwmRtvena Gacsrab;kareFVkralpÚvebtugGBb£sS . kareFVkralebtugGBebtugsuTeGay)anRtmRtUvenaH GacCab;yUCagpøÚvebtugGMBIb£sS I.