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Session 1 Getting started with classroom research. DAVID NUNAN. Aims of Session 1. gain an understanding of what we mean by ‘ research ’ as well as as the key concepts reliability, validity, variable, and construct. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Session 1 Getting started with classroom research
DAVID NUNAN
Aims of Session 1
1. gain an understanding of what we mean by ‘research’as well as as the key concepts reliability, validity, variable, and construct.
2. understand similarities and differences between the psychometric, naturalistic and hybrid traditions
3. discuss first steps in the research process
Getting started
In groups, complete the following statements:
Research is………………………………………Research is carried out in order
to……………
What is research?
1. Questions, problem, hypothesis 2. Data, 3. Analysis / interpretation 4. Publication 5. Reliability 6. Validity
the psychometric research tradition Aim: To test the strength of relationships between variablesResearch design: Experimental
Type of data: Quantitative Type of analysis: Statistical
“Questions in search of data.”
Variables and data types
Nominal Ordinal Interval
ConstructsA psychological construct is a theoretical label that is given
to some human attribute or ability that cannot be seen or touched because it goes on in the brain. (Brown 1988: 103)
Discussion: Which of these are variables? Which are constructs?proficiencygender motivationnative languageaptitude
attitude intelligenceattention deficit
disorderpubertybilingualism
the naturalistic research tradition
Aim: To obtain insights into the complexities of teaching and learning through uncontrolled observation and descriptionResearch design: Non-experimental
Type of data: Qualitative Type of analysis: Interpretive
“Data in search of questions.”
research questions1. What are the classroom experiences of trainee teachers in
inner-city classrooms?2. Is a deductive approach to teaching grammar superior to
an inductive approach?3. What do learners believe about the nature of language and
learning?4. Do beginning learners of Spanish as a foreign language
who have an initial period of intensive listening before speaking outperform those who are required to speak from the first lesson?
5. What happens when teachers increase ‘wait time’ (the time between asking a question and then either reformulating the question or answering it)?
Combining traditions: quantitative collection / quantitative analysis
Comparing statistical comparisons of learners’ test scores to see if there are any statistically significant differences between groups taught with different methods.
Combining traditions: quantitative collection / qualitative analysis
Categorizing language students as advanced, upper-intermediate, intermediate, or lower-intermediate on the basis of learners’ test scores
Combining traditions: qualitative collection / qualitative analysis
Summarizing written field notes to yield prose profiles of various teachers’ teaching styles in an observational study
Combining traditions: qualitative collection / quantitative analysis
Tabulating the observed frequencies of certain errors in students’ writing samples
Getting started on classroom
research: initial questions
What aspects of classroom teaching and learning am I interested in, and what specifically is it about this issue that I really want to know?
Does anybody else have an answer to my question?
How do I get started?
What kinds of data will be relevant to my research interest and question?
How will I gather those data?
What techniques exist for analyzing my data?
How can I make my research available to anyone else who might be interested?
Research areas and topics: examples
Teacher questions
Direct instruction Error correction
and feedbackClassroom
management
Student interaction
Task analysisLearning
strategiesThe affective
domain
Phases in formulating a research plan
Phase 1: Formulating the general research area or topic
Phase 2: Turning the research area into a question
Phase 3: Deciding on a research paradigm
Phase 4: Developing a detailed plan
DiscussionThe next step: secondary
research
What is a literature review?What is the purpose of doing a literature
review?
Discussion
Reflect on your own classroom, or a classroom with which you are familiar.
Come up with a research area that interest you and formulate it as a question.