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Session 03: Technical aspects of interconnection
• Collocation
• Carrier Selection
Outline
2
Introduction
Collocation
Carrier Selection
Outline
3
IntroductionIntroduction
Collocation
Carrier Selection
Operators or service providers connect their equipment,
their networks and services to enable customers access to
customers, services and networks of other providers.
Clients-A-
Services-A-
Interconnection
Actor-A-
Actor-A-
Actor -B-
Actor -B-
Clients-B-
Services-B-
Actors may be fixe, mobile operators or ISPs
4
Definition
The political and technical conditions of interconnection and tariffs define:
- Telecommunications market : Encouraging competition.
- New entrants : Attracting investment.
- Customers: Benefit fromThe services offered by operators.
5
Importance
Network 2
Network 2
Network 1Network 1 POI
POI : point of Interconnection.
PoP : Point of Presence .
LI : Links of Interconnection .
Customer Operator 1
Access
PoP
LI
Access
Customer Operator 2
Legend :
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Block diagram of interconnection
Interconnection termination
Operator B terminates a call received from a subscriber of operator A.
Operator B provides service termination to operator A.
Operator-A-
Operator-A-
Operator-B-
Operator-B-
Customer-A-
Customer-B-Calling party Called party
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Types of interconnection (1/2)
Interconnection origination
A subscriber of operator B connected to operator A initiates a communication to B
Operator A provides interconnection origination service to operator B.
Operator-A-
Operator-A-
Operator-B-
Operator-B-
Client-B-
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Types of interconnection (2/2)
RTC : Réseau à commutation de circuits
GSM BTSGSM BTS
GSMBSC
GSMBSC
GSM BTSGSM BTS
MSC/VLR GMSC
Réseau à CommutationDe circuit
BPN
GSM : Système BSS GSM :Système NSS
LR:
[ Ensemble
de 2Mbps ]
CTCTCTCTCAACAACAACAA
BPN
Niveau
double transit
Niveau
inter CAA
Niveau
intra CAA
Niveau
simple transit
GSM RTC( )
HLRAUC
fixe-mobile Interconnection
GSMOperator
SDH Ring
TSTransit Switch
Point of interconnection
Simple transit
Point of interconnection
Double transit
SDH Ring
TSTransit Switch
Point of interconnection
local
Concentrator
Access
Access
SDH Access
LSLocal Switch
ISDN PABX
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Fixe to mobile interconnection
Concentrator
Domaine of ISP Domaine of LDO Domaine of LLOCustomer
ISP PointPoint of interconnection
LLO : Local Loop Operator LDO : Longue Distance Operator
ISP : Internet Service Provider
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Internet interconnection
• The Reference of Interconnection Offer (RIO) should be
simple and clear in defining technical conditions of
interconnection.
• RIO must contain a minimum of technical services.
• Technical details are set out in contract of interconnection.
• Collocation.
• QoS.
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Technical requirements
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Introduction
CollocationCollocation
Carrier Selection
Two types of collocation :
- Physical Collocation by mean of dedicated or shared room.
- Distant Collocation.
In the following, we note :
Op.1: who offers collocation.
Op.2: applying for collocation.
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Collocation services
internal wiring
Dedicated roomOp.2
LS or TS
Technical Building Op.1
Fiber Op.2
Chamber 0
Limitation of Liability
Op.1 offers collocation to Op.2
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Dedicated Room (1/2)
• Op.2 implements :– Physical link between his POP and POI– Terminal equipment (Mux SDH)
• One in Op.2 (POP)• Other one collocated in Op.1 (PIO)
– Responsable for QoS between POP and PIO
• Op.1 offers to Op.2– Interconnection ports in the switching part
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Dedicated Room (2/2)
Copper wiring - Op.2
Transmission roomOp.1
PoP Op.2
Limited distance17
Distant collocation (1/2)
Op.1 offers collocation to Op.2
Technical Building Op.1
internal wiring
LS or TS
Op.2 implements : The physical link between his POP and POI
Responsable for QoS between POP and PIO
Op.1 offers to Op.2 Interconnection ports in the switching part
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Distant collocation (2/2)
Typically, operators complain a lack of space in technical buildings.
Operators don’t provide space for their competitors.
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Problem CL1: Space
Operators must anticipate and provide a minimum of space for their competitors.
RIOs can provide information on the availability and visibility for provision of collocation. (Saudi Catalog)
Auditing technical building of operators.
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Remedies CL1: Space
In the event that audit reveals a real lack of space by dedicated room in technical buildings.
Operator couldn’t find more space for the extension or provision of these unique services.
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Problem CL2: Lack of collocation by dedicated room
Relies primarily on collocation by shared room. New problem: Access Management.
Proceedings second to distant collocation. Sometimes is limited by distance if the transmission medium is for example copper.
Alternatives : In Span.
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Remedies CL2: Lack of collocation by dedicated room
Operators are delaying implementation of collocation highlighting procedural delays longer.
Examples: - Deadlines for feasibility study. - Prolonged delays in the redevelopment of sites.- Limiting the number of studies.
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Problem CL3: Procedures
Collocation services must be strictly regulated.
Ability to conduct studies in parallel on one or more sites.
Limiting response times: the use of simulations and benchmarks.
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Remedies CL3: Procedures
Excessive Rates.
Lack of visibility: quotes.
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Problem CL4: Tariffs
Rates per m2: benchmark residential areas.
Limiting the use of quotes.
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Remedies CL4: Tariffs
Access Management.
Limitation of Liability.
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Problem CL5: Management
Securing access.
Collocation by shared room: Trust between operators?
Responsibilities must be detailed in contracts.
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Remedies CL5: Management
29
Introduction
Collocation
Carrier SelectionCarrier Selection
Access
Conveying
Calling paty
Incumbent generally
It is a mechanism that allows subscribers to choose their carrier for local, national or international calls.
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Provision of carrier selection
Two types of carrier selection:
- Call by call selection.
- Preselection.
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Types
• Possibility for the user to make his choice of carrier for each call.
• This service requires that the carrier is interconnected to the original operator.
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Call by call selection(CCS)
In this case, the
Carrier is a long
Distance operator.
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CS: Schematic illustration
• A list of prefixes assigned to different carriers.
• The user dials the first carrier selected prefix, followed by the number of the callee.
• Mechanism of prefix routing tables.
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CS: Implementation
• The user makes the choice of carrier for the desired types of calls
(local, national or international).
• This choice is made once by the user.
• Preselection does not cancel CCS
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Preselection
• Should we restrict the use of selection call service?
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Problem ST1: Restriction
• Payphones.
• Special numbers.
• Non-geographic numbers ?
• Others?
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Remedies ST1: Restriction
Marketing effort
• Timeliness of CS implementation
• Targeted segment of the market (local, national, international)
• Mobile/fixe
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Problem ST2: Opportunity and scope
• The CS is a regulatory lever that can promote competition in some market segments, especially in international
• Subscribers can take profit, to some extent, from advantages offered by operators while contracting a single operator
• However, the CS requires a certain maturity of the market
(to allow time for infrastructure development)
• CS can generate effects of positive externalities
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Remedies ST2: Opportunity and scope
• Mechanisms for implementating CS
• Managing routing tables
• Costs
• Implementation times
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Problem ST3 : Implementation
• A list of prefixes assigned to different carriers.
• the user dials the first carrier selected prefix, followed by the number of the callee.
• Switches eligible to CS.
• Distributed architecture then centralized one
• Planning adopted by the regulator
• Centralized architecture: cost sharing between operators?
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Remedies ST3 : Implementation
• Cost base
• Cost model
42
Problem ST4 : Tariffs
• Cost orientation
• Charges relevant to signaling
• Unified cost model between operators: symmetry or asymmetry in case of distributed architecture?
43
Remedies ST4 : Tariffs
