Sesión 1/4 Asignatura SINGLE-LEAF AND DOUBLE- · PDF fileSINGLE-LEAF AND DOUBLE-LEAF FACADES ... Class presentation for aerated clay bricks (cat. Termoargila®) ... 28 day resistant

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SINGLE-LEAF AND DOUBLE-LEAFFACADES

Construction II. Mineral construction. 2nd year

Construction AreaAcademic Year 2014-2015

Review 13/05/2015Authors: Josep Olivé, Marta Adroer

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Index

1. Scope of study

2. Typologies

2.1. Single-leaf facade(cat. façana monofulla)

Concept and basic featuresMaterialsDesign determining factors (*)

Constructive characteristicsSingular pointsInstallation on site

Strategies: facade performance

2.2. Ventilated double-leaf facade(cat. façana doble fulla ventilada)

Concept and basic featuresMaterialsDesign determining factors

Singular pointsInstallation on site


3. Information source

(*) Class presentation for aerated clay bricks (cat. Termoargila®) only. Only written version, not class presentation for Arlibloc® (cat. Arlibloc)

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Vocabulari/Vocabulario/Vocabulary

Estesa/Tendido/Lining

Mestrejat/Maestreado/Screed

Remolinat/Fratasado/Float, Scouring

Lliscat/Enlucir/Final coat, fine finish

Raspat/Raspado/Steel trowel finish

Especejament/Despiece/Pieces arrangement

Dintell= Llinda/Dintel o Cargadero/Lintel

Brancals/Jambas/Jamb

Replanell d’ampit/Alféizar/Window sill

Ampit/Antepecho/Parapet wall

Arrebossat/ Revoco/Render

Estucat/Estucado/Stucco

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WITHOUTair chamber

HEAVYEXTERNAL WALL

INSULATIONEWI System (“coated”)

WITHAir chamber

MULTI LEAFSINGLE LEAF

LIGHTWEIGHT VENTILATED

Scheme of layers

(cat SENSE cambra d'aire)

(cat. PESADA)

(cat. ABRIGADA)

(cat AMB cambra d'aire)

(cat.MULTIFULLA)(Cat.MONOFULLA)

(cat. VENTILADA LLEUGERA)

Scope of study l Typologies - Single Leaf l Typologies - Ventilated double leaf l Information sources

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not ventilated

Conventional:(cat. Convencional)

Double-leaf:

With external insulation (EWI System)

SINGLE-LEAFwithout a specific insulation layer

Single-leaf:

Typologies

MULTI-LEAFwith a specific insulation layer

ventilated

cavity wall heavy self-supporting exterior leaf

heavy.

with a non-ventilated cavity

without cavity

Lightweight ventilated

Precast:

lightweight.

Using Low Thermal Conductivity materials

not ventilated

Lightweight not self-supporting exterior leaf

very ventilated

Using “traditional” materials

(cat. MONOFULLAsense capa específica d'aïllament)

(cat. MULTIFULLAamb capaespecífica d'aïllament)

(cat. no ventilada)

(cat. Doble fulla)

(cat. Abrigada (SATE))

(cat. Monofulla)

(cat. Ventilada)

(cat. cavity wallfull exterior pesat autoportant )

(cat. Pesada)

(cat. amb cambra no ventilada)

(cat. sense cambra)

(cat. Ventilada lleugera)

(cat. Prefabricada)

(cat. Lleugera)

(cat. amb materials de baixa conductivitat)

(cat. no ventilades)

(cat. full exterior lleuger no autoportant )

(cat. molt ventilada)

(cat. amb materials “tradicionals”)


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CONCEPT:Incorporates insulation in the material (compared with traditional single leaf facades which achieve the insulation by increasing its thickness) Reduces the number of materials which are involved in the system (compared to multiple-leaf facades)Simplify its construction on site (compared to multi-leaf systems)

BASIC FEATURESBasic construction. SimplicityPossibility of being coated (necessary in many cases)It has a dependency to patented materials, which depends on its fabrication stock.Considerable thicknessesThermal inertia

Concept and basic features

SINGLE-LEAF (cat. Monofulla)


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WALL’S THICKNESS

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

LimestoneReinforced concrete

Masonry. Mortar blockMasonry. Perforated brick

Masonry. Lightweight ceramic brickMasonry. Lightweight ceramic brick

Masonry. Cellular mortar blockMasonry. Lightweight ceramic brick

Sawn woodCellular mortar block

Expanded polyethylene

e

Materials

Materials: Main leaf

Material/sistema Font

espessor

(cm)Pedra calcàrea CTE 1,70 311

Formigó armat CT-79 1,63 298

Fab.Bloc de morter CTE 1,12 204

Fab.Mao perforat CTE 0,62 113

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida CTE 0,43 78

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida Hysp 0,29 53

Fab.Bloc morter cel.lular CTE 0,28 51

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida mill.Hysp 0,19 35

Fusta Serrada CTE 0,15 27

Bloc morter cel.lular. Ytg 0,12 22

Poliestirè expandit CTE 0,04 7

Thickness for a UM=0,5w/m2K with a single-material and different

Materials/systems

Source

Thickness

Although all mineral-type materials can be used for single leaf facades, they must guarantee an adequate insulation with a reasonable thickness, therefore, it is necessary to choose those with the lowest (Thermal Conductivity).


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Materials: Main leafWheat straw or rice straw

(cat. Palla de blat o d’arròs)

Lightweight mortar

(cat. Morter lleuger)

Lightweight ceramic (Cat. Ceràmica lleugera)

Lightweight concrete(Cat. Formigó lleuger)

Most common materials:Small elements that make up brick walls.


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GRUIX DEL MUREXTERIOR INTERIOR

Regarding possible finishing layers, we must distinguish the exterior, which is responsible for water tightness and solar radiation control, from the interior, which is a simple finish

ExteriorsThe exterior coating’s conditions are:1. Mechanical resistance2. Stability against UV rays3. Water tightness4. Water vapor permeability (breathability)

Can be used:- Traditional mortars made out of lime or cement.

On top of mortars other types of finishes can be placed, such as claddings (cat. Aplacats)

- Single layer mortars

InteriorsThe interior coatings must have:1. Mechanical resistance2. Water vapor permeability (breathability*)

Commonly used: plaster coats or laminated plasterboard claddings. (cat. esteses de guix o aplacats de

guix laminat)

Materials: finishing layer


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(2) (3) (4)

Materials: Exterior finishing layer

Linings made out of Portland mortar or lime mortar(Cat. Esteses d’arrebossat de morter pòrtland o de calç)

Rationing: Exterior Portland 1:4 – Exterior with lime 1:1:8

According to the UNE-EN 998-1 norm, there are some new specific mortars used for coatings, which are named according to three properties:

28 day resistant compression interval: four level classification:

CSI= 0,4 a 2,5 N/mm2 CSII= 1,5 a 5,0 N/mm2 CSIII= 3,5 a 7,5 N/mm2 CSIV ≥ 6 N/mm2

Water absorption by capillarity: three level classification:

W0= Not specified. W1 = c * 0,40 kg /m2·min 0,5. W2 = c * 0,20 kg / m2·min0,5

Thermal conductivity: two level classification:

T1 = 0,1 W / m·K T2 = 0,2 W / m·K

NOTE: In Spain, at current days, no T1 or T2 mortars have been commercialized.

Flatness: Screed (Cat. Mestrejat)Finishing: Floated (cat. Remolinat) (2). / Final coated (cat. lliscat) (3). / Steel trowel finish (cat. raspat) (4)


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Materials: exterior finishing layer

Single-layer stucco linings:

Stuccos with different types of binders: acrylic, mineral (lime, cement) resins, etc…The pigment is in the mass.Require that the extended layer is waterproofed against rainwater but permeable to water vapor. Stuccos have an excellent adherence to the support, because it has been rationed by a mechanical application; although it is difficult to be corrected or reviewed in case of deterioration.There is a wide range of colors coordinated with the same pigments used in the paintings said on each chart or sampler.

There are various finish textures, such as:


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Design recommendations

1. Leaf’s thickness: will depend on the thermal transmittance values “U”. We must adjust to the standard piece’s thicknesses.

1. Geometry:1. Due to the fact that we are talking about small elements with big

formats, facades with complex geometries (especially curved facades) will present almost unsolvable problems with the cutting and execution of the pieces.

2. And, due to the fact that we depend on the manufacturing stock, singular pieces can have an effect on the work’s installation process and time.

2. Pieces arrangement and modulation1. In vertical. It is absolutely indispensable; therefore, all elements

(walls, sills, heights between structural floors) must be modulated according to multiples of 10 cm for heights. (pieces must be 20 cm high or 10 cm high including joint)

2. On plant. A priori the different systems look like if they were thought to be modulated, but the impossibility of playing with the vertical joint dimension (usually jagged and dry) does not allow to solve the real problems of the dimensional variation of the pieces.


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Materials: Main leaf

Wheat straw or rice straw (cat. Palla de blat o d’arròs)

Light mortar(cat. Morter lleuger)

Lightweight ceramic (Cat. Ceràmica lleugera)

Lightweight concrete(Cat. Formigó lleuger)

We will develop only this system in class;

due to its constructive complexity and the importance that has achieved.

We will also develop this system on the eStudy presentation.


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Constructive characteristics: concept

Low density ceramic block, made by the addition of granular components which are gasified during a cooking process (at 850ºC), achieving a uniform porosity on its mass.

Lightweight ceramic block. (Aerated clay bricks) (Cat. Bloc de ceràmica allaugerida)

Temoarcilla®

INSULATION BY MATERIALA LOT OF THERMAL MASSNECCESITY OF BEING COATED


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Constructive characteristics: conventional piece’s geometry and standard measurements

Base piece measurements (L x e x h): 30x29x19 cm

Complementary piece measurements:30x14x19 cm30x19x19 cm30x24x19 cm


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Constructive characteristics: Eco-3 piece geometry

Aerated clay brick Eco3

Length Width Height

Weight

% of holes

Type of piece

Resistance against fire (min)

m2 units

Characteristic normalized resistance

Half horizontal Eco3

Half horizontal Eco3Aerated clay brick Eco3


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Constructive characteristics: adding elements and special pieces

Beginning of a setting-out on a “U” corner

Beginning of a setting-out on a “Z” corner


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As a structural element:

BEARING CAPACITY- Stable wall against horizontal loads and in charge of transmitting loads to the foundations. - Embedded structural floors on the wall’s thickness (thermal bridges are created)- Limitation of the number of floors (less material resistance compared to solid and perforated bricks)

Singular points: in relation to the structure


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As a non-bearing element:Aerated clay brick

Continuous coatingReinforcement mesh

Stainless steel angle pieceAerated clay piece for the edge

of the structural floor 9,6cm

3. A reinforcement mesh must be placed on the points where the leaf changes its section.

2. An elastic joint must be placed on the interior part of the structural floor in order to avoid fissures caused by deformations.

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As a non-bearing element:

1. According to the ‘Consorcio Termoarcilla’ manual, in framed structures, an elastic joint must be placed at the link with the column. 2. The wall is stabilized to the column with connectors (wall ties).3. According to the solution, it can be necessary to solve the thermal bridge between columns and slab (remember that the wall is only stable if its 2/3 has a support)..It is recommended, under all types of climates, to maintain minimum 50% of the facade’s thickness in front of columns, and minimum 30% in front of structural floors where the wall is supported.


http://www2.itl.cat:8080/fitxestecniques/Sistema%202/

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Singular points: in contact with the ground

It is indispensable to place awaterproofing barrier in order toavoid capillary humidity and tohave a special protection forexterior coatings (plinth or similarelements)

Anti-humidity barrier (cat. barrera anti-humitat)

Traditional renderDouble bituminous layer

Protective layer

Waterproofing barrierFiltering gravelDrainage pipe


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(Cat. Corte de humedad por capilaridad, mediante banda autoadhesiva previa imprimación asfáltica con una dotaciónmínima de 300 gr./m2 tipo EMUFAL I y la colocación de una banda de lámina bituminosa autoadhesiva con armadurade PE y de 2 mm de espesor tipo: TEXSELF BAND PE 2 mm; intercalada en la ejecución de la estructura del muro einstalada a todo su ancho sobre capa de mortero.)

http://www.texsa.com/es/sistemas.asp?id=311&ficha=28a

Capillary Break. Barrier against rising water through capillarity


“Capillary Break, using self-adhesive bands with previous asphalt priming with a minimum amount of300 gr./m2 type EMUFAL I and the installing of a self-adhesive bituminous sheet reinforced with PEband with a thickness of 2mm and type TEXSELF BAND PE 2 mm; which is inserted during the wall’sstructure execution and installed all over its width on to the mortar layer.”


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Singular points: the opening

Openings: jambs, lintels, and sills. (cat. brancals, dintells i ampits)Review the compliance of the opening’s envelope demand.

Support: lintels and sills, and jambs.

Comfort: Thermal bridges at perimeter (lintels, jambs, and window’s landing) according to the position of the window (thickness, can be reduced at this point -which was the strategy of insulation).

Water tightness: take the strategy of water tightness on to the carpentry

Solar radiation control: the opening’s position

rolling shutter box. (cat. Persiana de tambor)


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The opening: jambs, lintels, and sills.(cat. brancals, dintells i ampits)

Lintels: use manufacturer’s recommended lintels or use bed reinforcements, “MURFOR®” type, in order to ensure the material’s maximum continuity and avoid the appearance of fissures.

Jambs: Regardless of the placement of the window (interior, exterior, and centered) it is recommended to use isolated jambs in order to avoid interior condensations which are caused due to the lack of thickness.


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Longitudinal reinforcement: it is recommended to use bed reinforcements, “MURFOR®” type, in order to improve the traction-force behavior of the lightweight masonries.


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On site installation. Setting-out

Beginning of a setting-out

on a “U” corner

Beginning of a replaning on a “Z” corner

NOTE:The setting-out of blocks will start at corners. Afterwards the holes will be set-out with half pieces and finishing pieces, removing the standing out blocks.


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On site installation. Bonding and expansion joints


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Steps to follow:

1. Setting-out for a correct vertical and horizontal modulation of pieces.2. Wetting the blocks in order to ensure the adherence between the mortar and block.3. Execution of two horizontal joints with mortar, with a center free space of 3 or 4cm, in order to avoid thermal bridges (the vertical joint will be placed dry, without mortar).4. Placement of blocks with a stretcher bond (cat. Trencajunt). The separation between vertical joints of two consecutive lines has to be equal or bigger than 7cm5. Execution of interior and exterior finishing linings (cat.esteses)

Example with ECo-2 pieces.

On site installation. Process


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For Eco-3 pieces:

Possibility of different types of joints which give different benefits to the masonry.

Follow the same steps as before for Eco-3.

On site installation. Bonding (Aparellat)


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On site installation. Problems


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Constructive characteristics: concept

-INSULATION ACCORDING TO ITS MATERIAL

- A LOT OF INERTIA

- IT NEEDS TO BE COATED ON BOTH, INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR.

MATERIAL:

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS (ARLIBLOCK®)

Manufacturing process: the components are mixed together in a kneader machine (cat. amassadora) and are poured in the concrete mixer (cat. Tolva) of a press, which feeds the mold. It is submitted under vibrations in order to obtain a perfect cohesion of the components.

The mass, already inside the mold, is vibro-pressed until the piece is formed.

The pieces are removed from its mould and are taken to a curing tunnel where the pieces are cured using water vapor with a relative humidity of 95% and at a temperature of 65ºC. With this curing process, the setting (cat.fraguat) accelerates.

At 12hours of the piece’s manufacture, the piece has already obtained 50% of its resistance.

http://www.apabcn.cat/ca_es/serveicolegiat/publicacions/informatiu/Pagines/presentacio.aspx


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Constructive characteristics: geometry

Base piece’s measurements (e x h x l)

-Solid Arliblock with nominal dimensions of 300x200x500 mm with vertical perforations of small dimensions and a vertical dovetail joint.

-Multiple cavity Arliblock with nominal dimensions of 300x200x300 mm with vertical perforations and a vertical dovetail joint.


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Constructive characteristics: addition of elements


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LIGHTWEIGH CONCRETE BLOCK (ARLIBLOCK)

Medium mechanical strenght: 4 N/mmApparent density:- multiple layer 938 Kg/m3- solid 898 Kg/m3

Water vapor resistance, rd:- multiple layer 0,057 mm Hg m2 day/g cm- solid 0,071 mm Hg m2 day/g cm

Transmittance, U: NOTICE THAT IT DOES NOT COMPLY WITH THE MINIMUMS REQUIRED BY CTE (Spanish technical code of building)- multiple layer 1,06 W/m2ºK- solid 0,95 W/m2ºK

Sound reduction index, Rw:- multiple layer 52 dB- solid 53 dB

Constructive characteristics: physical data


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Contact with columns

–the connection between the enclosure and the pillars is done through a mechanical anchorage “fleix” type.

–We must coat the pillar with an Arliblock flat piece (cat. plaqueta) which will be reinforced on two courses (cat. llences) and with a round corrugated galvanized bar (which does not avoid thermal bridges) (see strip reinforcement)

–Course reinforcement: it is recommended on corners, sills, pass of pillars, change in section and wall heights, and on places where a possible fissure in a wall can exist.

Recommended materials:

Pre-welded galvanized reinforcements with diameters from 4 – 5 mm

Round corrugated galvanized bars with diameters from 5- 6 mm



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Contact with structural floors (wall with non-bearing enclosure)- The wall heights will be adjusted to the free height between structural floors with flat pieces, leaving a thickness that will depend on the structural floor’s admissible deformation (2- 3 cm) and will be filled up with an elastic joint.- We must place Arliblock® flat pieces in front of the floor’s edge in order to ensure the continuity of the base where the coating will be applied, reducing the risk of condensations (which does not avoid thermal bridges). - Fiberglass or polyethylene is used in order to reinforce the exterior coating.


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Contact with structural floors (wall with non-bearing enclosure):


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It is indispensable to place a waterproofing barrier in order to avoid capillary humidity. This waterproofing sheet must be protected with a layer of mortar, both on top and on the sides. We must take care specially to exterior coating (plinth or similar)

Fixing block

Protective profile

Slab

Waterproofing sheet

Starting wall

Figure 46: Starting wall on top of a foundation wall


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Singular points: joints

Reinforcing mesh for exterior coating:The exterior coating is the one in charge of preventing the penetration of humidity on walls. It must be waterproof. Recommended single layer mortars with minimum thickness of 1,5 cm. On places where there is fissure risks, such as sills, lintels, pillars, structural floors or shutter boxes, we will place a fiberglass or anti-alkaline polypropylene enclosure with woven meshes of 135g/m2.

Movement or expansion joints: - Joint thicknesses: 1-2 cm- Elastic material in order to fill in joints: polystyrene, mineral fiber, or projected polyurethane.- Elastomer material for the sealing of joints: polyurethane, butyl or rubber putty. (cat. massilla de poliuretà, butil o cautxú). - Reinforcement placed in a “Z” shape which in alternated on each row. - Nails placed every two rows which permit horizontal movements of the wall.


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Singular points: openings

Lintels:- We will use Arliblock lintels.

- The lintel’s support on a wall must never be inferior to 25 cm.- We will use Arliblock flat pieces on both sides of the wall which will create a lost

formwork (cat.encofrat perdut.)- We will reinforce the interior of the lintel and fill it up with concrete.

- It does not avoid thermal bridges.


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Lintels



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Lintel with a rolling shutter box (cat. Dintell amb caixa de persiana)

- We will use special Arliblock pieces with “L” shape- We will insulate the exterior face and the manhole cover (cat. tapa de regristre) in order

to avoid thermal bridges.- The lintel can be placed directly under the structural floor ( it avoids thermal bridges) or

against a top lintel of the bearing wall.

Arliblock edge beam

Thermal insulation

Manhole cover

Arliblock flat piece

Structural floor

Concrete

Reinforcement

Fiberglass protective mesh

“L” piece for shutter box

Shutter


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Jambs

- We will use corner-type blocks. Some will incorporate holes which permit the incorporation of the carpentry’s sub-frame.

- The frame can be embedded or fixed directly on to the block through the use of screws and sealed with a polyurethane foam.



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Sills

- A reinforcement will be placed using strips on top of the bottom row of the opening in order to avoid fissures.



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On site installation

1. Replan, for a correct vertical and horizontal modulation of the pieces (can not use pieces which are not from the system)

2. The block with a manufacturing age inferior to 21 days can not be placed 3. The pieces can not be moisten for its placement. On summer, if temperatures are

very high, the pieces can be slightly moisten in order to avoid the mortar’s dry out. It is advisable to add water retaining additives to the mortar.

4. Execution of two horizontal joints with mortar (1cm). If we use insulating mortar (l=0,47 W/mºC) it will be place continuouslyIf we use ordinary mortar, it will be placed on both sides. With a minimum width of 6cm.5. Dovetail vertical joint. It must be placed before comes into contact with the horizontal

joint. Place the blocks with stretcher bond (cat.trengajunt). The separation between vertical joints on two consecutive joints must be equal or bigger than 10 cm.

6. Execution of a single layer mortar with a minimum of 1,5 cm as an exterior finishing (recommended) or using plastering with a traditional masonry with minimum 1 cm as an interior finishing (recommended).


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EXTERIOR INTERIOR

Thermal insulation depends on the material’s thermal conductivity, ,and thickness of the wall’s materials, e.In order to increase insulation, we can improve the material or increase thickness. Coatings, especially on interior areas, help to accomplish this function.

e

See higrotermThermal insulation


Material/sistema Font

espessor

(cm)Pedra calcàrea CTE 1,70 311

Formigó armat CT-79 1,63 298

Fab.Bloc de morter CTE 1,12 204

Fab.Mao perforat CTE 0,62 113

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida CTE 0,43 78

Fab.Bloc morter cel.lular CTE 0,32 59

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida Hysp 0,29 53

Fab Arliblok* Webb 0,21 38

Fab.Ceràmica alleugerida mill.Hysp 0,19 35

Fusta Serrada CTE 0,15 27

Bloc morter cel.lular. Ytg 0,12 22

WALL’S THICKNESS

LimestoneReinforced concrete

Masonry. Mortar blockMasonry. Perforated brick

Masonry. Lightweight ceramic brickFab. Cellular mortar block

Masonry. Lightweight ceramic brickArliblok* brick

Masonry. Lightweight ceramic brickSawn wood

Cellular mortar block

Thickness for a UM=0,5w/m2K with a single material and different

Materials/systems Source

Thickness


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WALL’S THICKNESS

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

All the facade’s thickness accumulates heat. Those facades which are composed of low conductive materials have less capacity to store heat than those which are composed of solid materials.

e

Ce

Thermal mass “Thermal inertia”


Flattening and lagging (cat. Amortiguament i Desfassament) for a single material enclosure with a UM=0,5w/m2K

Perforated brick CTE: e=1,1mThermal wave flattening: 99,98%Lag: 11,2h

Aerated clay brick CTE: e= 0,78mThermal wave flattening: 99,89%Lag: 4,8h

http://www.ytong.es/es/content/herramientas_1218.php > xls thermal inertia calculations

Interior temperature


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WALL’S THICKNESS

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

PrecipitationWalls with no coatings or no protection against precipitation will have to depend on the material’s permeability and wall’s thickness; in other cases, the exterior coating (not or little porous) is the one in charge of this protection.

Capillarity The protection against rising water will depend on the material’s porosity and the continuous existence of water in the ground. Protection systems include placement of barriers against rising capillary water (capillary break).

Water exchange



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WALL’S THICKNESS

EXTERIOR INTERIOR

In general, quite breathable facade. The materials of the exterior coatings must be breathable.

Can not place a middle vapor barrier, it has to be placed on the interior layer.

The main layer’s material can not be degraded by moderate humidity.

See higrotermBreathability



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DEFINITION: Creation of a minimally ventilated chamber between two heavy leafs.Exterior self-supporting leaf against gravitational loads, which independently downloads its weight down to foundations. . It transmits horizontal thrust to the interior resistant enclosure.

CONCEPT: Evacuate water that could flow into the chamberReduce thermal bridges by creating a continuous insulation

BASIC FEATURES:

It is built from the inside to outside, it has on site installation complexity because the exterior leaf has to be constructed from the outside.Good insulation layer control.Good water tightness and breathability control for the ventilation of the chamber, even for those with porous exterior leaf (brick work facades).Has thermal inertia on its interior and exteriorAvoid thermal bridges

Concept and basic features

VENTILATED DOUBLE-LEAF FACADE (cat. Doble fulla ventilada)


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Interior and exterior leafs

The most common materials are bricks. In cavity wall system, composed of ceramic brick work, exposed brick on its exterior leaf and not exposed brick on its interior leaf

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Materials

Materials: exterior and interior leafs


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Materials: interior leaf

Most common materials:

PERFORATED BRICK (cat.MAÓ CALAT (gero))

Measurements from the Catalan format (h x L x e): 5x29x14 cm7x29x14 cm9x29x14 cm

The interior leaf’s constructive characteristics are those from the construction of walls.

CONCRETE BLOCK (or mortar blocs)(cat BLOC DE FORMIGÓ (o de morter))

Common measurements (h x L x e): 20x40x15 cm20x40x20 cm


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unchangeable in front of moderate or intense humidity in relation to its climate zone.

- Must be B-s3, d2 type, on ground floor level and in most of the other cases

-Can be made out of blankets, projected or rigid panels.

Most common materials

-Rockwool recommended from an environmental point of view. (cat. Llana de roca)

-Extruded polystyrene as it maintains its properties in the presence of water (cat. Poliestirè extrudit)

-Polyurethane foam: attention! when it is burned, and when it arrives to its “smoke point”, it generates hydrocyanic acid which is extremely toxic to humans! (cat. Escuma de poliuretà projectat )

-Can use alternative materials such as sheep wool, cork or cellular galss.(cat. llana d’ovella, el suro o el vidre cel·lular)

Materials: thermal insulation

Adequate insulation:E

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Purpose: because the chamber is placed on the exterior side of the insulation, we can ventilate it.

Therefore, we can act on two fronts:

- Evaporate rain water (cavity wall origin)

- Evacuate through the means of convection the radiation emitted by the exterior leaf which has been heated up by solar radiation.

If ventilation is poor, this phenomenon is negligible. (weakly ventilated)

Width:

Due to these requirements, the air cavity must be between 2 and 10 cm (free).

Ventilation:

We must foresee ventilation holes and water evacuation holes on the exterior leaf.

Materials: air cavity


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Materials: exterior leaf

Brick work exterior finishing

SOLID BRICK (cat. MAÓ MASSÍS)

Catalan format measurements(h x L x e): 3x29x14 cm5x29x14 cm7x29x14 cm

Most common materials:

Exterior finishing with a lining (cat. Estesa)

HOLLOW BRICK (cat. TOTXANA)

Catalan format measurements(h x L x e): 14x29x9 cm

PERFORATED BRICK (cat.MAÓ CALAT (gero))

Catalan format measurements (h x L x e): 5x29x14 cm7x29x14 cm9x29x14 cm


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Materials: joints between leafs – ties (cat. claus / cast. lañas)

Purpose: Transmit the exterior leaf’s horizontal loads on to the interior resistant leaf.

Materials:

- Stainless steel (cat. acer inoxidable)

- Galvanized steed (cat. acer galvanitzat)

- Steel protected with epoxy resins (cat. acer protegit amb resines epoxídiques)


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Materials: finishing layer

Regarding the possible finishing layers, we must distinguish the exterior, which is the one in charge of water tightness and solar radiation, from the interior finishing. In cavity wall systems, there is no exterior coating, because the exterior leaf is permeable to rainwater.

The exterior coating’s conditions are:1. Mechanical resistance2. Stability against UV rays3. Water tightness4. Water vapor permeability (breathability *)

Can be used:- Traditional mortars made out of lime or cement.

On top of mortars other type of finishing can be placed, such as veneers (cat. Aplacats)

- Single layer mortars (guaranteed by manufacturers *)

The interior coatings must have:1.Mechanical resistance2.Water vapor permeability (breathability *)

Often used plaster coats (cat. esteses de guix)


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Materials: exterior finishing layer

Exposed brick work(cat. Obra vista)If the finishing layer is made out of exposed brick work, water can flow on to the interior face of the exterior leaf. In Mediterranean climate, with low rainfall, this is not really common. Anyways, the system evacuates this water by its cavity.However, current safety regulations requires us to reinforce this point, rendering the exterior face of the interior leaf.

NOTE: See exposed brick work wall characteristics in the section of brick work, in the class of First order wall Structures.

Lining

(cat. Estesa)If the finishing layer is a lining (render or stuccoes– cat. arrebossat o estucat), this finishing controls water tightness in order for the water not to get to the interior leaf.

At the same time, this finishing controls solar radiation as well.

NOTE: See the linings characteristics at the same point: Materials: exterior finishing layer in the section of Single leaf facades


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1. Exterior self-supporting leaf: up to 3 levels. Exterior layer is supported on the primary structure, in order to support higher heights.

2. Exterior leaf’s independence, to vertical loads, from the building’s structure.

3. Movements: the exterior leaf, because it is exposed to outside conditions, it is susceptible of undergoing greater thermal and hygroscopic movements than the interior leaf. This will force us to foresee joints (with distances from 8-12cm) on the exterior leaf.

4. Stability: we must always foresee the interlock (cat. Trava) (connecting ties (cat. claus de connexió)) of the exterior leaf to the interior one, for the purpose of assuming buckling effects (cat. guerxament) and transmitting horizontal loads.

5. Independent lintel for each leaf6. Continuity of the insulation (carpentry

position)7. Effective ventilation: cavity’s continuity,

hole’s position8. Water control (sills and lintels, fixing

element’s form, condensation evacuation)9. Window’s position and opening’s

position.

1.Exterior leaf / Full exterior2.Fixing elements / Elements de fixació3.Insulation / Aïllament4.Interior leaf / Full interior5.Reveal / Doella / telar6.Jamb interior finishing / Acabat interior brancals7.Double leaf lintel / Llinda de la doble fulla / dintel8.Window / Finestra9.Frame / Marc10.Sill / Ampit / antepecho11.Window’s wheathering / Escopidor de la finestra / vierteaguas

Determining factors of a project


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Footing (cat. Sabata / cast. Zapata)

Suspended structural floor (cat. Sostre sanitari / cast. forjado sanitario)Ventilation – head joint (cat. Ventilació -degollada / cast. ventilación –llaga)Capillary Break (cat. Barrera capilaritat / cast. barrera capilaridad )Course (cat. Verdugada / cast. Verdugada)Drainage (cat. Drenatge / cast. Drenaje)

Ties, anchors (cat. Gafes-traves-claus / cast. lajas-grapas)


It is indispensable a waterproofing barrier in order to avoid capillary humidity and to drain filtered water on the interior of the cavity: waterproofing membrane with a round shape. Open-drained joints: Water flows out through ventilation holes and through the joint


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The interior leaf can be a bearing wall or can be a simple enclosure, but must be inserted in between the structural elements. It is the one which stabilizes the exterior leaf.

For heights greater than 3 levels, the support of the exterior leaf will be done on the primary structure and through the means of structural floors: metallic brackets, special ceramic pieces, or modifying the edge of the structural floor (in this last case, there is no break of thermal bridge)

Singular points: relation with the structure

(cat. cartel·les metàl·liques peces ceràmiques especials modificació del cantell del forjat)

Metallic bracket Special ceramic pieces Structural floor’s edge modification


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Carpentry’s situation (cat. Fusteria)

Carpentry can be placed in three different positions that always guarantee water tightness:

- exterior: carpentry is very exposed to atmospheric agents and has a big difficulty when guaranteeing water tightness on its top part. This one is NOT recommended.

- interior: carpentry supported on the interior leaf, and with a frame that ensures the evacuation of water on to the exterior, avoiding this water to enter the chamber.It has difficulties when avoiding thermal bridges on jambs, lintels, and sills.

- in between leafs: introducing the sub-frame in the air chamber, ensuring the support on the interior leaf. It facilitates a watertight enclosure of the air chamber; due to the sealing with the exterior leaf, and the continuous envelope of the insulation (if the carpentry has thermal bridge breakage). This is a correct position, although, at the same time, it determines the window’s opening.



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Lintels (cat. Llindes / Dintells)

Lintels must work independently for each leaf; it is common to use a lintel for each leaf but there are some special lintels which permit an independent move of each enclosure on to a single element.

- Exterior lintel: in order for lintels not to be seen as different materials on facades, special reinforced ceramic pieces or thin metallic profiles can be used.

- Interior lintel: it is usually hidden and it is not necessary (in non-bearing leafs) if we introduce a rolling shutter box or openings up to the structural floor.

- Single lintel: it is placed inside the air chamber. It does not permit the use of shutter.



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Lintels (cat. Llindes / Dintells) and sills / window sills (cat. Ampits)



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Conditions or requirements.Support: at this point, stability against horizontal

loads of the interior leaf. (it is not compressed nor confined: thickness, pilaster, weight, etc.)

Ensure ventilation: in order to allow air movements, we must have an opening on the top part of the air chamber. If we are only evacuating water, we do not need this opening.

Ensure thermal insulation continuity on the last structural floor. We can even make the thermal insulation continuous with the one placed on the roof (not as the detail on the right, which has a thermal bridge between the roof’s sill and structural floor)

Singular points: parapet wall and capping


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1. Independent construction and plumbing for the two leafs 2. Wall ties on the interior leaf, in order to further on receive the exterior leaf,

stabilizing it and avoid it to tip over. (Traction and compression) 3. Use rigid ties for leafs with similar materials and similar thickness, whereas

flexible ties for very different leafs. 4. Ties density for exterior leafs with thicknesses bigger than 9 cm = 2,5 units

each m2.5. Ties with rain drips and inclination on to the exterior in order to avoid

raindrops to get to the interior leaf; and avoid mortar to fall into these pieces in order to avoid water to flow inside thought capillarity.

6. Thermal insulation is fixed on to the interior leaf using adhesive elements or mechanical fixing without thermal bridge.

7. While making the exterior leaf, we must regularly clean the chamber and its ventilation openings in order to avoid mortar or work’s leftovers from falling in its interior; which can obstruct or block ventilation.



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Wall ties(cat. Claus de fixació)



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Fixing systems for insulation

(cat. fixat amb adhesiu) (cat. fixat mecànicament)


Adhesive fixing Mechanical fixing


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Cleaning the cavity and ventilation holes


Protection of air cavity by the means of wooden slats Cleaning through holes left on brick work.


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e1

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Thermal insulation

Strategies of the facade’s behavior

Source CTE (technical edification code) LP 15+LlMin 6+CA 2cm+ LP 11cm e:34cm

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Ex. Thickness and layers for a UM=0,5w/m2K with layers that have a different and a weakly ventilated chamber.

Depends on the addition of the different thermal insulation layers and the ventilation degree of the chamber. Nevertheless, the essential factor is the specific insulation layer (1 and e1), which can occasionally be complemented by the interior leaf (2 and e2).


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Thermal inertia depends on the exterior leaf (due to solar radiation) and interior leaf (in order to store heat or cold produced on the interior)

Thermal mass “Thermal inertia”


http://www.ytong.es/es/content/herramientas_1218.php xls thermal inertia calculations

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Ex. Flattening and lagging (cat.

Amortiguament i Desfassament) for a single material enclosure with a UM=0,5w/m2K


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PrecipitationsAir chamber is the one in charge of controlling the entrance of water as precipitation; we must prevent the penetration of water on to the interior leaf (see fixing or fastening elements).An air chamber in order to evacuate humid air.Must foresee drainage systems for possible condensations.

Capillarity The protection against rising water will depend on the material’s porosity and the continuous existence of water in the ground. Protection systems include placement of barriers against rising capillary water.

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See higroterm

Breathability

Quite breathable facade.Air chamber evacuates humidity.Materials must not be degraded by moderate humidity and must be breathable, specially thermal insulation.

In the case of existing interstitial condensations, a vapor barrier can be placed on the exterior face of the interior leaf (on the warm face of the insulation).



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Information source

Class bibliography.

- Fachada ventilada con ladrillo cara vista. Ignacio Paricio. Pág. 14 a 21: 2.2 El perímetro de los huecos: La localización de la carpintería, Dinteles y cajas de persiana, Elementos de estanqueidad. http://www.conarquitectura.com/NA.htm

- La construcció de l’arquitectura 2. Els elements. Ignacio Paricio. edita ITECPunt 8.6 (pàg. 113) per façanes doble fulla en edificis d'alçada

Complementary bibliography. RECOMENDED

- Manual para el uso del bloque Termo arcilla. Autor: Federico de IsidroEditado por el Consorcio Termo arcilla - 1999

-DAU 02/004 documento de adecuación al uso: ARLIBLOCK

- Revista l'Informatiu, núm. 299 (Febrer 2008). Procés de fabricació de l’Arlibloc. www.arliblock.es

- Exemples reals d’aplicació d’aquests tipus de façana (penjats a l’eStudy)

Bibliography for INTERIOR FINISHING LAYERS

http://www.salleurl.edu/tecnologia/pdf/teoria/segon/22.pdf > 2nd year class about FINISHING LAYERS,Nº561 notes about “Finishing layers (cat. Acabats)" sale on “Publicacions”


Documents

Sesión 1/4 Asignatura SINGLE-LEAF AND DOUBLE- · PDF fileSINGLE-LEAF AND DOUBLE-LEAF FACADES ... Class presentation for aerated clay bricks (cat. Termoargila®) ... 28 day resistant