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Agenda
• Server Trends• Performance• Power Efficiency• Price
• Pizzabox Performance Trends• Subsystem Trends• CPU• Memory• Power
• Other Trends
Server Performance Trends, 2007 - 2012
Server Performance Trends, 2007 - 2012
Same chart, but logarithmic scale
Comparing Trends vs. Moore’s Law• Moore’s Law is one of these 3:
- Transistors on a chip double every 2 years
- Transistors on a chip double every 18 months
- Chip Performance doubles every 18 months
Server Performance Trends, 2007 - 2012
7
IDEAS TRENDS: PERFORMANCE
March 2012
Server Efficiency Trend, 2007 - 2012
8
IDEAS TRENDS: PERFORMANCE
March 2012
Server Efficiency Trend, 2007 - 2012
Same chart, but logarithmic scale
9
IDEAS TRENDS: PERFORMANCE
March 2012
Server Efficiency Trend, 2007 - 2012
Testing Koomey’s Law
10
IDEAS TRENDS: PERFORMANCE
March 2012
Server Price Trend, 2007 - 2012
Pizzabox Performance Trends
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20120
25
50
75
100
1 2.8 4.720
58
101
Source: Gartner RPE2 for select HP ProLiant DL360 generations
2-socket x86 server performance in the last decade
100-fold increase
Server Trend: 2 socket x86 “rack” servers
Data Source: Me
Photo source: Wikipedia
HP SystemPro/33(1989)
HP ProLiant DL380p Gen8(2012)
Server Trend: 2 socket x86 “rack” servers
Data Source: Me
Photo source: Wikipedia
HP SystemPro/33(1989)
Internal Disk Capacity
Memory Capacity
Clock * Cores
Memory Bandwidth
Server Trend: Just for Reference
CPU Trends
CPU FrequencyServer CPU Frequency by system announcement date, 1998 – 2012Not including mainframe, GPUs, and other outliers
MH
z
4-Chip Server Performance by Architecture
Slide Redacted from Copies
4-Chip Server Performance by ArchitectureItaniumOpteronXeonSPARCPOWER
Per
form
ance
(R
PE
2, lo
g sc
ale)
Xeon, SPARC are moving averagesItanium, Opteron, POWER are power trends
x86 Processor Prices
Today, Intel accounts for ~90% of x86 server CPU shipments, down from ~70% in 2006
Performance-per-dollar is capped by technology but set by competition
CPU Trends• More stuff on chip
- More and faster memory channels
- I/O interfaces (e.g. PCIe)
- Accelerators (e.g. Encryption, Decimal Floating Point)
- On-chip GPUs and vector engines
• Processor power modes- Control at individual core level
- Control for uncore
- Additional low-power states
- “Turbo” modes
- Frequency, voltage scaling
• GPUs in servers
• Hyperscale Computing
Hyperscale Computing
• Energy-Efficient Servers / Microservers- x86 and non-x86
- Vendors building server ARM ecosystem
• GPU & vector processors- Robust user base for specific apps
• Very different power efficiency curves- Optimized for energy per transaction
• Will consume X % of server market- Ask 3 experts, get 4 values of “X”
Quiz: ARM & MIPS processors are already in your data center. Where??
Intel Public Roadmap for Itanium & Xeon
Source: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/roadmaps/public-roadmap-article.pdf
Oracle Public Roadmap for SPARC
Source: http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/sparc-enterprise/public-sparc-roadmap-421264.pdf
IBM Roadmap for POWER
Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/es/resources/01_2012_Power_roadshow_Power_Systems_overview.pdf
Memory Trends
Memory Trends
• Per-DIMM capacity rising
• Explosion of DRAM DIMM options to choose from
• Memory power overtaking CPU power
• Other trends• Fixing memory bandwidth gap:
- Memory compression techniques
- Direct-to-Memory CPU bypass techniques
• Addition of flash tier below DRAM
• In-memory computing
• What happens next?- DDR4, 3D chip stacking, PCM / MRAM / memristers
Why You Don’t Need more DIMM slots
Source: HP
Reset your DIMM standards quarterly!
Source: Gartner Technology Planner as of 8 Feb 2013
DIMM Used HP List Price (USD)2GB DDR3-1600 1Rx8 UDIMM 1,5682GB DDR3-1333 1Rx8 LV UDIMM 1,4404GB DDR3-1600 2Rx8 UDIMM 1,4244GB DDR3-1333 2Rx8 LV UDIMM 1,2644GB DDR3-1333 1Rx4 LV RDIMM 1,5844GB DDR3-1600 1Rx4 RDIMM 1,8408GB DDR3-1333 2Rx8 LV UDIMM 1,5128GB DDR3-1600 2Rx8 UDIMM 1,5128GB DDR3-1333 2Rx4 LV RDIMM 1,3528GB DDR3-1600 1Rx4 RDIMM 1,5128GB DDR3-1600 2Rx4 RDIMM 1,43216GB DDR3-1333 2Rx4 LV RDIMM 1,27616GB DDR3-1600 2Rx4 RDIMM 1,31632GB DDR3-1333 4Rx4 LV LRDIMM 2,79816GB DDR3-1333 2Rx4 HCDIMM 2,196
• Different options to optimize capacity, price, power, throughput• Example: HP DL380p Gen8
• 10 DIMM types, 5 capacities• Some ways to deploy 64 GB of memory:
Memory Power: 5% to 35%
Power for Options for an IBM x3650 M4 with 2ch E5-2680
64GB, 2 HDDs
768GB, 16 drives, 6 I/O cards
Power by Component, HP Blade with 2 processors, 48GB of memory
DRAM Futures
Samsung Server DIMM roadmap (2012)
Source: JEDEC (http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/JS_Choi.pdf)
DRAM: What Happens Next?
• What happens next?- 8Gb density (~2013), 16Gb (~2015)
- 3D stacking • DIMMs
• Memory-atop-CPU
• “Hybrid Memory Cubes”
- Hybrid Memory (combinations of DRAM + NVRAM)
- Phase-change memory, magnetic RAM, memristers
Picture Source: EETimes
Picture Source: JEDEC.org
Power Trends
Energy Required by IT infrastructure
• Energy used to power- Servers 45%
- Storage 29%
- Networking 26%
• Inside servers, individual processors are much more efficient, but consuming more absolute power.
Source: Gartner estimate 2012
2-socket x86 server power trend
Source: HP Whitepaper, “Power efficiency and Power Management in HP ProLiant servers”http://h20000.www2.hp.com/bc/docs/support/SupportManual/c03161908/c03161908.pdf
Server power efficiency trend
Server performance per watt,2007 - 2012
SPECpower results,Four most recentx86 servergenerations
5x increase in 4 yrs
Doubles every 7 quarters
Power Consumption
Configuration: 2ch “Top Bin” processor “Base” Configuration: Minimum required to boot. “Maximum” Configuration: Filled with options with highest power
More power-hungry options are available
Power Supplies
Right-Sizing: Smaller power supplies for smaller loads
Source: Dell Whitepaper, “12G Power Efficiency How To”, dell.com
Power Supplies
Zone of highest efficiency is getting wider
Source: HP Whitepaper
Other Trends in Server Performance
10 Technologies Impacting Server Trends
1. Public Cloud / Off-Premises Cloud
2. VMware Farms as the Server
3. Converged / Integrated / Fabric-Based Systems
4. Appliances
5. New Vendors: ODMs
6. OpenCompute Project
7. Flash Getting Stuck Everywhere
8. Crazy #*@$ like High-Frequency Trading
9. Scale-up x86
10.The Millennium that Mainframes Finally Die
42
Questions?
