Serology

Allie Wheeler, Amber Conrad, Aleisha Murrell, Harsha Pinnamaraju, Orin Sparks, Jonathan Huynh, Kyle Eberle SerologyTable of ContentsIntroduction1Objectives and Goals2Educational Requirements3Analytical Procedure4Presumptive Test5Blood Typing8Interpreting Blood Stain Patterns12Crime Scene Reconstruction16Glossary23

IntroductionThe following information presented is to help understand serology, the study of blood, in forensic science. Blood is the most common piece of evidence found at a crime scene and is key to solving any crime. The following information is presented:Blood TypingBlood SpatterCrime Scene Reconstruction Educational Requirements to be an Expert in this FieldAnd much more!

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Objective and GoalsForensic Serology is dedicated to providing forensic analysis of physical evidence to the criminal justice system. Specialists analyze evidence, usually associated with blood, to identify any suspects.Tests and analysis are performed in controlled environment using proper procedures in order to get accurate and relevant analytical results.

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Educational Requirements Requirements for a general careers in this field:formal education equivalent of a bachelor's degree in chemistry or closely related field bachelor's degree in biology two years experience in a forensic laboratory approval of the S.O.M. School of Medicine

HP,OS Analytical ProceduresCollection from Clothing or Other ItemsVisual examine itemTake care to preserve evidence and other sections such as blood, stains, and latent printsAt this point, you may use tape to remove stray hairs and dust off the fiberLabel tape liftsIdentify fiber type and colorPlace in envelope to store

HP,OS Presumptive TestsThey are preliminary tests/field tests Establishes possibility of a specific bodily fluids presence Do not conclusively prove the presencePros: Narrows possibilitiesCan be used on larger areasCan locate possible evidence not visible to naked eye Cons: Risk of false positives and may be overly sensitive

HP,OS Presumptive TestsPhenolphthalein TestAka: Kastle Meyer Test A Phenolphthalein solution is used to show the possible presence of blood based upon a reaction of hemoglobin which produces a pink color.Precautions: This test is presumptive because it has produced false positives

HP,OSPresumptive TestsLuminol TestLuminol is used in solution or sprayed onto suspected surfaces. This compound gives a strong blue fluorescence (glows)when viewed with a UV light. It is used o find blood reminantsPrecautions: False positives have been observed with the presence of copper salts

HP,OSBlood TypingBlood TypeAntigens of Red Blood CellsAntibodies in SerumAAAnti- BBBAnti- AABABNeither Anti- A nor Anti- BONeither A or BBoth Anti- A and Anti- BAnti- A SerumAnti- B Serum++Whole BloodWhole Blood Antigen PresentBlood Type+-AA-+BB++A and BAB--Neither A nor BOKE Universal Types People with type AB blood are called universal recipientsNo antibodies presentCan receive blood from anybodyPeople with type O blood are called universal donorsNo antigens presentCan donate blood to anybody

KE Satellite Spatter: Small droplets of blood that are distributed around the perimeter of a drop/drops of blood and were produced as a result of the blood impacting the target surface

Skeletonization: The outside of a blood droplet will harden before the center

Drip Trail Pattern: A pattern of bloodstains formed by the dripping of blood of a moving surface or person in a recognizable pathway separate from other patterns

AM,ACInterpreting Blood Stain PatternsArterial Spatter: A characteristic blood stain pattern containing spurts that result from blood exiting under pressure from an arterial injury

Expirated Blood Pattern: A pattern created by blood that expelled out of the nose, mouth, or respiratory system as a result of air pressure and/or air flow

Void: Something that takes the place of the blood at a crime scene

AM,ACInterpreting Blood Stain PatternsTransfer: A bloodstain pattern created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with a second surface.

Low Velocity Spatter: Blood that falls at a normal gravity speed, typically from an open wound

High Velocity Spatter: Blood that is flown at a speed greater than that of gravity that is associated with high-speed collisions, such as gunshots or explosions

AM,ACInterpreting Blood Stain PatternsImpact Spatter: a random pattern of spatter of varying sizes

Forward Spatter: Blood that travels away from the source in the same direction as the force that caused the spatter

Back Spatter: Blood directed back toward the source of the force that caused the spatter

AM,ACInterpreting Blood Stain PatternsWhat is Crime Scene Reconstruction?The use of scientific methods, physical evidence, deductive reasoning and their interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series of events that surround the commission of a crime.

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Who Participates In Crime Scene Reconstruction?Reconstructing consists of the following: Medical ExaminerExperienced Law Enforcement Personnel Criminalists

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Steps of Crime Scene ReconstructionRecognition of evidence Documentation of evidenceCollection of evidenceEvaluation of evidenceHypothesisTestingReconstruction

JHCrime Scene ReconstructionThe criminalist must be prepared to answer the following questions when examining dried bloodIs it blood?From what species did the blood originate?If the blood is of human origin, how closely can it be associated to a particular individualDetection of blood is best made by means of a preliminary color test

KE Things To Consider At The Crime SceneOrigin(s) of bloodstainDistance of bloodstain from targetDirection from which blood impactedSpeed with which blood left sourcePosition of victim and assailantMovement of victim and assailantNumber of blows/shots

KE Which type of blood?Once the stain has been characterized as blood, the precipitin test will determine whether the stain is of human or animal originOnce the bloodstain has been determined to be of human origin, the blood is typed

Test For Human BloodKE Blood Group CharacteristicsBased on 2 glycolipid antigens (A & B) found on the surfaces of RBCAntigen A only= type A bloodAntigen B only= type B bloodBoth antigens= type AB bloodNo antigens= type O blood

KE GlossaryAgglutination: the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibodyAngle of Impact: acute or internal angle formed by the direction of a blood drop and the plane of the surface it strikesAntibody: a protein in the blood serum that destroys or inactivates a specific antigenAntigen: a substance, usually a protein, which stimulates the body to produce antibodies against itAnti-Serum: blood serum that contains specific antibodiesArea of Convergence: The area containing the intersections generated by lines drawn through the long axes of individual stains that indicates in two dimensions the location of the blood source.Area of Origin: the location of the blood source in 3-D perspectiveArterial Spray: Bloodstain pattern(s) resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached arteryBack Spatter: A bloodstain pattern resulting from blood drops that traveled in the opposite direction of the external force applied; associated with an entrance wound created by a projectile.Blood Drops: gravity acts on the blood until it impacts a horizontal surfaceBlood Smears :these happen when a bleeding person is movedBlood Splashes: blood that has been thrown through the air until it struck a surface at angle

AWGlossary Cont.Blood Spurts: this is result of arterial bleedingBlood Trails: blood that is deposited when a wounded person walks or runs while dripping blood. It can also happen from carrying or dragging a bodyDrip Trail: A bloodstain pattern resulting from the movement of a source of drip stains between two points. Forward Splatter: A bloodstain pattern resulting from blood drops that traveled in the same direction as the impact force.High-Velocity Impact Spatter: bloodstains resulting from blood with a velocity in excess of 100 ft per secImpact Spatter: A bloodstain pattern resulting from an object striking liquid blood.Low-Velocity Impact Spatter: bloodstains resulting from blood with a velocity of 5 ft per sec or lessLuminal: a liquid that reacts to UV lighting and reveals that traces of bloodMedium Velocity Impact Spatter: bloodstains resulting from blood with a velocity of 5 ft to 25 ft per secPlasma: the liquid part of the bloodPools of Blood: these pools are next to the body and may indicate if the body has been moved

AWGlossary Cont.Satellite Spatter: A smaller bloodstain that originated during the formation of the parent stain as a result of blood impacting a surfaceSerology: the scientific study of bloodSkeletonization: A bloodstain consisting of a darkened peripheral rim where the center of the stain is no longer intact.Spattered Blood: a random distribution of bloodstains that vary in size that may be produced by a variety of mechanismsTransfer Patterns: A bloodstain resulting from contact between a blood-bearing surface and another surfaceVoid: An absence of blood in an otherwise continuous bloodstain or bloodstain pattern.

AWWorks Citedhttp://hemospat.com/terminology/index.php?cat=misc&sub=skeletonizedhttp://www.crimeandclues.com/index.php/forensic-science-a-csi/crime-scene-investigation/crime-scene-reconstruction/4-introduction-to-crime-scene-reconstructionhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-crime-scene-investigator-jobs.htmhttp://www.cienciaforense.com/Pages/CrimeScene/CSReconstruction.htm