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What is sentence ?
sentence is a group of words
that tells a complete thought. It
always tells who or what and what is
or what happens.
Here are Three Important Rules to Remember When Writing a Sentence.
- A sentence must make complete sense.
- A sentence must have a subject and a predicate.
- The first word of the sentence must begin with a capital letter.
Sentences Have Two Parts
SubjectOften a noun or pronoun.Indicates who is speaking, who is spoken to, or who or what is spoken about.
Predicate Verb (action or “to be” form).Tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is.
PP 3-5
Simple Subject and Predicate
The simple subject is the main word or words in the complete subject.
The simple predicate is the main word in the predicate. It is always a verb.
My dog’s name
Diana
The little monkey
is Boby.
is reading a book.
eat banana.
Simple subject
Simple subject
Simple subject
Simple predicate
Simple predicate
Simple predicate
Compound Subjects• You can combine two sentences with
the same predicate.• Join the subjects with and to make
a compound subject.Example:
Mela and Dita go to school
Dita goes to school.Mela goes to school.
Compound Predicates• You can combine two sentences with
the same subject.• Join the predicate with and to make
a compound predicate.Example:
Azka likes watching TV
Azka likes reading book
Azka likes reading book and watching TV
What is Complete Predicate?
What is Complete Subject?
simple predicate + its modifiers = complete predicate.
simple subject + its modifiers = complete subject.
My dog’s name
Diana
The little monkey
is Boby.
is reading a book.
eat banana.
Complete subject
Complete predicate
Simple sentencesCompound sentencesComplex sentences
Compound-complex sentences
Sentence Formations
PP 3-19
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an
independent clause, contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Example:
- Some students like to study in the mornings.
- Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
- Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains two
independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The
coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so ( FANBOYS).
Example:
- The company had an excellent year, so they gave
everyone a bonus.
- I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes.
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. The two clauses are connected by a subordinator (which, who, although, if, since, because, after when, etc).
Example :
- The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
- The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
- After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
Compound-complex sentences
Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than one independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions and subordinators.
Examples:
- John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short vacation.
- Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally remembered.
Types of sentences
An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period.
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.
Declarative Sentences
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.
Example:
Yesterday I left school early.
Dina is studying.
Interrogative Sentences
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
Example:
Did you go to the movies yesterday?
What did the teacher say to you yesterday?
An interrogative sentence usually
begins with a word that asks a question.
Some common asking words are: who,
what, when, where, why, how (5W+H)
Because they must end with a question
mark ( ? ). An Interrogative sentences are
sometimes called Asking sentences or
Questions.
Example:
What is your name?Where are you going?Who is your father?
When did you go to Bali?Why you study English?
How are you?
Imperative Sentences
This kind of sentence commands or tells
someone to do something. Imperative
sentences always begin with a capital letter
and end with a period. When writing some
Imperative sentences, it is often polite to begin
with the word please. Imperative sentences
are sometimes called Command sentences.
Exclamatory Sentences
An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.
Example:
I love you so much!
What a beatiful sea!
Negative Sentences
A negative sentence (or
statement) states that something is
not true or incorrect.
Tense Negative Element + Contracted Forms Examples
Present simpleDo + not = don’t
Does + not = doesn’t
I do not play
She does not play
Past simple Did + not = didn’t I did not play
Present
progressive
Am + not (*no amn’t)
Is + not = isn’t
Are + not =aren’t
I am not playing
Past
progressive
Was + not =wasn’t
Were + not =weren’t
I wasn’t playing
They weren’t playing
Present perfect Has + not = hasn’t
Have + not = haven’t
She hasn’t played
I haven’t played
Present perfect
progressive
Has + not + been = hasn’t
been
Have + not + been = haven’t
been
She hasn’t been
playing
I haven’t been playing
Tense Negative Element + Contracted Forms Examples
Past perfect Had + not =hadn’t I hadn’t played
Past perfect
progressive
Had + not + been = hadn’t
been
She hadn’t been
playing
Future simple Will + not =won’t He won’t play
Future perfectWill + not + have = won’t
have
He will not have
played
Conditional Would + not =wouldn’t I would not play
Cinditional
perfectWould + not + have
I wouldn’t have
played
ModalsCan + not = can’t or cannot
Should + not = shouldn’t
I can’t play
We shouldn’t play
Passive and Active
Active Form
In active sentences, the thing
doing the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing receiving the
action is the object. Most sentences
are active.
Example:
The professor teaches the students
John washes the dishes
THING DOING ACTION + VERB + THING RECEIVING
ACTION
Subject doing action
verb Object receiving
action
Subject doing action
verb Object receiving
action
Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence.
You can use the passive form if:
• you think that the thing receiving the action is more
important or should be emphasized.
• you do not know who is doing the action.
• you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
Example:
The students are taught by the professor.
The dishes are washed by John.
THING RECEIVING ACTION + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF
VERB + BY + THING DOING ACTION
Subject receiving action
Passive verb Doing action
Subject receiving action
Passive verb Doing action
ADVICE
A. must, ought, should
Example:
• You must read this book.
• You should grow your own vegetables.
• You ought to plan some trees.
This type is reported by advice + object.
• He advice me to plan some trees.
B. You had better + bare infinitive
Example:
• You’d better not wait any longer.
C. If I were you I shoud/would
Example:
• If I were you I’d buy a car.
This type is reported by advice + object.
• He advised me to buy a car.
D. Why don’t you....?
Example:
• Why don’t you take a holiday?
• Why don’t you learn English?
When this is advice it is reported by advise +
object.
• He advise me to take a holiday.
• He advise me to learn English.
REQUEST
Can/Could/May/Might + I/We
1. can/could/may/might I/We + have +
noun/pronoun
Example:
a) Can I have a sweet?
“can” is the most informal.
b) Could I have a cup of tea?
“could + I/We” is the most generally use.
c) May I have a copy of the letter?
“may/might + I/We” are more formal than could.
These requests are usually reported by ask + for +
object.
Example:
The little boy asked (me) for a sweet.
He asked for a copy of the letter.
2. Can/could/may/might I/We + verb
Example:
a) May/could I see Mr. Jones?
b) Could I speak to the secretary?
This type of request is reported by ask + to.
Example:
• I asked to see Mr. Jones.
• I asked to speak to the secretary.
3. Could/might I/We request can be preceded
by do you think/I wonder(ed)/was
wondering if.
Example:
a) I was wondering if I could have tomorrow off?
b) Do you think I could speak to the secretary?
Could/will/would + you
1) Could you
“ could you please show me the way?”
2) Will/would you
“ will/would you please show me the way?”
3) You’ll....won’t you? ( is persuasive type of request
mainly among friends)
“ you’ll write to me, won’t you?”
4) Would you mind + gerund
“ would you mind moving your car?”
5) Would you like to...?
“would you like to take the seat?”
6) I should/would be very grateful if you would
“I should be very grateful if you would take the
seat.”
7) Would you be kind enough
“Would you be kind enough to keep me
informed?”
8) I wish you would
“I wish you would give me English book”
RESOURCES
• http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm• http://www.lessonsnips.com/docs/pdf/allabouts
entreview.pdf• http://www.myenglishlessons.net/powerpoints/s
entences.pdf• http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/3406
85/four_kinds_of_sentences_declarative.html?cat=4
• http://www.whitesmoke.com/negative-sentences
• http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html
• Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1985). A practical English Gramar. London: Oxford University Press.