Serbs and Roma in Serbs and Roma in Kosovo after 1999Kosovo after 1999

Mark LeeMark Lee

Geography 308

Russia and Eastern Europe

Prof. Zoltan Grossman

University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire

Spring 2005

http://www.uwec.edu/grossmzc/Yugoslavia1989.jpg

Kosovo’s AutonomyKosovo’s Autonomy

Enjoyed Enjoyed autonomy autonomy within Serbia within Serbia under Titounder Tito

Striped by Striped by MilosovicMilosovic

WAR 1998-1999WAR 1998-1999

http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_10.11.01/funny/photos/twin-b.gif

VS.

Serbia

KLAKosovo Liberation Army

http://www.1uptravel.com/flag/images/y/yu-kouck.gifhttp://www.1uptravel.com/flag/images/y/yu-kouck.gif

War 1998-1999 cont.War 1998-1999 cont.

At least 5,000 Kosovars had been executed At least 5,000 Kosovars had been executed during civil war and ethnic cleansing of during civil war and ethnic cleansing of AlbaniansAlbanians

http://www.nato.int/kfor/kfor/facts.htm

Post-War KosovoPost-War Kosovo

Since Serbian forces retreated almost all of the Since Serbian forces retreated almost all of the 800,000 Albanian refugees have returned to 800,000 Albanian refugees have returned to KosovoKosovo

Tens of thousands of Serbs have left the area Tens of thousands of Serbs have left the area since since

NATO recognizes NATO recognizes KLA as Kosovo KLA as Kosovo Protection Force Protection Force (KPF)(KPF)

Roma In a PickleRoma In a Pickle

Disliked by Serbs for Disliked by Serbs for their Muslim religion their Muslim religion and Albanian namesand Albanian names

Disliked by Albanians, Disliked by Albanians, seen as willing seen as willing collaborators in Serb collaborators in Serb abusesabuses

http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/#_1_10http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/#_1_10

http://www.kosovo.com/home2a.html

Roma Serb

Roma and Serb communities 1991 Serb and Roma communities 1991

Serb (red) Serb (red) and Roma and Roma (purple) (purple) communities communities post-war post-war KosovoKosovo

ObilicObilic

UN Reports that UN restores homes for Serb UN Reports that UN restores homes for Serb familiesfamilies

Albanians force Serbs from newly restored Albanians force Serbs from newly restored homeshomes

April, 2004April, 2004Total number of Total number of destroyed Serbiandestroyed SerbianOrthodox ChurchesOrthodox Churches143 143

http://www.serfes.org/missionary/january2004-april2004report.htm

Serbs fleeing KosovoSerbs fleeing Kosovo

Estimates range from 65,000 to 345,000Estimates range from 65,000 to 345,000 In the capital of Pristina, there were over In the capital of Pristina, there were over

40,000 and now fewer than 10040,000 and now fewer than 100

Farmer Massacre July 1999Farmer Massacre July 1999

14 Serb farmers gunned down at close range 14 Serb farmers gunned down at close range with automatic weapons with automatic weapons

NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) reported -- NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) reported -- revenge-seeking ethnic Albanians revenge-seeking ethnic Albanians

http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9907/26/kosovo.02/

Farmer MassacreFarmer Massacre

Near Racak, a village of significant killing by Near Racak, a village of significant killing by Serbian police and military during the warSerbian police and military during the war

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/yugoslavia/trial2.html

Bijelo PoljeBijelo Poljenear Pecnear Pec

Site of Site of massacre of massacre of Albanians Albanians during warduring war

After war After war KFOR (NATO)KFOR (NATO) controlled areacontrolled area

Bijelo PoljeBijelo Polje

http://www.kosovo.com/bpolje.html

Bijelo PoljeBijelo Polje

http://www.kosovo.com/bpolje.html

Bijelo PoljeBijelo Polje

http://www.kosovo.com/bpolje.html

UNMIK Prosecutions UNMIK Prosecutions

““Only a small number of Albanians Only a small number of Albanians acknowledge that members of their acknowledge that members of their community persecuted the Serb minority.”community persecuted the Serb minority.”www.globalpolicy.orgwww.globalpolicy.org

The arrest on war crimes charges of Fatmir The arrest on war crimes charges of Fatmir Limaj, a former Albanian KLA commander, Limaj, a former Albanian KLA commander, spurred unrestspurred unrest

United Nations Mission in Kosovo

Airlie DeclarationAirlie Declaration

Virginia 2000 Albanian and Serb leaders met Virginia 2000 Albanian and Serb leaders met to take steps for peace to take steps for peace

Albanians insisted on full participation of Albanians insisted on full participation of Serbs in electionsSerbs in elections

Serbs contested they don’t have freedom of Serbs contested they don’t have freedom of living and movementliving and movement

Airlie Declaration cont.Airlie Declaration cont.

““We agree beginning today to a Pact Against Violence We agree beginning today to a Pact Against Violence to promote tolerance, condemn violence, prevent to promote tolerance, condemn violence, prevent negative exploitation of ethnic issues, and enable negative exploitation of ethnic issues, and enable physical integration and political participation by all.”physical integration and political participation by all.”`̀

““Particular attention will be given to eliminating Particular attention will be given to eliminating ethnic hatred and violence by and among children and ethnic hatred and violence by and among children and to preventing the use of children to promote violence.” to preventing the use of children to promote violence.”

http://www.kosovo.com/airlie.html

Mitrovica Riots March 2004Mitrovica Riots March 2004

Kosovar Albanian media reported that three Albanian Kosovar Albanian media reported that three Albanian children drown in Ibar River falsely reporting that children drown in Ibar River falsely reporting that they had been chased by Serbs with dogs they had been chased by Serbs with dogs

http://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htm

http://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htmhttp://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htm

The Riots ensued for 3 days, killing 19 injuring The Riots ensued for 3 days, killing 19 injuring thousands and destroying over 600 buildingsthousands and destroying over 600 buildings

http://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htm

http://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htmhttp://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htm

StalemateStalemate

Serbs boycotted elections based on mob Serbs boycotted elections based on mob violence of March 2004violence of March 2004

Kosovar Albanians want nothing short of Kosovar Albanians want nothing short of independence independence

Independence or IntegrationIndependence or Integration Both sides may want participation with Serb Both sides may want participation with Serb

enclaves joining Serbia and Albanian in Serbia enclaves joining Serbia and Albanian in Serbia joining Kosovojoining Kosovo

NATO opposes as new “ethnic cleansing”NATO opposes as new “ethnic cleansing”

Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Watchhttp://hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/5.htm http://hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/5.htm

Serbian Orthodox DiocesesSerbian Orthodox Dioceseshttp://www.kosovo.com/bpolje.htmlhttp://www.kosovo.com/bpolje.htmlhttp://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/http://www.kosovo.com/pogrom_march/mitrovica_riots/page_01.htm page_01.htm

Grinitsas, Alkman. “Paradigm Slip, Kosovo Dispatch” Grinitsas, Alkman. “Paradigm Slip, Kosovo Dispatch” The The New Republic.New Republic. April 11, 2005. Found on EbscoHost April 11, 2005. Found on EbscoHost

CNN.comCNN.com edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9907/26/kosovo.02

PBS.orgPBS.orghttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/yugoslavia/trial2.html

Nato Websitehttp://www.nato.int/kfor/kfor/facts.htm