American Geographical Society

Sequel to "Tudor Geography"Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography, 1583-1650 by E. G. R. TaylorReview by: George B. ParksGeographical Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct., 1934), pp. 693-694Published by: American Geographical SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/208872 .

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GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEWS GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEWS

The Algerian Sahara and French West Africa have camel corps, and to these Smara has been for some time a forbidden city, but only theoretically or diplomati- cally. It is true that they have not the right to go into Spanish territory, since they are French soldiers. But Smara is very near the frontier, which is not marked on the ground. The tribesmen of Rio de Oro are plunderers, and in engagements with them the French police forces sometimes have forgotten that they have not the right of pursuit into Spanish territory. Furthermore, the tribesmen who live in French territory have their private wars with those who live in Spanish territory. A detach- ment of the camel corps penetrated to Smara in I913. To pursue the study of Smara and other connected Mauritanian questions of keen interest, Michel Vieuchange need only have followed the corps. Unfortunately he was living in southern Morocco. The Moroccan protectorate, too much occupied with matters north of the Atlas and in the region itself, has not yet undertaken a Saharan policy and has not a single meharist. Michel Vieuchange was twenty, impetuous, ingenuous, devoted. He steeped himself in Arabian and Barbary legends; he did not know that, in the Sahara, the era of Rene Caillie and of individual explorations is a thing of the past.

And that is why we have lost in him a young man who would perhaps have done great things. One well understands that his family should have wanted to perpetuate his memory. Thi, heart-rending episode has a romantic flavor that the English- speaking public apparently appreciates. E. F. GAUTIER

SEQUEL TO "TUDOR GEOGRAPHY"

E. G. R. TAYLOR. Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography, 1583-1650. ix and 322 pp.; ills., bibliogr., indexes. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, I934. I5s. 9 x 6 inches.

The "core" of Professor Taylor's second volume is, as she says, the bibliography. For the first time the geographical literature of the period has been listed, to the number of some two thousand items, printed and manuscript. Their range is ex- tensive-from drainage plans to reports of earthquakes, from atlases and travel collections to pamphlets on trade. The compiler's industry was prodigious, and the result is admirable. One who has profited by the work before its publication must regret that the manuscript items are, for reasons of expense, left unlocated and thus in a manner reinterred.

The text is a compact and illuminating survey of the geographical literature and its authors. On the whole it is not a story of success. Hakluyt, whose geographical "motivation" rather than achievement is stressed, left rather the "raw material of History and Geography" than a body of knowledge. Purchas's "Pilgrimes" is "an 'omnibus' book of giant proportions" and "a double though a gallant failure." The Tudor-Stuart period saw in geography mainly political information, little of physical geography or of environmental study. Chorography, or regional geog- raphy, was most interested in history and antiquities; surveying was ineffectual. Purchas's "Pilgrimage" was, however, a striking attempt at a synthesis of human geography; Carpenter's "Geography" (1625) was an important and "modern" work in general geography. There was much interest and activity in mathematical geography, mainly in the interests of navigation, but the "seamen as yet were not mathematicians, and the mathematicians were not seamen"; progress here was a matter of detail. The study of nature hardly "represented an advance on Pliny." Economic geography was descriptive and factual. Finally, with Heylyn's "Cos- mography" (here dated I649, though I know of no edition before 1652) "geography had fallen back into the position of a mere adjunct to Mathematics and History, written, not by professional geographers, but by scholars and divines." Only the Royal Society could save the science.

The Algerian Sahara and French West Africa have camel corps, and to these Smara has been for some time a forbidden city, but only theoretically or diplomati- cally. It is true that they have not the right to go into Spanish territory, since they are French soldiers. But Smara is very near the frontier, which is not marked on the ground. The tribesmen of Rio de Oro are plunderers, and in engagements with them the French police forces sometimes have forgotten that they have not the right of pursuit into Spanish territory. Furthermore, the tribesmen who live in French territory have their private wars with those who live in Spanish territory. A detach- ment of the camel corps penetrated to Smara in I913. To pursue the study of Smara and other connected Mauritanian questions of keen interest, Michel Vieuchange need only have followed the corps. Unfortunately he was living in southern Morocco. The Moroccan protectorate, too much occupied with matters north of the Atlas and in the region itself, has not yet undertaken a Saharan policy and has not a single meharist. Michel Vieuchange was twenty, impetuous, ingenuous, devoted. He steeped himself in Arabian and Barbary legends; he did not know that, in the Sahara, the era of Rene Caillie and of individual explorations is a thing of the past.

And that is why we have lost in him a young man who would perhaps have done great things. One well understands that his family should have wanted to perpetuate his memory. Thi, heart-rending episode has a romantic flavor that the English- speaking public apparently appreciates. E. F. GAUTIER

SEQUEL TO "TUDOR GEOGRAPHY"

E. G. R. TAYLOR. Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography, 1583-1650. ix and 322 pp.; ills., bibliogr., indexes. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, I934. I5s. 9 x 6 inches.

The "core" of Professor Taylor's second volume is, as she says, the bibliography. For the first time the geographical literature of the period has been listed, to the number of some two thousand items, printed and manuscript. Their range is ex- tensive-from drainage plans to reports of earthquakes, from atlases and travel collections to pamphlets on trade. The compiler's industry was prodigious, and the result is admirable. One who has profited by the work before its publication must regret that the manuscript items are, for reasons of expense, left unlocated and thus in a manner reinterred.

The text is a compact and illuminating survey of the geographical literature and its authors. On the whole it is not a story of success. Hakluyt, whose geographical "motivation" rather than achievement is stressed, left rather the "raw material of History and Geography" than a body of knowledge. Purchas's "Pilgrimes" is "an 'omnibus' book of giant proportions" and "a double though a gallant failure." The Tudor-Stuart period saw in geography mainly political information, little of physical geography or of environmental study. Chorography, or regional geog- raphy, was most interested in history and antiquities; surveying was ineffectual. Purchas's "Pilgrimage" was, however, a striking attempt at a synthesis of human geography; Carpenter's "Geography" (1625) was an important and "modern" work in general geography. There was much interest and activity in mathematical geography, mainly in the interests of navigation, but the "seamen as yet were not mathematicians, and the mathematicians were not seamen"; progress here was a matter of detail. The study of nature hardly "represented an advance on Pliny." Economic geography was descriptive and factual. Finally, with Heylyn's "Cos- mography" (here dated I649, though I know of no edition before 1652) "geography had fallen back into the position of a mere adjunct to Mathematics and History, written, not by professional geographers, but by scholars and divines." Only the Royal Society could save the science.

693 693

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THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

These generalizations of the author seem to state her idea of the historical develop- ment, which is not too clear. It appears now that the history of geography in England can be understood only in relation to its history in Europe as a whole. Miss Taylor often suggests such comparisons: referring to the Dutch navigators, to the "systematization of geographical knowledge among Jesuit teachers," to Varenius. Other continental work that comes to mind is the "chorography" and cartography of the Low Countries, the Elzevir compilations on separate countries,the continental travel collections. Perhaps against this background the English scientists would seem a little more significant. GEORGE B. PARKS

THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE "NORVEGIA"

GUNNAR ISACHSEN. "Norvegia" Rundt Sydpollandet: Norvegia-Ekspedisjonen 1930-1931. 253 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., bibliogr., index. (Kommandor Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. I5.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, I934. 9'2 x 6'2 inches.

In the January, 1932, number of the Geographical Review Major Isachsen de- scribed the Antarctic circumnavigation of the Norvegia. In this volume he gives the complete story in diary form, with setting and results. The primary purpose of the trip was oceanographical study in Antarctic waters. Deep-sea soundings were made at 54 stations, at each of which detailed data were obtained and, since the vessel was equipped with a sonic depth finder, at many other points also. Samples of water were collected at depths ranging from IOOO1 to 3000 meters, and readings of sub- surface temperatures were made. The density of the water and its salinity were determined at various depths for most of the stations. As instances we may quote from readings taken at 6? I'I S. and I I I 5 I' W. The relation of the density of the sea water to depth was:

Surface, 1.02716; 1000 m., I.03247; 2000 m., 1.03739; 3000 m., I.042II1. The temperature fluctuations at the same station were: Surface, 2.8I?; 100 m., 2.53?; I50 m., 1.60?; 600 m., 2.28?; 3000 m., 1.01?. The salt content per mille was 34.05 at the surface; from 10 to Ioo meters, 33.99;

then to a depth of 2000 meters a steady increase to 34.74. Another of the objectives of the expedition was to search for various doubtful

islands-Truls Island, the Nimrod Islands, Dougherty Island. As Major Isachsen has already reported, a thorough but fruitless search was made in each instance, and it seems proved beyond reasonable doubt that the islands are nonexistent.

The closing chapter deals with modern pelagic whale fishing in the Antarctic waters and gives much material of high value to those engaged in the whale-fishing industry.

The merit of "Norvegia Rundt Sydpollandet" lies not only in its scientific observa- tions but also in the interesting style of its narration, by which the reader can relive every day of the voyage. The details of life on board, of difficulties of weathering storms and of making repairs at sea, as well as the personal reactions of various mem- bers of the crew, are faithfully and, in many instances, humorously recorded.

NELS A. BENGTSON

THE ANCIENT WHALE FISHERIES

BJARNE AAGAARD. Den Gamle Hvalfangst. I67 pp.; maps, ills., bibliogrs., index. (Kommandpr Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. 13.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1933. IO x 6Y2 inches.

This resume of early whale fishing was originally intended to form a part of the author's "Fangst og Forskning i Sydishavet" (reviewed in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 21,

1931, PP. 516-517). It presents a carefully documented discussion based on numer-

These generalizations of the author seem to state her idea of the historical develop- ment, which is not too clear. It appears now that the history of geography in England can be understood only in relation to its history in Europe as a whole. Miss Taylor often suggests such comparisons: referring to the Dutch navigators, to the "systematization of geographical knowledge among Jesuit teachers," to Varenius. Other continental work that comes to mind is the "chorography" and cartography of the Low Countries, the Elzevir compilations on separate countries,the continental travel collections. Perhaps against this background the English scientists would seem a little more significant. GEORGE B. PARKS

THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE "NORVEGIA"

GUNNAR ISACHSEN. "Norvegia" Rundt Sydpollandet: Norvegia-Ekspedisjonen 1930-1931. 253 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., bibliogr., index. (Kommandor Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. I5.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, I934. 9'2 x 6'2 inches.

In the January, 1932, number of the Geographical Review Major Isachsen de- scribed the Antarctic circumnavigation of the Norvegia. In this volume he gives the complete story in diary form, with setting and results. The primary purpose of the trip was oceanographical study in Antarctic waters. Deep-sea soundings were made at 54 stations, at each of which detailed data were obtained and, since the vessel was equipped with a sonic depth finder, at many other points also. Samples of water were collected at depths ranging from IOOO1 to 3000 meters, and readings of sub- surface temperatures were made. The density of the water and its salinity were determined at various depths for most of the stations. As instances we may quote from readings taken at 6? I'I S. and I I I 5 I' W. The relation of the density of the sea water to depth was:

Surface, 1.02716; 1000 m., I.03247; 2000 m., 1.03739; 3000 m., I.042II1. The temperature fluctuations at the same station were: Surface, 2.8I?; 100 m., 2.53?; I50 m., 1.60?; 600 m., 2.28?; 3000 m., 1.01?. The salt content per mille was 34.05 at the surface; from 10 to Ioo meters, 33.99;

then to a depth of 2000 meters a steady increase to 34.74. Another of the objectives of the expedition was to search for various doubtful

islands-Truls Island, the Nimrod Islands, Dougherty Island. As Major Isachsen has already reported, a thorough but fruitless search was made in each instance, and it seems proved beyond reasonable doubt that the islands are nonexistent.

The closing chapter deals with modern pelagic whale fishing in the Antarctic waters and gives much material of high value to those engaged in the whale-fishing industry.

The merit of "Norvegia Rundt Sydpollandet" lies not only in its scientific observa- tions but also in the interesting style of its narration, by which the reader can relive every day of the voyage. The details of life on board, of difficulties of weathering storms and of making repairs at sea, as well as the personal reactions of various mem- bers of the crew, are faithfully and, in many instances, humorously recorded.

NELS A. BENGTSON

THE ANCIENT WHALE FISHERIES

BJARNE AAGAARD. Den Gamle Hvalfangst. I67 pp.; maps, ills., bibliogrs., index. (Kommandpr Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. 13.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1933. IO x 6Y2 inches.

This resume of early whale fishing was originally intended to form a part of the author's "Fangst og Forskning i Sydishavet" (reviewed in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 21,

1931, PP. 516-517). It presents a carefully documented discussion based on numer-

These generalizations of the author seem to state her idea of the historical develop- ment, which is not too clear. It appears now that the history of geography in England can be understood only in relation to its history in Europe as a whole. Miss Taylor often suggests such comparisons: referring to the Dutch navigators, to the "systematization of geographical knowledge among Jesuit teachers," to Varenius. Other continental work that comes to mind is the "chorography" and cartography of the Low Countries, the Elzevir compilations on separate countries,the continental travel collections. Perhaps against this background the English scientists would seem a little more significant. GEORGE B. PARKS

THE CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE "NORVEGIA"

GUNNAR ISACHSEN. "Norvegia" Rundt Sydpollandet: Norvegia-Ekspedisjonen 1930-1931. 253 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., bibliogr., index. (Kommandor Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. I5.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, I934. 9'2 x 6'2 inches.

In the January, 1932, number of the Geographical Review Major Isachsen de- scribed the Antarctic circumnavigation of the Norvegia. In this volume he gives the complete story in diary form, with setting and results. The primary purpose of the trip was oceanographical study in Antarctic waters. Deep-sea soundings were made at 54 stations, at each of which detailed data were obtained and, since the vessel was equipped with a sonic depth finder, at many other points also. Samples of water were collected at depths ranging from IOOO1 to 3000 meters, and readings of sub- surface temperatures were made. The density of the water and its salinity were determined at various depths for most of the stations. As instances we may quote from readings taken at 6? I'I S. and I I I 5 I' W. The relation of the density of the sea water to depth was:

Surface, 1.02716; 1000 m., I.03247; 2000 m., 1.03739; 3000 m., I.042II1. The temperature fluctuations at the same station were: Surface, 2.8I?; 100 m., 2.53?; I50 m., 1.60?; 600 m., 2.28?; 3000 m., 1.01?. The salt content per mille was 34.05 at the surface; from 10 to Ioo meters, 33.99;

then to a depth of 2000 meters a steady increase to 34.74. Another of the objectives of the expedition was to search for various doubtful

islands-Truls Island, the Nimrod Islands, Dougherty Island. As Major Isachsen has already reported, a thorough but fruitless search was made in each instance, and it seems proved beyond reasonable doubt that the islands are nonexistent.

The closing chapter deals with modern pelagic whale fishing in the Antarctic waters and gives much material of high value to those engaged in the whale-fishing industry.

The merit of "Norvegia Rundt Sydpollandet" lies not only in its scientific observa- tions but also in the interesting style of its narration, by which the reader can relive every day of the voyage. The details of life on board, of difficulties of weathering storms and of making repairs at sea, as well as the personal reactions of various mem- bers of the crew, are faithfully and, in many instances, humorously recorded.

NELS A. BENGTSON

THE ANCIENT WHALE FISHERIES

BJARNE AAGAARD. Den Gamle Hvalfangst. I67 pp.; maps, ills., bibliogrs., index. (Kommandpr Chr. Christensens Hvalfangstmuseum, Sandefjord, Publ. No. 13.) Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1933. IO x 6Y2 inches.

This resume of early whale fishing was originally intended to form a part of the author's "Fangst og Forskning i Sydishavet" (reviewed in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 21,

1931, PP. 516-517). It presents a carefully documented discussion based on numer-

694 694 694

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