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April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James RubensteinChapter 1Key Issue 1
How Do Geographers Address Where Things
Are?
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 2
Before travel began,
a map existed.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 3
Earth is a Map
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 4
Cartography
The science of map-making.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 5
MapsA two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 6
Two purposes of Maps
Store reference material
Communicate geographic information
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Geographers Think about the arrangements of people and activities found in space.
Try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 8
Geographers use maps
as a method of depicting the distribution of features
as a tool for explaining observed patterns.
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Early Mapmaking The earliest surviving maps were drawn by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 B.C.
Polynesian peoples navigated for thousands of years with three dimensional maps.
Mediterranean sailors and traders made maps as 800 B.C.
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
The first to demonstrate the earth was spherical. He observed the curved shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse and the fact that the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 12
Eratosthenes (2767-1947 B.C.)
the first person on record to use the word geography calculated the circumference of the earth made one of the earliest maps of the known world, correctly dividing Earth into five climatic regions.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 13
Ptolemy (A.D. 1007-1707)
wrote an eight-volume Guide to Geography, taking advantage of information collected
by merchants and soldiers who traveled throughout the Roman
Empire.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 14
Non-European Phei Hsiu, the "father of Chinese
cartography," produced an elaborate map of China in A.D. 267.
The Muslim geographer al-Idrisi (1100-1165?) prepared a world map and geography text in 1154.
lbn- Battutah (1305-13687) wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on three decades of joumeys.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 15
Age of Exploration and DiscoveryGeography and
mapmaking enjoyed a revival.
By the 17th century, maps accurately displayed the
outline of most continents and the position of oceans.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 16
Map ScaleThe relationship
of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on
Earth.
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Map Scale Represented in three ways: - a fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1 :24,000)- a written statement (" 1 inch equals 1 mile")
- a graphic bar scale.
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Map Scale Usually consists of a bar line marked to show distances on Earth's surface.
The appropriate scale for a map depends on the information being portrayed.
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Map Scale
The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map
depends on its scale.
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ProjectionThe scientific method
of transferring locations on the
Earth’s surface to a flat map.
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Projection To communicate
geographic concepts effectively through
maps, cartographers must design them
properly and assure that users know how to
read them.
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From Sphere to Flat
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Map Distortion
The Earth's spherical shape poses a
challenge because drawing the Earth on a
flat piece of paper unavoidably produces
some distortion.
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Four types of distortion
shape can be distorted distance may be increased or decreased
relative size may be altered
direction between points can be distorted
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In addition to the global system of
latitude and longitude, other mathematical
indicators of locations are used in different parts of the world.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 29
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
In the United States, the Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the country into a system of townships and
ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the
West.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 30
Townships and Ranges
A township is a square 6 miles on each side.
Each township has a number corresponding to its distance north or south of a particular base line.
Each township has a second number, known as the range, corresponding to its location east or west of a principal meridian.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 31
Quarter-Section A township is divided into 36
sections, each of which is 1 mile by 1 mile.
Each section is divided into four quarter-sections.
A quarter-section, which is 0.5 mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres, was the amount of land many western pioneers bought as a homestead.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 32
A Townsh
ip equals
36 Section
s
Section
Township
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 33
Principal MeridiansSome of the north-
south lines separating townships are called principal
meridians.
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Principal Meridians
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Base Lines
Some east-west lines are designated base
lines.
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Bas
e Li
ne
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Contemporary Tools
Two important technologies that developed during the past quarter century are
geographic information systems (computer programs for manipulating geographic data).
remote sensing from satellites (to collect data).
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 39
Geographic Information System
(GIS)A high-performance
computer system that processes
geographic data.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 40
GIS Information such as topography, political boundaries, population density, manufacturing, soil type, earthquake faults, and so on is stored as an information layer.
GIS is most powerful when it is used to combine several layers, to show relations.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 41
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 42
Remote SensingThe acquisition of data
about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting
Earth or from other long-distance methods.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 43
Remote SensingSatellites scan the Earth’s surface
and record reflected radiation.The scanned images are
transmitted to receiving stations in digital form.
Some can show an object 1 meter across.
Weather satellites take a broader view, looking at several
kilometers at a time.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 44
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system, using 24 satellites, that
determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 45
GPS Commonly used in navigation of aircraft, ships, and autos.
Detecting the vehicle’s current location, device can provide directions to a desired location.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 46