Sentence Structure Constituents

8/10/2019 Sentence Structure Constituents

1/54

Analysing sentences : an introductionEnglish syntax - 2nd ed.

Noel Burton-Roberts.
http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/16193389?q=+&sort=holdings+desc&_=1407637525054&versionId=18995349


2/54


3/54

Chapter 1. Sentence Structure: Constituents

Chapter 2. Sentence Structure: Functions

Chapter 3. Sentence Structure: Categories

Chapter 4. The Verb Phrase

Chapter 5. Adverbials and Other Matters

Chapter 6. The Verb Group

Chapter 7. More on Noun PhrasesChapter 8. Sentences within Sentences

Chapter 9. Wh-Clauses

Chapter 10. Non-finite Clauses

Chapter 11. Languages, Sentences, and Grammars.


4/54

SENTENCE STRUCTURECONSTITUENTS


5/54

1. What is a structure?
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organization


6/54

1. Mode of building, construction, or organization; arrangemen

parts, elements, or constituents:

Ex: a pyramidal structure.

2.Something built or constructed, as a building:

Ex: bridge, or dam.

3. A complex system considered from the point of view of th

whole rather than of any single part:

Ex: the structure of modern science.

4.Anything composed of parts arranged together in some wayEx: an organization.

5.The relationship or organization of the component parts of

work of artor literature:

Ex: the structure of a poem.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organizationhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/arthttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organization


7/54

Sentence structure involves the actual format of the se

A simple sentence

A compound sentence

A complex sentence

A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence)


8/54


9/54


10/54


11/54

a. it is divisible into parts (called CONSTITUENTS);

b. there are different kinds of parts (called CATEGORIES);

c. the constituents are ARRANGED in a specifiable way;

d. that each constituent has a certain specifiable FUNCTIO

structure of the thing as a whole.


12/54

The parts consist of partsconsist of further parts.


13/54


14/54

ILL FORMED (UNGRAMMATICAL)


15/54

ILL-FORMED (UNGRAMMATICAL)

1.) The nevertheless procrastinate foxtrot.

2.) And and if.

3.) Disappears none girls of the students.

4.) Put Mary.

5.) Max will bought a frying pans.


16/54

wheel

wheelframe chain handlebars


17/54

a constituent (part) of a bicycle.


18/54

Bicycle Wheel

BicycleSpoke


19/54


20/54

*What do sentencesconsist of?


21/54

Old Sam sunbathed beside a stream[4]

old Sam sunbathed beside a stream

[5]

[6] *Stream old Sam sunbathed beside a

[7] *Sunbathed old beside stream a Sam


22/54

Bicycle[3a]

wheelspoke spoke Bicycle

[3b]

wheel

spoke spoke

Tree-Diagram


23/54

ESTABLISHING CONSTITUENTS

[4][5]OLD SAM SUNBATHED BESIDE A STREAM.

[10] Old Sam sunbathed beside a

[11] Old Sam sunbathed beside

[12] Old Sam sunbathed

[13] Old Sam

[14] Old

[15] Martha smiled.

[16] Martha smiled invitingly.


24/54

[17] The very muscular gentleman next to me lit a cigar.

[18] The () gentleman next to me lit a cigar.

[19] The very muscular gentleman () lit a cigar.

[20] The () gentleman () lit a cigar.

Very muscular [18] [19]

Next to me [19] [20]

***PHRASES which are OPTIONALconstituents (parts)

structure of sentence [17].


25/54

Syntax

StructureSentence structure

Constituent (immediate, optional, obligatory)

Ill-formed (ungrammatical)

Phrase


26/54

[ 6]


27/54

EXAMPLE (sentence [16] )

Martha smiled invitingly.

INVITINGLY was a constituent in [16]. Beside a stream is functioning as a constituent in

[4] OLD SAM SUNBATHED BESIDE A STREAM.


28/54

[25a]

PHRASE

beside a stream

[25b]

PHRASE

beside

PHRASE

a stream

[25c]

PHRASE

PHRASE

streabeside a

[33] SAM SUNBATHED BESIDE A STREAM THAT HAD DRIE


29/54

[33] SAM SUNBATHED BESIDE A STREAM THAT HAD DRIE

[34] PHRASE-a

beside PHRASE-b

a stream that had dried up

[35] PHRASE-a

PHRASE-b

PHRASE

beside a stream that had d

LET US TRY!!!


30/54

LET US TRY!!!A

B C

D E

a b c d

F

g he f

In tree-diagram above, what are the immediate constituents

1.) A? 2.) B? 3.) C?

Draw a phrase-marker for the phrase:


31/54

Draw a phrase marker for the phrase:

their rather dubious jokes.

Showing that it contains further phrase: rather

jokes, which in turn contains rather dubious as


32/54


33/54

Draw a phrase-marker for the phrase:


34/54

Draw a phrase marker for the phrase:

Men from the Ministry

Showing that it contains further phrase:

from the ministry, which in turn contains the phrase:

the ministry.


35/54


36/54

Id if h f h bi i i f diff


37/54

1-This story shows what evil men can do.

2-They only sell rotten fruit and vegetables.

3-She returned early that morning.

4-More interesting meal would have been appreciated.

5-We need an agreement between workers on overtime.

6-Bill asked the man who had seen.

7-She was at the window, the street atlas in her hand, looking up

Identify the source of the ambiguity in terms of two different co

analyses

This story shows what evil men can do.


38/54

y

a)This story shows what (evil men) can do.

b)This story shows (what evil) (men can do.)

1- This story shows what evil men can do.


39/54

a)This story shows what (evil men) can do.

b)This story shows (what evil) (men can do.)

2- They only sell rotten fruit and vegetable.

a) They only sell (rotten fruit and vegetable).

b) They only sell (rotten fruit) and vegetable.

3-She returned early that evening.

a)She (returned early) that evening b) She returned (early that evening)

4- More interesting meal would have been appreciated.

a- (More interesting) (meal) would have been appreciated.

b- (More)( interesting meal) would have been appreciated.

5 We need an a reement between workers on overtime


40/54

5- We need an agreement between workers on overtime.

a)We need (an agreement) (between workers) on overtime.

b)We need (an agreement between workers) on overtime.

6-Bill asked the man who had seen.

a) Bill asked (the man who had seen.)

b)Bill asked (the man) (who had seen).


41/54

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

[1] Ducks paddle.

SENTENCE

The ducks are paddling away.

[The ducks] [are paddling away.]

ducks paddle


42/54


43/54

The question movement test is important because it is actually padefinition of what a subject is that it changes its position in suc

[10] It is snowing again.

[11] Is [it] snowing again?


44/54

Identify the subjects of the following sentences:

[12] Some nasty accident could have occurred.

[13] The clown in the make-up room doesnt want to perfo[14] Elizabeth and Leicester are rowing on the river.

[15] None of her attempts to give up chocolate were real

[16] As a matter of fact, the man you paid to do it has be

arrested.

NOUN PHRASE AND VERB PHRASE


45/54

All the SUBJECTSwe have looked at have one thing in common: t

and are centered on, the same CATEGORY of word, which is a NO

They are all NOUN PHRASE. Any phrase that can function as a subject is a Noun Phrase.

The phrases functioning as PREDICATES, on the other hand, all c

centered on, a VERB.

They are all VERB PHRASE.

*Chiropodist- is a foot doctor @ @


46/54

Chiropodist- is a foot doctor @_@

[25] The chiropodist fell in love with most of his patients.

[32] The pianist has rejected the chiropodist.


47/54

S

NP VP

The ducks are paddling away.

Try with sentence [32]:

THE PIANIST HAS REJECTED THE CHI

DEPENDENCY AND FUNCTION


48/54

When two constituent nodes are immediately dominated by the s

single node, as is the case with B and C in [35], they are said to be

[35] A

B C

Band Care also daughters of A.

A, the node that immediately dominates them.

MODIFIER AND HEAD


49/54

PHRASE-a

their

PHRASE-b

PHRASE-c

jokesrather dubious

There are three sister relationships:1.) their and PHRASE-b,2.) PHRASE-c and jokes,3.) rather and dubious.

Ratherdepends on dubiousbut not vice versa. This function is

MODIFICATION

HEAD AND COMPLEMENT


50/54

PHRASE-a

beside PHRASE-b

a stream

HOW MANY SISTER RELATIONSHIPS ARE THERE IN THE


51/54

IDENTIFY THE SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES OF


52/54

FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

a. Her memory for names and dates was a constant source of ama

b. The prune fritters left something to be desired.

c. There are too many uninvited guests here.

d. Only six of the thirty domino-toppling contestants came proper

e. It was Lydia who finally trapped the pig.

f. The fact that you received no birthday greetings from Mars do

that it is uninhabited.

g. In the machine, the gremlin could be heard juggling with ball-be


53/54


54/54

Documents

Sentence Structure Constituents