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Sensory PhysiologySensory Physiology
SensationSensation
Awareness of changes in environment
Changes can be internal or external
How is perception different?
Awareness of changes in environment
Changes can be internal or external
How is perception different?
Sensory modalitiesSensory modalities
Unique type of sensation Two classes:
General Somatic - tactile, thermal, pain, proprioreceptive Visceral
Special Smell, taste, hearing, vision, equilibrium
Each sensory neuron linked to one modality
Unique type of sensation Two classes:
General Somatic - tactile, thermal, pain, proprioreceptive Visceral
Special Smell, taste, hearing, vision, equilibrium
Each sensory neuron linked to one modality
How do we sense?How do we sense?
Process of sensationProcess of sensation
1. Stimulation of receptor2. Transduction of stimulus
(Graded potential)3. Generation of nerve impulses4. Integration of input
1. Stimulation of receptor2. Transduction of stimulus
(Graded potential)3. Generation of nerve impulses4. Integration of input
Receptor classification: Stimulus
Receptor classification: Stimulus
Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nocireceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Osmoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Nocireceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptors Osmoreceptors
AdaptationAdaptation
What does this mean?Maintained stimulus lessened
potentials decreased impulse frequency
May be rapidly or slowly adapting
What does this mean?Maintained stimulus lessened
potentials decreased impulse frequency
May be rapidly or slowly adapting
Eye Anatomy ReviewEye Anatomy Review
Image FormationImage Formation
1. Refraction of light rays Both cornea and lens refract
1. Refraction of light rays Both cornea and lens refract
Image FormationImage Formation
2. Accommodation Convex surface causes light rays to
converge Greater curvature = greater
refraction Lens more curved for near objects
(ciliary muscle) Near point of vision
2. Accommodation Convex surface causes light rays to
converge Greater curvature = greater
refraction Lens more curved for near objects
(ciliary muscle) Near point of vision
Image FormationImage Formation
3. Constriction of the pupil Iris narrows pupil Restricts light from
periphery of lens Simultaneous with
accommodation
3. Constriction of the pupil Iris narrows pupil Restricts light from
periphery of lens Simultaneous with
accommodation
Refraction abnormalitiesRefraction abnormalities
Myopia
Hyperopia/ Hypermetropia
Astigmatism
Myopia
Hyperopia/ Hypermetropia
Astigmatism
Binocular visionBinocular vision
Advantages/Disadvantages How does it work? Convergence
Advantages/Disadvantages How does it work? Convergence
PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors
Rods vs. ConesRods vs. Cones
Structural difference in outer segment
One opsin (rhodopsin) vs. three
Cone regeneration quicker
Rods used for low light, relatively unused in light
Structural difference in outer segment
One opsin (rhodopsin) vs. three
Cone regeneration quicker
Rods used for low light, relatively unused in light
Visual pathwayVisual pathway
SoundSound Waves originating
from vibration Frequency (Hz =
cycle/sec) Pitch Audible range is
20-20,000 Hz Amplitude (dB)
Volume 0 dB = threshold
Waves originating from vibration
Frequency (Hz = cycle/sec) Pitch Audible range is
20-20,000 Hz Amplitude (dB)
Volume 0 dB = threshold
Physiology of HearingPhysiology of Hearing
EquilibriumEquilibrium
Vestibular apparatus - Saccula, utricle, semicircular ducts
Static equilibrium - relative to gravity Utricle and saccula
Dynamic equilibrium - rotation, acceleration, deceleration Semicircular ducts (rotational
acceleration/deceleration) Saccula and utricle (linear acceleration)
Vestibular apparatus - Saccula, utricle, semicircular ducts
Static equilibrium - relative to gravity Utricle and saccula
Dynamic equilibrium - rotation, acceleration, deceleration Semicircular ducts (rotational
acceleration/deceleration) Saccula and utricle (linear acceleration)
Olfaction and GustationOlfaction and Gustation
Olfaction Odorants stimulate olfactory hairs Hairs connected to dendrite Potential
generated Signal sent along olfactory tract
Gustation Five primary tastes Taste buds have receptors Signal sent along gustatory pathway (Three
nerves Medulla Diencephelon/Cerebrum)
Olfaction Odorants stimulate olfactory hairs Hairs connected to dendrite Potential
generated Signal sent along olfactory tract
Gustation Five primary tastes Taste buds have receptors Signal sent along gustatory pathway (Three
nerves Medulla Diencephelon/Cerebrum)