Sensory, Motor and Integrative System

7/28/2019 Sensory, Motor and Integrative System

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ACHMAD AMINUDDIN


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SENSATION SENSATION

- THE CONSCIOUS OR SUBCONSCIOUS

AWARENESS OF CHANGES IN THE EXTERNALOR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

PERCEPTION

- THE CONSCIOUS AWARENESS AND

INTERPRETATION OF SENSATION AND IS

PRIMARILY A FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL

CORTEX.


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SENSORY MODALITIES

THE GENERAL SENSES- SOMATIC SENSORY MODALITIES

- tactile sensation ( touch, pressure and vibration )

- termal sensation.

- pain sensation.- proprioceptive sensation.

- VISCERAL SENSATION

- provide information about conditions within

internal organ THE SPECIAL SENSES

- sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing

and equilibrium.


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THE PROCESS OF SENSATION

STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY RECEPTOR. THE TRANSDUCTION OF THE STIMULUS.

GENERATION OF THE NERVE IMPULSES.

INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUT


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SENSORY RECEPTORS.

FREE NERVE ENDING. ENCAPSULATED NERVE ENDING.

SEPARATE CELLS THAT SYNAPSE WITH

FIRST ORDER SENSORY NEURON.


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Table 16.1 hal 550


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SOMATIC SENSATION TACTILE SENSATION / MODALITY

- touch - pressure.- vibration - itch - tickle

THERMAL SENSATION / MODALITY

- cold receptor 10 c - 40 c.

-warm receptor 32 C - 48 C.

- < 10 C / > 48 C, stimulate pain receptors


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SOMATIC SENSATION

PAIN SENSATION / MODALITY

- Fast pain ; - within 0,1 second.

- medium-diameter myelinated A fibers.

- Slow pain; - begin a second or more.

- small-diameter unmyelinated C fibers.

- According to arise stimulation ;

- superficial somatic pain.- deep somatic pain.

- visceral pain.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION / MODALITY


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Fg 16.3 hl 553


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SOMATIC SENSATION PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION / MODALITY

- PROPRIOCEPTORS ;

- MUSCLE SPINDLES WITHIN

SKELETAL MUSCLES.

- TENDON ORGAN WITHIN TENDON.

- JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORSWITHIN SYNOVIAL JOINT CAPSULES.


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Fig 16.2 hal 555


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SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAY

THE POSTERIOR COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCUS- fine touch - stereognosis- proprioception - vibratory sensations

ANTEROLATERAL ( SPINOTHALAMIC ) PATHWAY- The lateral spinothalamic tract

- convey sensory impulses for pain and temperatr- The anterior spinothalamic tract

- tickle - crude touch.- itch - pressure.

SOMATIC PATHWAYS TO THE CEREBELLUM

- Tract ; - the posterior spinocerebellar tract.- the anterior spinocerebellar tract.

- Critical for posture, balance and coordination of skilledmovement


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Fig 16.5 hal 557


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Fig 16.6a


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Table 16.3 hl 559


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SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS


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LOCAL CIRCUIT NEURON

LOCATED CLOSE TO THE L.M.N

CELL BODIES INTHE BRAIN STEM AND SPINALCORD.

RECEIVE INPUT FROM ;

- SOMATIC SENSORY RECEPTORS.

- HIGHER CENTER INTHE BRAIN.

HELP COORDINATE RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY INSPECIFIC MUSCLE GROUPS


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UPPER MOTOR NEURONS

U.M.N FROM THE CEREBRAL CORTEX ARE ESSENTIAL FORPLANNING, INITIATING AND DIRECTING SEQUENCEAS OF

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT.

U.M.N. ORIGINATE IN MOTOR CENTER OF BRAIN STEM;THE RED NUCLEUS, THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS, THESUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND THE RETICULARFORMATION.

U.M.N. FROM THE BRAIN STEM ;

- REGULATE MUSCLE TONE.

- CONTROL POSTURAL MUSCLES.

- ORIENTATION OF THE HEAD AND BODY.


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BASAL GANGLIA NEURONS

ASSIST MOVEMENT BY PROVIDING INPUT TO U.M.N.

NEURAL CIRCUITS INTERCONNECT THE GANGLIA BASALWITH ;

- MOTOR AREA OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX.- THALAMUS.

- SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEI.

- SUBSTANTIA NIGRA.

THE CIRCUITS HELP ;- INITIATE AND TERMINATE MOVEMENT.

- SUPRESS UNWANTED MOVEMENT.

- ESTABLISH A NORMAL LEVEL OF MUSCLE TONE.


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CEREBELLAR NEURONS

AID MOVEMENT BY CONTROLLING THEACTIVITY OF U.M.N.

NEURAL CIRCUITS INTERCONNECT THE

CEREBELLUM WITH ;- MOTOR AREAS OF CEREBRAL COTEX VIA THE

THALAMUS.

- BRAIN STEM.

A PRIME FUNCTION ; COORDINATES BODYMOVEMENT AND HELP MAINTAIN NORMALPOSTURE AND BALANCE.


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PARALYSIS

L.M.N. ---- FLACCID PARALYSIS.- muscles on same side.- voluntary action ( - ).

- reflex (- ).- muscle tone decreased or lost.- muscle remains limp or flaccid.

U.M.N. --- SPASTIC PARALYSIS- musles on opposite dide.

- reflexes are exaggerated.- pathological reflexes such as the babinskisign appear.

- muslce tone is increased.


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ORGANIZATION OF U.M.N. PATH

WAYS DIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS

provide input to l.m.n. Via axon that extend directly

from the cerebral cortex.

INDIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS

- provide input to l.m.n. From motor centers in the

brain stem.- brain stem centers, receive signals fron neuron in

the ganglia basal, cerebellum and cerebral cortex.


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ROLES 0F THE BASAL GANGLIA THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND THE PUTAMEN, RECEIVE

INPUT FROM- sensory area.- association area.- motor area.

- substansia nigra. OUT PUT FROM THE BASAL GANGLIA CAMES FROM

- the globus pallidus.- substansia nigra.

FEED BACK SIGNALS TO THE MOTOR CORTEX BY WAY OFTHE THALAMUS

THIS CIRCUIT, FROM CORTEX TO BASAL GANGLIA TOTHALAMUS AND TO CORTEX APPEAR TO FUNCTION ININTIATING AND TERMINATING MOVEMENT.


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ROLES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA

NEURON IN THE PUTAMEN GENERATES IMPULSES JUSTBEDORE BODY MOVEMENT OCCUR.

NEURON IN THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS GENERATE IMPULSES

JUST BEFORE EYE MOVEMENT OCCUR

THE BASAL GANGLIA ALSO SUPPRESS UNWANTDMOVEMENT BY THEIR INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THETHALAMUS AND SUPERIOR COLLICULUS AND INFLUENCE

MUSCLE TONE. THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS SENDS IMPULSES INTO THE

RETICULAR FORMATION THAT REDUCE MUSCLE TONE


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DAMAGE TO THE BASAL GANGLIA

UNCONTROLLABLE MOVEMENT.

ABNORMAL BODY MOVEMENT.

OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY ;

- MUSCLE REGIDITY.

- TREMOR, WHILE AT REST.


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MODULATION OF MOVEMENT BY

THE CEREBELLUM

THE CEREBELLUM MONITORS INTENTIONS FORMOVEMENT.

THE CEEBELLUM MONITORS ACTUALMOVEMENT.

THE CEREBELLUM COMPARES THE COMMANDSIGNALS WITH SENSORY INFORMATION.

IF THERE IS A DISCREPANCY BETWEEN INTENDEDAND ACTUAL MOVEMENT, THE CEREBELLUMSENDS OUT CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK TO U.M.N.


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Sensory, Motor and Integrative System