Sensors in photography

2/10/2015 ImagesensorWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor 1/9

ACCDimagesensoronaflexiblecircuitboard

Amicrographofthecornerofthephotosensorarrayofawebcamdigitalcamera

ImagesensoronthemotherboardofaNikonCoolpixL26MP

ImagesensorFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Animagesensorisadevicethatconvertsanopticalimageintoanelectronicsignal.Itisusedmostlyindigitalcameras,cameramodulesandotherimagingdevices.Earlyanalogsensorswerevideocameratubescurrentlyusedtypesaresemiconductorchargecoupleddevices(CCD)oractivepixelsensorsincomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductor(CMOS)orNtypemetaloxidesemiconductor(NMOS,LiveMOS)technologies.

Contents

1CCDvsCMOS2Performance3Colorseparation4Specialtysensors5Sensorsusedindigitalcameras6Companies7Seealso8References9Externallinks

CCDvsCMOS

Today,mostdigitalstillcamerasuseeitheraCCDimagesensororaCMOSsensor.Bothtypesofsensoraccomplishthesametaskofcapturinglightandconvertingitintoelectricalsignals.

EachcellofaCCDimagesensorisananalogdevice.Whenlightstrikesthechipitisheldasasmallelectricalchargeineachphotosensor.Thechargesareconvertedtovoltageonepixelatatimeastheyarereadfromthechip.Additionalcircuitryinthecameraconvertsthevoltageintodigitalinformation.

ACMOSimagingchipisatypeofactivepixelsensormadeusingtheCMOSsemiconductorprocess.Extracircuitrynexttoeachphotosensorconvertsthelightenergytoavoltage.Additionalcircuitryonthechipmaybeincludedtoconvertthevoltagetodigitaldata.

Neithertechnologyhasaclearadvantageinimagequality.Ononehand,CCDsensorsaremoresusceptibletoverticalsmearfrombrightlightsourceswhenthesensorisoverloadedhighendCMOSsensorsinturndonotsuffer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccd-sensor.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_micrograph_of_the_corner_of_the_photosensor_array_of_a_%E2%80%98webcam%E2%80%99.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image_sensor_and_motherbord_nikon_coolpix_l2.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMOS_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_MOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device



Bayerpatternonsensor

Foveon'sschemeofverticalfilteringforcolorsensing

fromthisproblem.Ontheotherhand,cheaperCMOSsensorsaresusceptibletoundesiredeffectsthatcomeasaresultofrollingshutter.

CMOSsensorscanpotentiallybeimplementedwithfewercomponents,uselesspower,and/orprovidefasterreadoutthanCCDsensors.CCDisamorematuretechnologyandisinmostrespectstheequalofCMOS.[1][2]CMOSsensorsarelessexpensivetomanufacturethanCCDsensors.

AnotherhybridCCD/CMOSarchitecture,soldunderthename"sCMOS,"consistsofCMOSreadoutintegratedcircuits(ROICs)thatarebumpbondedtoaCCDimagingsubstrateatechnologythatwasdevelopedforinfraredstaringarraysandnowadaptedtosiliconbaseddetectortechnology.[3]AnotherapproachistoutilizetheveryfinedimensionsavailableinmodernCMOStechnologytoimplementaCCDlikestructureentirelyinCMOStechnology.Thiscanbeachievedbyseparatingindividualpolysilicongatesbyaverysmallgap.ThesehybridsensorsarestillintheresearchphaseandcanpotentiallyharnessthebenefitsofbothCCDandCMOSimagers.[4]

ThenewersensortechnologyisBacksideilluminatedCMOS(BSICMOS)whichuseslesselectricitythantraditionalCMOSwithbetterperformancethanCCD,solowerendcamerasstilluseCCDsensorssuchasthoseimplementedbyFujifilminitsBridgecameras.CCDsensorsarerarelyusedinnewmodels,exceptforveryhighpixelcount,bigsensorcameraswhichstilluseCCDs.

Performance

Therearemanyparametersthatcanbeusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofanimagesensor,includingdynamicrange,signaltonoiseratio,andlowlightsensitivity.Forsensorsofcomparabletypes,thesignaltonoiseratioanddynamicrangeimproveasthesizeincreases.

Colorseparation

Thereareseveralmaintypesofcolorimagesensors,differingbythetypeofcolorseparationmechanism:

Bayerfiltersensor,lowcostandmostcommon,usingacolorfilterarraythatpassesred,green,orbluelighttoselectedpixelsensors,forminginterlacedgridssensitivetored,green,andbluethemissingcolorsamplesareinterpolatedusingademosaicingalgorithm.Inordertoavoidinterpolatedcolorinformation,techniqueslikecolorcositesamplinguseapiezomechanismtoshiftthecolorsensorinpixelsteps.TheBayerfiltersensorsalsoincludebackilluminatedsensors,wherethelightentersthesensitivesiliconfromtheoppositesideofwherethetransistorsandmetalwiresare,suchthatthemetalconnectionsonthedevicessidearenotanobstacleforthelight,andtheefficiencyis

higher.[5][6]

FoveonX3sensor,usinganarrayoflayeredpixelsensors,separatinglightviatheinherent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_shutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosaicinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-illuminated_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_format#Sensor_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staring_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_filter_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_co-site_samplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-illuminated_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_camera#Examples_of_bridge_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_pattern_on_sensor_profile.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absorption-X3.svg



wavelengthdependentabsorptionpropertyofsilicon,suchthateverylocationsensesallthreecolorchannels.3CCD,usingthreediscreteimagesensors,withthecolorseparationdonebyadichroicprism.

Specialtysensors

Specialsensorsareusedinvariousapplicationssuchasthermography,creationofmultispectralimages,videolaryngoscopes,gammacameras,sensorarraysforxrays,andotherhighlysensitivearraysforastronomy.

Untilnowalldigitalcamerasuseaflatsensor,butin2014Sonyhasaprototypeofacurvedsensorwhichwillreduce/eliminatePetzvalfieldcurvaturethatoccurswithaflatsensor.Althoughitisaprototypedesign,itispossiblethecurvedsensorwillbeimplementedinSony'snewfixedlenscameraattheendof2014.Useofacurvedsensorallowsashorterandsmallerdiameterofthelenswithreducedelementsandcomponentswithgreaterapertureandreducedfalllightoffattheedgeofthephoto.[7]

Sensorsusedindigitalcameras

Width(px)

Height(px)

Aspectratio

Actualpixelcount

Megapixels Cameraexamples

100 100 1:1 10,000 0.01Kodak(byStevenSasson)Prototype(1975)

640 480 307,200 0.3 AppleQuickTake100(1994)

832 608 505,856 0.5 CanonPowershot600(1996)

1,024 768 786,432 0.8 OlympusD300L(1996)

1024 1024 1:1 1,048,576 1.0 NikonNASAF4(1991)

1,280 960 1,228,800 1.3 FujifilmDS300(1997)

1,280 1,024 5:4 1,310,720 1.3

FujifilmMX700,FujifilmMX1700(1999),LeicaDigilux(1998),LeicaDigiluxZoom(2000)

1,600 1,200 1,920,000 2NikonCoolpix950,SamsungGTS3500

2,012 1,324 2,663,888 2.74 NikonD1

2,048 1,536 3,145,728 3CanonPowerShotA75,NikonCoolpix995

OlympusStylus410,Contax

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-spectral_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngoscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_QuickTakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canon_products#Canon_PowerShot_digital_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Sassonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_field_curvaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contax_i4Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Stylus_410http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_995http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroic_prismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_950http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio



2,272 1,704 3,871,488 4 i4R(althoughCCDisactuallysquare2,2722,272)

2,464 1,648 4,060,672 4.1 Canon1D

2,560 1,920 4,915,200 5OlympusE1,SonyCybershotDSCF707,SonyCybershotDSCF717

2,816 2,112 5,947,392 5.9 OlympusStylus600Digital

3,008 2,000 6,016,000 6

D100,NikonD40,D50,D70,D70s,PentaxK100D,KonicaMinoltaMaxxum7D,KonicaMinoltaMaxxum5D,EpsonRD1

3,072 2,048 6,291,456 6.3CanonEOS10D,CanonEOS300D

3,072 2,304 7,077,888 7OlympusFE210,CanonPowerShotA620

3,456 2,304 7,962,624 8 CanonEOS350D

3,264 2,448 7,990,272 8

OlympusE500,OlympusSP350,CanonPowerShotA720IS,Nokia701,HTCDesireHD,AppleiPhone4S

3,504 2,336 8,185,344 8.2CanonEOS30D,CanonEOS1DMarkII,CanonEOS1DMarkIIN

3,520 2,344 8,250,880 8.25 CanonEOS20D

3,648 2,736 9,980,928 10

CanonPowerShotG11,CanonPowerShotG12,CanonPowerShotS90,CanonPowerShotS95,NikonCoolPixP7000,NikonCoolPixP7100,OlympusE410,OlympusE510,PanasonicFZ50,FujifilmFinePixHS10,SamsungEX1

NikonD40x,NikonD60,Nikon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konica_Minolta_Maxxum_5Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Cyber-shot_DSC-F717http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_E-510http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_SP-350http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_30Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_300Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1D_Mark_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_A720_IShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K100Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1D_Mark_II_Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_701http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_A620http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_S90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_G11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FinePix_HS10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konica_Minolta_Maxxum_7Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_20Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_E-410http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_E-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_EX1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_10Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contax_i4Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_350Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikon_CoolPix_P7100&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_E-500http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_R-D1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_PowerShot_G12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Lumix_DMC-FZ50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Desire_HDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikon_CoolPix_P7000&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D40xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_iPhone_4Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svg



3,872 2,592 10,036,224 10 D3000,NikonD200,NikonD80,PentaxK10D,PentaxK200D,SonyAlphaA100

3,888 2,592 10,077,696 10.1CanonEOS40D,CanonEOS400D,CanonEOS1000D

4,064 2,704 10,989,056 11 CanonEOS1Ds

4,000 3,000 12,000,000 12

CanonPowershotG9,FujifilmFinePixS200EXR,NikonCoolpixL110,KodakEasyshareMaxZ990

4,256 2,832 12,052,992 12.1NikonD3,NikonD3S,NikonD700,FujifilmFinePixS5Pro

4,272 2,848 12,166,656 12.2 CanonEOS450D

4,032 3,024 12,192,768 12.2 OlympusPENEP1

4,288 2,848 12,212,224 12.2

NikonD2Xs/D2X,NikonD300,NikonD300S,NikonD90,NikonD5000,PentaxKx

4,900 2,580 12,642,000 12.6 REDONEMysterium

4,368 2,912 12,719,616 12.7 CanonEOS5D

5,120 2,700 13,824,000 13.8 REDMysteriumX

7,920(2,6403)

1,760 13,939,200 13.9SigmaSD14,SigmaDP1(3layersofpixels,4.7MPperlayer,inFoveonX3sensor)

4,672 3,104 14,501,888 14.5 PentaxK20D,PentaxK7

4,752 3,168 15,054,336 15.1CanonEOS50D,CanonEOS500D,SigmaSD1

4,896 3,264 15,980,544 16.0FujifilmXPro1,FujifilmXE1(XTranssensorhasadifferentpatterntoaBayersensor)

4,928 3,262 16,075,136 16.1NikonD7000,NikonD5100,PentaxK5

4,992 3,328 16,613,376 16.6CanonEOS1DsMarkII,CanonEOS1DMarkIV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_40Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_S5_Prohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_L110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D300Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_DP1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-16x9.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_5Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1Dshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Powershot_G9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_1000Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K10Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_SD1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema_Camera_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodak_Easyshare_Max_Z990&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K20Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D300http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K200Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-16x9.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D5100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_450Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Alpha_A100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D200http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X-E1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D700http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RED_ONEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_X-Pro1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_50Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilm_FinePix_S200EXRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1D_Mark_IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_500Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D5000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_SD14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_400Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D7000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_K-xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_PEN_E-P1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D2Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3Shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1Ds_Mark_II



5,184 3,456 17,915,904 17.9

CanonEOS7D,CanonEOS60D,CanonEOS600D,CanonEOS550D,CanonEOS650D,CanonEOS700D

4,928 3,696 18,200,000 18.2 SonyHX20

5,270 3,516 18,529,320 18.5 LeicaM9,REDDragon

5,616 3,744 21,026,304 21.0CanonEOS1DsMarkIII,CanonEOS5DMarkII

6,048 4,032 24,385,536 24.4Sony850,Sony900,SonyAlpha99,NikonD3XandNikonD600

5,140 5,140 1:1 26,419,600 26.4 LeicaS1(linescanner,1997)[8]

7,360 4,912 36,152,320 36.2 NikonD800,SonyAlpha7R

7,500 5,000 37,500,000 37.5 LeicaS2

7,212 5,142 39,031,344 39.0 HasselbladH3DII39

7,216 5,412 39,052,992 39.1 LeicaRCD100

7,264 5,440 39,516,160 39.5 Pentax645D

7,320 5,484 40,142,880 40.1 PhaseOneIQ140

7,728 5,368 ~10:7 41,483,904 41.5 Nokia808PureView

8,176 6,132 50,135,232 50.1HasselbladH3DII50,HasselbladH4D50

11,250 5,000 9:4 56,250,000 56.3BetterLight4000EHS(scanned)

8,956 6,708 60,076,848 60.1 HasselbladH4D60

8,984 6,732 60,480,288 60.5PhaseOneIQ160,PhaseOneP65+

10,320 7,752 80,000,640 80LeafAptusII12,LeafAptusII12R

10,328 7,760 80,145,280 80.1 PhaseOneIQ180

9,372 9,372 1:1 87,834,384 87.8 LeicaRC30(pointscanner)

12,600 10,500 6:5 132,300,000 132.3PhaseOnePowerPhaseFX/FX+(linescanner)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)#IQ_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D3Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_550Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad#H4Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_60Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera#S_.28medium_format_dSLR.29_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Camera#Leica_S1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)#IQ_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)#Scan_Backshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentax_cameras#645Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1_850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sony_HX20&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad#H3DIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)#P.2B_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Geosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_7Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D600http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Alpha_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_650Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_(Israeli_company)#Current_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_600Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_D800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-5D_Mark_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_(Israeli_company)#Current_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Alpha_99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_M9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS_700Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_One_(company)#IQ_Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leica_Geosystemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_808_PureViewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_%CE%B1_900http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad#H3DIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad#H4Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_EOS-1Ds_Mark_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Light



18,000 8,000 9:4 144,000,000 144 BetterLight6000HS/6000EHS(linescanner)

21,250 7,500 17:6 159,375,000 159.4 Seitz6x17Digital(linescanner)

16,352* 12,264* 200,540,928 200.5HasselbladH4D200MS(*actuatedmulti(6x)shot)

18,000 12,000 216,000,000 216BetterLightSuper6KHS(linescanner)

24,000 15,990 ~ 383,760,000 383.8BetterLightSuper8KHS(linescanner)

30,600 13,600 9:4 416,160,000 416.2BetterLightSuper10KHS(linescanner)

62,830 7,500 ~25:3 471,225,000 471.2SeitzRoundshotD3(80mmlens)(scanned)

62,830 13,500 ~5:1 848,205,000 848.2SeitzRoundshotD3(110mmlens)(linescanner)

38,000 38,000 1:1 1,444,000,000 1,444 PanSTARRSPS1

157,000 18,000 ~26:3 2,826,000,000 2,826BetterLight300mmlensDigital(linescanner)

Companies

Thelargestcompaniesthatmanufactureimagingsensorsincludethefollowing:

Agilent

Aptina(formerlydivisionofMicronTechnology)NowpartofONSemiconductor[9]

CanestaCanonCaelesteCMOSISDalsaEastmanKodakESSTechnologyFujifilmMagnaChipMatsushitaMAZeTGmbH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canestahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalsahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujifilmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-3x2.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-STARRShttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CMOSIS&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad#H4Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aspect-ratio-4x3.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESS_Technology



MitsubishiNikonOmniVisionTechnologiesONSemiconductor(formerlyCypressSemiconductor)PixArtImagingPiximSamsungSharpSonySTMicroelectronicsToshibaTowerJazzTownLineTechnologiesTransChipTrusight

TrusenseimagingNowpartofONSemiconductor[10]

Seealso

VideocameratubeSemiconductordetectorFullframedigitalSLRImagesensorformat,thesizesandshapesofcommonimagesensorsColorfilterarray,mosaicoftinycolorfiltersovercolorimagesensorsSensitometry,thescientificstudyoflightsensitivematerialsHistoryoftelevision,thedevelopmentofelectronicimagingtechnologysincethe1880s.ListoflargesensorinterchangeablelensvideocamerasOversampledbinaryimagesensor

References

1. ^dalsa.comCCDvsCMOS(http://www.dalsa.com/public/corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf)fromPhotonicsSpectra2001

2. ^dpreview.comSensors(http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensors_01.htm)ByVincentBockaert

3. ^scmos.com(http://www.scmos.com/),homepage4. ^ieee.orgCCDinCMOS(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04489895)PadmakumarR.

Raoetal.,"CCDstructuresimplementedinstandard0.18mCMOStechnology"5. ^semiconductor.netSonyBacksideIlluminatedCMOSImageSensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TowerJazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STMicroelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversampled_binary_image_sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor_formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_filter_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensors_01.htmhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04489895http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://www.semiconductor.net/blog/Chipworks_Inside_Angle/15329-Sony_Backside_Illuminated_CMOS_Image_Sensor.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniVision_Technologieshttp://www.scmos.com/http://www.dalsa.com/public/corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_large_sensor_interchangeable-lens_video_camerashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony



(http://www.semiconductor.net/blog/Chipworks_Inside_Angle/15329Sony_Backside_Illuminated_CMOS_Image_Sensor.php)

6. ^nikkeibp.co.jpOmniVisiononBacksideilluminatedCMOSSensors(http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20090414/168778/)

7. ^SteveDent."Sony'sfirst'curvedsensor'photomayheraldbetterimages,cheaperlenses"(http://www.engadget.com/2014/07/08/sonyshowsofffirstpicturetakenwithcurvedsensor/).RetrievedJuly8,2014.

8. ^Digicamhistory1997(http://www.digicamhistory.com/1997%20IO.html)9. ^ONSemiconductortoAcquireAptinaImaging(http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/newsItem.do?

article=3116)10. ^ONSemiconductortoAcquireTruesenseImaging,Inc

(http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/newsItem.do?article=3076)

Externallinks

DigitalCameraSensorPerformanceSummary(http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/digital.sensor.performance.summary/)byRogerClark.

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Categories: Digitalphotography Imagesensors

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Documents

Sensors in photography