Senior Project Write-UpCommunity, Environment, and Planning

University of WashingtonChristopher Sean Gandy

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Table of Contents

Page 3: Introduction (Illuminating the Issue)

Page 4: Motivation Page 5: Crime Page 7: Aim and Focus

Page 8: Literature Review

Page 8: Safety Page 10: LED Page 13: Design Page 17: Bibliography

Page 18: Methods

Page 18: Initial Assessment / Collaborations / Networking Page 22: Site Surveys

Page 25: Fraternity Foot-Candle Assessments

Page 25: Alpha Delta Phi Page 26: Alpha Sigma Phi Page 27: Delta Chi Page 28: Delta Tau Delta Page 29: Lambda Chi Alpha Page 30: Phi Delta Theta Page 31: Phi Kappa Psi Page 32: Phi Kappa Tau Page 33: Phi Kappa Theta Page 34: Pi Kappa Alpha Page 35: Psi Upsilon Page 36: Sigma Phi Epsilon Page 37: Tau Kappa Epsilon Page 38: Theta Delta Chi Page 39: Zeta Beta Tau Page 40: Zeta Psi

Page 42: Proposed Solution

Page 43: Conclusion

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Introduction

Illuminating the Issue:

For my senior project I wanted to do something of lasting impact on a community I felt invested

in. I had lived and been a part of the Greek community at the University of Washington for nearly five

years and came to know the area very well via my time there. One of the largest issues in the area is

crime; but why is that? More importantly, why does it continue to exist despite countless emails,

counseling sessions, and advocacy by the University?

There is a structural flaw that causes this to exist, and that flaw is largely due to the inferior

lighting in the community. Despite the city moving to replace the type of lighting, the current fixtures

are poorly designed. They are far too tall for the context and are constantly being covered by trees

surrounding them. Furthermore, they are inadequately spaced, causing too many pockets of darkness

to exist. Ultimately, this fosters an ideal setting for crime to occur.

While studying abroad in Japan I was hired for an internship that deals with civic engagement,

community building, safety advocacy, and projects of my choosing within the position. The internship is

called Husky Neighborhood Interns, housed within Community Standards and Student Conduct at the

University of Washington. Upon reading the job description, I knew this would be something I’d feel

invested in, and applied immediately. From the time of the interview I was already brainstorming

project ideas; one being the lighting issue. Fortunately, I was hired for the position, and began my

training upon return.

I knew I wanted to use this position’s power and fuse it with my senior project; however, I had

little knowledge of my potential to actually affect change on the lighting situation. I knew one thing was

necessary, I needed a voice of support to back my project. The job already gave me credibility to carry

my opinion to different organizations, but that would not be enough.

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Motivation:

My motivation for choosing this project largely had to do with the personal connection I felt in

the neighborhood; after all, I had called it home for nearly five years.

While living in the Greek system I was able to piece together the problems via experience. We’d

have strangers try to break into our fraternity on many occasions; for example, one time a guy almost

had a 42 inch television out the window and onto our roof. While the aftermath of that particular event

was rather humorous, the situation overall is not. In regards to my own connection to this, my bicycle

was stolen several times, I was struck in the face by someone in the dark on Halloween, in addition to

many other experiences along these lines. Something had to change, and nobody was initiating a plan

of action.

When I was going through the process of interviewing for HNI I created several project ideas

that I desired to tackle should I be hired, and discussed these in detail. I was told that I’d have a lot of

freedom to do as I please, so I began thinking about how I could tie this with my senior project.

I had struggled in the past coming up with a valuable senior project idea. I had always wanted

to create something tangible, not just discuss an idea, but everything tangible that I wanted to direct my

focus towards was in regards to Japan, and connecting it to my desire to do research there. I knew I

wouldn’t have the chance to advance my knowledge further past this via the University, and would have

to just go there; however, I won the language Monbukagakusho scholarship, which gave me the chance

to settle down rushing my future research. Prior to this, I couldn’t think of anything that excited me in

my context. I was so set on escaping and trying to fulfill this large, time consuming dream of mine in the

wake of my father’s death, that I neglected feasible ideas for a senior project. However, upon satisfying

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the initial goal of just going to Japan, assessing potential, and digesting everything, I could begin to look

at what was in front of me in the setting I lived in. More importantly, I could look at it from afar, as well.

Crime:

The crime in the University District is fairly high in comparison to the rest of the state and

slightly lower than the average for Seattle. According to the areavibes.com the overall crime rate in

Washington is ~3900 per/yr, Seattle sits at ~6000 per/yr, with the University District at ~5082 per/yr. I

could not find an area specific set of data in regards to the Greek and University Park Neighborhoods

alone, but would assume a majority of reported crimes by the UWPD (since they cover the north of 45 th

area) are included in the campus report. For this, please refer to the University of Washington Police

report below (taken from the UWPD website).

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After analyzing the UWPD annual report, it

is noticeable that the trend has been increasing

over the past five years. In addition, I have saved

emails throughout the past year, and most

notifications are assaults on the 47th Street

throughway between 16th avenue and 21st avenue

(refer to map). This area has a large amount of

dark spots and burnt out lights that were analyzed

during the Night Walk I hosted (please refer to

methods), and when I did the foot candle

assessment. It would also make sense because 45th

street is a very busy road, 47th is the central

pathway where Greeks walk to University Way. It

makes an ideal spot for criminals to target. It is also

where I was assaulted. As one goes up to 50th,

another busy road, very little crimes happen. North

of this is University Park: an established, expensive older neighborhood. The reasons for crimes to

happen there would appear to be fairly low. Fraternities leave doors unlocked, windows open, have

large parties that are unsupervised, and alcohol causes irrational, unplanned behavior; amplified by the

lack of informal surveillance via lighting, the area is a breeding ground for crime to occur.

In terms of undocumented crimes, I know that this is rather high. Fraternities in particular host

a lot of events that go undocumented with the police, as underage drinking is involved. If a crime

happens, the situation is stabilized from within the organization before seeking to report the issue with

police organizations.

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Aim and Focus:

The aim of the project overall, outside of physical improvement, was to begin a discussion and

create awareness of the situation. After discussing the problem with people, many did not make the

connection between crime and the lighting; and the few that did, seemed to have little interest in fixing

it, or had given up hope in regards to improvement (with the exception of my mentors).

My initial aim was to use the HNI as a networking vehicle, and a brand to boost my credentials,

to go around to Greek chapters and collect their voice towards fixing the problem via a grid

improvement of the city. I thought if I could achieve a large enough support list, I could then use this

with my literature review and make a suggestion of improvement to city council. However, the problem

was getting that voice actively engaged to support me. Though, this will be discussed in detail later on.

Ultimately, if I could just get the problem out in the open and start the wheel turning, I would

satisfy the initial focus. What came after that in terms of physical potential would be largely up to how

far I could get with the resources I possessed.

Literature Review

Safety Overview:

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Infrastructure would not be of much good if its potential exists during only half of a day. In

summary, the need for lighting designed and placed to capture the highest perception of safety is the

other side of the equation. If the style of the pole is too high, the lighting too dim and not designed to

mimic daylight, inadequately spaced (causing pockets of darkness and recession for crime to be

stimulated), safety perception will surely decline. Corners cannot be cut if long term societal gains are a

goal; the system of lighting should be as interconnected as the infrastructure it supports.

In most people’s minds, there is a simple and direct relationship between lighting and crime:

better lighting will deter offenders who benefit from the cover of darkness. Improved lighting means

that offenders are more likely to be seen by someone who might intervene, call the police, or recognize

the offender. Even if this does not happen, some offenders who fear that it might would be deterred

from crime. Studies from the United States and the United Kingdom concluded that improved street

lighting led to a 21% decrease in crime with comparable control areas.1 With improved visibility,

potential offenders are more exposed and less likely to commit crimes.2 “Eyes on the street,” as Jane

Jacobs said exists as a timeless lesson that we should never forget when designing and locating our

space.

Streetlights do more than prevent crime. Improved street lighting can make a community feel

safer. They allow safer operation of vehicles at night, reduce accidents, and assist traffic flow. Better

light can also promote the nighttime operation of businesses and increase pedestrian street use after

dark, which leads to a more active, enhanced neighborhood.3 Also, lighting can signal more community

investment, pride, and cohesiveness, which also can lead to discouraging crime.4 An interconnected

cycle of increased safety perception is apparent; elements must work in conjunction with each other in

1 DoJ, p.132 Streetlights and Community Safety, p.1003 Streetlights and Community Safety, p.1014 Streetlights and Community Safety, p.100

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order to harbor the desired effect of the system. If elements lack, aspects of reinforcement will be

neglected, causing the cycle to lose effectiveness at boosting safety perception.

It is important for citizens to feel cared for, as well. A large problem is the relation with local

government, or American government in general as of late. Perception of their interests is low, however

with new lighting, it shows that the city government and police are determined to control crime, and

can increase community pride and cohesiveness, as well. This further activates the community, as the

citizens become more invested in their infrastructure as well, and are more prone to interaction.5 When

citizens care more for the infrastructure, they are more inclined to watch and maintain it. Lighting can

encourage residents to spend more time on their stoops or in their front yards in the evenings and thus

increase informal surveillance. It can also encourage more people to walk at night, leading to further

informal surveillance.6

An active, enhanced neighborhood is the goal; as this is the network that pedestrians and

cyclists will use the most. People should feel safe in their community at all hours, and should be able to

go out in the community without a sense of doubt in regards to their surroundings.

Having any ordinary light structure will not suffice, however. Studies have shown that

pedestrians in intensively used areas prefer lighting to mimic daylight. This means systems should avoid

using low-pressure sodium lights, as the yellow light they can produce has a high level of color

distortion.7 This effect is worsened if the lights are mounted on tall columns. Lights of this sort further

detract people by reducing the level of intimacy in the public place. Furthermore, lights closer to the

ground may encourage vandalism or introduce glare, as well.8

5 DoJ, p.6-76 DoJ, p.5-67 New Zealand Pedestrian Guide, p.1558 New Zealand Pedestrian Guide, p.154

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Lights should be designed at a comfortable height, sitting below the tree canopy and of a style

that creates a friendly atmosphere that people want to cycle or walk in. The color of lighting can be

made friendly by the type of bulb used. Low pressure sodium lighting, as listed above, should be

avoided. Mesopic lighting (white/green/blue = shorter wavelength) has been proven to reduce

luminesce of road surface glare and provide better visibility.9 Drivers and pedestrians alike said they felt

safer and could see better with lights tuned to mesopic vision10; furthermore, perceptions of brightness

from this type of lighting is associated with perception of safety.11

In conclusion, lighting systems play an integral part to improving safety and supplementing

infrastructure. Without lighting designed to be attuned to people’s preferred vision, sense of intimacy,

and properly distributed and placed, safety perception decreases as the network loses a valuable system

of connectivity. Connectivity with infrastructure leads to the elements sustained effectiveness at all

hours, in addition to boosting community cohesion overall.

Light Emitting Diode (LED):

In the previous section, mesopic lighting was mentioned as increasing the overall perceived

sense of safety. Without writing an analysis on how the eye works, essentially the eye perceives higher

frequencies to be favorable, as they are closer in relation to mimicking the sun. This is counter to what

high/low pressure sodium lighting emits. Fortunately, one type of mesopic light is LED; and thankfully,

the city of Seattle is beginning to upgrade fixtures to this sort of light in the community. However, it

does not do much good if the trees are covering these fixtures, and/or they are too high and distract

from a level of intimacy. Two factors that currently exist in the North of 45th Street neighborhoods.

9 White Light Safety, p.210 White Light Safety, p.311 White Light Safety, p.5

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High Pressure Sodium Light vs LED Street Light12

Items High Pressure Sodium Light - HPS LED Street Light

Photometric Performance

Bad Excellent

Radiator Performance Bad Excellent

Electric Performance Electric Shock Easy (High Voltage)Safe (Low

Voltage)

Working Life Short (5,000 hours)Quite Long

(>50,000 hours)

Working Voltage Range Narrow (±7%) Wide (±20%)

Power Consumption Quite High Quite Low

Startup Speed Quite Slow (Over 10 minutes)Rapid (2

seconds)

Strobe Yes (Alternating Current Drive)No (Direct

Current Drive)

Optical Efficiency Low High

Color Index / Distinguish Bad, Ra <50 (The Color Of Object Is Good, Ra >75

12 http://www.dmxledlights.com/OutdoorLighting/StreetLightsLU1/Comparison_HPS_vs_LED_Street_Lights.html

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Feature Faith, Boring, Hypnosis)(The Color Of Object Is Fresh, Veritable And Comfortable)

Color TemperatureQuite Low (Yellow Or Amber ,

Uncomfortable)

Ideal Color Temperature (Comfortable)

Bad Glare Strong Glare (Dazzle)No Harmful

Glare

Light Pollution Strong No

Heating Serious (>300°C)Cold Light

(<60°C)

Lampshade Turn Dark Easy (Absorb Dust) No (Static Proof)

Lamp Aging Turn Yellow In A Short Time No

Shockproof Performance

Bad (Fragile)Good (No

Filament Nor Glass)

Environment Pollution Contains Lead Element Etc. No

Maintenance Cost High Quite Low

Product Cubage BigSmall (Slim

Appearance)

Product Weight Heavy Light

Cost-Effective Low High

Integrated Performance Bad Excellent

As one can analyze from the chart above, LED tends to be much more efficient in many regards.

This section requires little elaboration, as the movement to switch to LED have already been set into

motion. When it comes time to advocate this technology, little persuasion is necessary.

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Design:

This section comes from a document produced by the Illuminating Engineering Society called

Lighting for Exterior Environments, and outlines fundamentals to consider when implementing a system

outside. The document was provided to me by one of my mentors, Jeff Robbins, who runs the Lighting

Design Lab for Seattle City Light. According to him, the manual carriers much validity in the field of

lighting design.

To begin, it is important to note that the eye works differently at low levels of light as opposed

to high levels. It typically takes around 30 minutes to adapt to darkness, while light adaptation typically

happens very quickly; usually within a minute.13 Visual adaptation when moving from a brightly lit area

to a dark one takes a bit of time. This adaptation time has large safety implications. Transitions from a

brightly lit or very dark environment to the opposite will cause a loss of visual acuity; this effect is

worsened with age. Good lighting design should create smooth transitions between the dark night

outside and bright interior lighting / vice versa. This will minimize adaptation and smooth the transition

better.14Considering the amount of dark pockets in the neighborhood and infrequent spacing, it is hard

for the eye to adapt to this setting. It is conceivable that criminals waiting for people coming out of their

residencies have been lingering in the dark for some time and have an advantage in this regard.

When considering the design of any lighting project, some basic requirements must be satisfied:

Permit reasonable uses of outdoor lighting for night-time safety, utility, security, productivity,

enjoyment and commerce. (currently not satisfied)

13 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.114 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.6

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Conserve energy and resources to the greatest extent possible (currently not satisfied due to

reliance on HPS)

Minimize adverse offsite impacts including glare and obtrusive light (not satisfied in many areas

with HPS)

Help protect the natural environment from the adverse effects of night lighting from electric

sources. (nonexistent)

Help preserve the dark night sky for astronomy and enjoyment (unfeasible for a metropolitan

area)15

As a rule of thumb, the equivalent of full moonlight should be considered adequate (.01 fc) unless

there are special requirements for higher levels of illumination in sensitive areas16; which, in the case of

the North of 45th community, there are. It is in a residential neighborhood prone to crime. According to

Jeff, a neighborhood should typically have around 2 fc with even distribution of light; the latter being

extremely important. Furthermore, the consistency of light is essential; especially when designing

lighting for a community. One must consider the context of the situation, and how that relates to the

theme of the neighborhood.17

The theme of this neighborhood is primarily walkway lighting, as it is a dense, student area on the

southern end of 50th street, and an older residential neighborhood north of 50th street.

When designing for this setting, spacing is essential; especially, since a large amount of dense

shrubbery exists to limit the spacing’s effectiveness and distribution spread of light. This is something

that the street lights deal with on a regular basis in the community. Overall, street lighting may not be

ideal for a community in itself. There should be proper sidewalk illumination, and the luminance ratios

15 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.216 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.317 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.32

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should be related to the roadway since motorist visibility is critical to maintaining civic safety.18 In the

north of 45th neighborhood, large streetlights are the only source to be found. As mentioned in the

introduction, many are burnt out, covered, and inadequately spaced; countering what this book is

suggesting in terms of proper design. Paralleling the intimacy factor highlighted the first section,

inadequate spacing/spread of light, and type of bulb, all factor into the situation being far from ideal.

An important factor of urban design when considering lighting is how the light can be created to

highlight elements and features within the community. Highlighting building facades, illuminating

landscape elements, and accenting trees and plantings can add to the dimensionality and context of the

nighttime scene, while creating visibility from a great distance. 19 The current situation in the

neighborhood, as mentioned prior, consists of tall street lamps being covered most of the time by

branches. If a light pole of ~ 10 feet could be implemented midway on the existing fixtures, this would

cause the spread and distribution of light to become even, and highlight the trees from a bottom up

perspective; creating a light path below the canopy. This would require the city to act further than just

implementing LEDs on the existing structures. Update: since the city showed little interest in even

replacing burnt out lights in the area upon doing my surveys, little hope seems to be put in this

direction. But, there is a chance for private organizations.

Some communities, and organizations may want to promote their building’s character; attracting

attention to the structure. Well-designed façade lighting can make a significant, favorable impact with a

minimal investment. Light can enhance the intrinsic charm, beauty and utility of many settings.20

This would be ideal for the Greek community, as many of the fraternity buildings are old, English

Tutor Style homes with inadequate lighting highlighting the building’s character and charm. My

18 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.3819 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.3720 Lighting for Exterior Environments p.38

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fraternity in particular has accent lighting outside of it, but it is not enough, and the lighting is poorly

designed in regards to the principles mentioned above.

In conclusion, if the city cannot upgrade the fixtures on the grid, improving the spread at that level,

possibly the private organizations can upgrade their fixtures to increase the luminosity from their

property outwards onto the street. Given that LEDs are cheaper and more efficient, this could be used

as an argument to sway an upgrade to that system; saving costs overall. Furthermore, the aesthetic

design appeal of creating perimeter lighting would make this even more feasible, as costs would be cut

down. Having the buildings look beautiful at all hours of the day would surely attract people to the

structures more, thus improving rush statistics possibly for the organizations.

Lastly, crime is no secret in the area, and was a main concern of many parents (including my

own) who had children joining my fraternity. We had intricate discussions about this for nearly four

years. If lighting is improved around the property, not only would the aesthetic appeal increase, but the

level of informal surveillance, as well. A solid argument could be made in this direction.

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Bibliography:

Clarke, R. V. G. Improving Street Lighting to Reduce Crime in Residential Areas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2008. 1-62.

"Comparison Chart HPS vs. LED Street Lights." Comparison Chart HPS Light vs LED Street Light. 2015. Accessed June 7, 2015.

Farrington, Welsh, David P., Brandon. "Effects of Improved Street Lighting on Crime: A Systematic Review." In Home Office Research Study 251, 1-60. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, 2002.

Lighting for Exterior Environments: An IESNA Recommended Practice. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2014.

Moore, Eli, and Swati Prakash. "Streetlights and Community Safety." In Measuring What Matters Neighborhood Research for Economic and Environmental Health and Justice in Richmond, North Richmond, and San Pablo. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2009.

Morante, Peter. "Mesopic Street Lighting Demonstration and Evaluation." <i>Lighting Research Center</i> Final Report (208): 1-70.

Pedestrian Planning and Design Guide. Wellington, N.Z.: Land Transport New Zealand, 2009. 188.

Street Design Manual. Second ed. New York City: New York City Department of Transportation, 2013. 1-264.

"UWPD Annual Report." 2014. Accessed June 7, 2015. http://police.uw.edu/crimedata/annualreport/.

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Methods

Initial Assessment / Collaborations / Networking:

When I was hired for the HNI position, I knew I would have the networking ability to begin

talking with shareholders invested in the community. I first brought up the project idea to my

supervisors for the position, Aaron Hoard (Director of Community and Regional Relations for the UW)

and Elizabeth Lewis (Director of Community Standards and Student Conduct) and was given the thumbs

up to initiate the project over the year.

My first source of outreach was my fraternity, Zeta Psi. I discussed the idea with my pledge

brother and current chapter president, Jerry Wang, and made sure I had at least one organization’s

support. It was essential to pitch the idea by my chapter first to get a feel for what people would say

about the situation. Also, it was important to have a foundation if anything else.

The next target of assessment was discussing the issue with the University Park Community

Club. This is the neighborhood association for the community, led by Ruedi Risler and Kent Williams

(also an alumni from my fraternity). I tried discussing the issue with the members, but they passed me

off and seemed to not be too interested in helping. The area north of 50 th, their concern, is not where

the crime primarily happens; so, this ultimately was not much of a loss in terms of support.

Furthermore, they were well aware of the lighting issue, just unwilling to act.

For HNI I was required to join the ASUW Safety Committee led by Tyler Wu (now the ASUW

President). In addition to other students on the committee, the UWPD also attended regularly. I

brought up the idea of lighting at the first meeting and everyone unanimously agreed to it being an

important issue and offered their support; including Officer Pratt and Officer Bolding of the UWPD. I

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created a lighting subcommittee for this; however, after autumn quarter, people began to not show up

and this area of focus died down despite my efforts. Though, I still could use it as a validation in my

newsletter the Bark.

The Bark is a newsletter that I wrote and edited for the community. It was distributed by myself

and the other HNI team members monthly to around 350 households. Depending on the articles

written, we changed our focus to either the southern or northern part of the community. I began

addressing the lighting issue slowly in the paper and increased the length to full length articles once

things began moving forward with the project; especially, after I hosted the Night Walk. It was essential

to plant the seed in people’s minds about the issue via this and continue advocacy via repetition so that

when the time came around to act, it would not be out of the blue. However, this was if the grid was

the focus; which, at this time, I thought was.

I also collaborated with the Interfraternity Council and Panhellenic chapters via their meetings.

For this I did several speeches at their meetings asking for support and attendance during the Night

Walk. The IFC tended to show more interest, possibly because I mentioned that I used to be an active

member of Zeta Psi.

Lastly, via HNI I managed our Facebook account. I built and increased the network, ultimately

stimulating 300+ additional likes to the page. Via this I posted updates about the lighting project and

tried to stimulate discussion. However, people did not respond to the posts, as I assessed with other

group pages, so this medium began to prove unsuccessful early on.

My focus overall with these networking attempts was to begin putting the idea in people’s

minds, which worked much better in person instead of email. I tried both, the former being extremely

time consuming; however, if I could not capture a voice of support, it would be very hard to get the city

invested in fixing the issue. I would try this out via the Night Walk to see how many community

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members would show up, and desire to be a part of this process after my various, frequent networking

attempts.

Site Surveys:

My first attempt at a site survey was the Night Walk, hosted on December 8th, 2014. I

networked adamantly for nearly two straight months to reach the point where I felt comfortable hosting

a survey of the neighborhood. The purpose of the walk was to write down the number of burnt out light

poles, address the areas of darkness/in need of additional lighting, address overgrowth of lighting

fixtures, and then submit the data to the city (Seattle City Light and Parks).

I made several plans based on the turnout number. Ten routes were created:

Route 1: 15th/16th Avenue’s Alley, all 45th Street to Ravenna Blvd

Route 2: 16th Avenue

Route 3: 16th/17th Avenue’s Alley

Route 4: 17th Avenue

Route 5: 17th/18th Avenue’s Alley and 56th Street

Route 6: 18th Avenue and 55th Street to 20th Avenue

Route 7: 19th Avenue and 55th PL

Route 8: 20th Avenue and 50th Street

Route 9: 21st Avenue to 54th Street then south back on 47th Street

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Route 10: 18th and 19th Avenue’s Alley

I broke these routes into team numbers based on turnouts of 10, 20, 30, and 40. People would

be provided a flashlight, a clipboard, the chart that I created with a map of the community, instructions,

and contact info, and the paper to write down the information (burnt out light #, comments, etc on).

Unfortunately, despite my networking efforts, only two people showed up. However,

something valuable did come. One man addressed me prior to the event’s set time. His name is Jeff

Robbins. Jeff is not only an alumni from my fraternity, class of 1963, but also one of the leads of the

Lighting Design Lab. Jeff came to let me know that the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute would be

hosting a lighting survey on December 17th to gauge people’s perception of safety between LED and HPS

lighting; exactly what I was researching via my literature at the time. After talking with him further, I

realized that we both shared the same interest: improving lighting eventually in the community. He had

the same ideas as me, and was the only other person I met at that point invested. More importantly, he

was in a position of much more power than myself to affect change.

While Jeff and I were talking, another man showed up named John Feltis. John is an alumni

from the fraternity across the street from Zeta Psi, Alpha Delta Phi, and the IFC alumni president and

lead of Diversified Lighting LLC; working to upgrade stadium fixtures like Safeco Field and Husky

Stadium.

After Jeff left, John and I executed our own Night Walk, primarily analyzing 19 th Avenue. We

discussed possibly talking to Greek chapters to improve the lighting situation on their property

independently, since he informed me of how long of a process going through the city would be and his

attempts at doing so himself. However, at this time, we were still focused on the grid. He gave

suggestions about implementing lamp fixtures midway on the current structures possibly, which he was

advocating.

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We spent around two hours analyzing the area, and I parted ways with two of my most valuable

contacts and future mentors.

As a second survey, I attended the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s lighting survey on the 17 th

to see what the results would be. I met Jeff and John there again, and we went around to several

parking lots on campus (one by Gould Hall, another at Husky Stadium’s southern parking lot, and a third

also near Gould). We made note of our perception of safety, level of brightness, comfort, etc. Overall

the event lasted around an hour and a half. The findings unanimously showed that LED was a favored

light, causing less glare and an increased sense of safety; what my literature review had showcased, as

well.

The second Night Walk was hosted on February 11th, 2015 and thankfully, due to more

networking in person and better timing (not during dead week), a good turnout happened. Twenty

three total attended, including

the UWPD, University Park

community members, and

students (primarily from Greek

chapters). One of the Greek

members, from my fraternity,

interviewed me and wrote an

article in the daily about the

event, as well.

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I organized the teams, and sent them off on their way; the event lasted about an hour, with me waiting

on the median of 17th Avenue between 45th and 47th Streets.

Upon collecting people’s data sheets, there was found to be a total of 13 burnt out lights, 23

trees with overgrowth, and many felt unsafe/the entire area needed more lighting (especially on 16 th,

18th, 19th, and 21st Avenues). Several groups actually felt unsafe continuing north past 47th street on 18th

avenue and returned to me asking if they could take another route.

Once I had the light pole numbers coinciding with burnt out and overgrowth, I submitted the

data to the city and followed up rigorously. However, I received no response each time, and was forced

to begin rethinking the project’s angle of approach. Twenty three members was a great turn out, but I

needed a stronger level of support if I wanted to go through the city, and the city was already proving to

not act. I reflected back on the talk with John during our personal Night Walk in December, and began

thinking that maybe the private sector would be the best approach.

After this, I brought the idea to Aaron Hoard, who suggested that I put together a lighting packet

to Greek organizations and begin the approach that way. The key would be to sell the data to them

when the time was right. I would need to collect hard evidence in addition to having people’s

perceptions.

From this point, I began discussing the private approach with Jeff and John. I turned my focus to

fraternity chapters, not sororities, primarily due to time constraint and networking ability. John is the

IFC alumni president, so we could easily work with fraternities and advocate this idea at meetings. Also,

I know the structure of fraternities, and how alumni and active members work (it is quite different in a

sorority). If we can get the alumni on board with the idea, it will be executed.

For this, I needed to acquire hard data in regards to the actual level of darkness. In my literature

review I mentioned that Jeff said 2 foot-candles, with an even distribution of light, tends to be ideal for

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residential neighborhoods. The Greek System is far less than this. Many roads ended up having no

lights (burnt out, or merely nonexistent), and where I could get readings in front of properties, the

average tended to be less than 1 foot-candle. I analyzed all the chapters minus those on 17 th avenue

(due to being properly lit) and 22nd avenue (only one fraternity and also properly lit). I could not go up

onto the property, so I took readings on the sidewalks and alleys; essentially the perimeter of each

house. Jeff recommended taking readings every ten paces or so. In dark spots, or out front of the door,

I took a picture to coincide with the reading. This is to showcase that even if it may seem light enough,

at a distance, it is insufficient.

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Fraternity Foot-Candle Assessments:

Alpha Delta Phi (47th street and 21st avenue)

Readings (from right to left): .03 (pic), .06, .06, .07 (pic side), .39, .32, .16 (pic),

.03, .04, .04 (front corner pic), .02, .02, .05, .07 (pic), .15

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Alpha Sigma Phi (47th street and 19th avenue)

Readings (beginning on bottom left): .03 (pic), .05, .18, .28 (front pic), .63, 1.3, 1.08, .69 (corner pic), .56, .8 (pic side stair), .2, .13, .13, .25 (side door pic), .09, .32, .31, .42, .8, 1.06 (pic)

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Delta Chi (19th avenue and 47th street)

Readings: .9 (pic), .3, .07, .07 (front pic), .13, .23. .24, .14 (corner pic), .54, .53, .65 (pic)

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Delta Tau Delta (19th Avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .07 (pic), .02 (pic), .03, .06, .07 (pic), .04

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Delta Upsilon (47th street between 18th and 19th avenue)

Readings: .05 (pic), .3, .8, .879 (front pic), .9, .9, .4 (pic)

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Lambda Chi Alpha (19th Avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .47 (pic), 1.2, 3.7, 3.3, .09 (front pic), .35, .01 (pic)

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Phi Delta Theta (47th street on the corner of 21st avenue)

Readings: .23 (pic), .2, .1, .23, .18, .12, .07 (pic corner), .26, .06, .15 (sign pic), .2 (front stair pic), .05, .02 (pic), .06, .03, .03 (parking lot ent pic), .01 (pic), .07, .16 (corner pic)

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Phi Kappa Psi (on 47th street’s corner where 21st avenue loops around a hill to 22nd avenue)

Readings: .52 (pic under streetlight), .29, .1 (front pic), .05, .03 (pic)

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Phi Kappa Tau (on 47th street between 18th and 19th avenues)

Readings: .8, 1, 1.5, 2.6, 4.1 (pic), 2.6, 1 (pic), .1 (pic), .07 (pic), .06, .07 (front pic), .2, .37 (pic under streetlight), .05, .1, .09, .19, .3 (pic)

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Phi Kappa Theta (on 18th avenue between 47th and 50th street)

Readings: 1.8 (pic), 1.2, .87, .73, .96

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Pi Kappa Alpha (21st avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .03 (pic), .04, .05 (front pic), .05, .04 (pic), .02

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Psi Upsilon (on 47th street between 18th and 19th avenues)

Readings: .9 (alley pic), .5, .5, .16, .1 (pic), .3, .06 (corner pic), .02, .03 (front pic), .03, .03, .05, .01 (pic), .1, .03, .02 (pic), .18, .5 (pic)

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Sigma Phi Epsilon (47th street between 20th and 21st avenues)

Readings: .06 (pic), .3, .01 (trash pic), .63, .45 (pic), .02, 0 (pic), .004, .02, .02, .02 (pic), .02, .02, .07, .08 (pic), .25, .55 (under streetlight), .4 (corner pic), .12 (front door pic), .3, .08

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Tau Kappa Epsilon (21st avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .27 (pic), .22, .09, .08 (front pic), .1, .26, .28

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Theta Delta Chi (on 19th avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .7 (pic), 1.38 (pic), .84, .48 (front pic), .3, .18 (pic)

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Zeta Beta Tau (on 21st avenue between 45th and 47th streets)

Readings: .04 (pic), .06, .17, .17, .15 (front pic), .18 (pic)

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Zeta Psi (on the corner of 21st avenue and 47th street)

Readings: .18 (pic), .32, .32, .12, .07, .05 (front pic), .09, .23, .46, .66 (corner pic), .05 (pic), .36, .2, .05, .03, .1 (side door pic), .01, .01 (pic), .01 (townee parking lot pic)

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After analyzing the above photos, one should make note not only of the average being far below

the recommended 2 foot-candles, but also note that even at the front door and under street lights the

number does not reach 1 foot-candle, despite being bright in a majority of the cases.

Proposed Solution

Now that I have collected the foot-candle data and organized it, I will meet with John to present

the data to the IFC alumni by the end of June 2015. Once the argument is formulated and presented to

the chapters, we can assess how many chapters will be interested in alleviating this problem. Once that

has been achieved, and we know how many desire to partake in an upgrade, we can narrow down the

specifics: lighting style, location, cost, etc.

The argument we are creating centers on the process of ‘rush,’ the signing of men to potentially join the

house once a mutual pairing of interests has been made:

Lighting will improve the aesthetic appeal of fraternities at night, thus stimulating more

attention on the organizations.

Lighting is linked to increasing formal and informal surveillance, improving visibility will

hopefully limit crime around the property. An area being well lit, causing an increased

perception of safety will hopefully improve the rush process in terms of parents allowing their

boys to join.

LED lighting is an overall efficient, wise upgrade: money can be saved, aesthetics can be

improved upon, even if more fixtures are added.

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The act will go to increase the common good of the neighborhood. Once people are more

comfortable being out later, and can see down the road clearly, not only can crime decrease,

but subtle things such as cleanliness and damaged infrastructure will be noticed more

throughout the day. Slowly these problems can potentially be eliminated. Furthermore, as

people desire to be out later, a stronger sense of overall community in the neighborhood can

develop. More positive activity at all times of the day = more interaction of human beings.

When the private organizations become aware of this situation, hopefully their voice can be

structured as investment will have occurred. Eventually, once enough light has been shed on

awareness of the issue, the city may act to upgrade the grid’s design.

Conclusion

This has been an overall extremely rewarding experience, and I’m glad I took the initiative to

start it and stick with it. I learned many valuable lessons in the realm of community organizing, and

lessons about our society, overall.

To begin, I want to start with lessons about society that I’ve noticed. First, networking in person

is essential; even if it is just to convey the message of an event. Emails are ignored and people do not

follow up even if they do commit to an event via that medium. It is best to always shake someone’s

hand and have verbal commitment if something desired is to be accomplished.

Also, networking is time consuming. Attending meetings to do a 10-15 minute speech requires

setting up the meeting (a time consuming process to go through the right networks), sitting in on the

meeting, and talking to everyone before and afterwards in order to ensure one is creating a positive

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image and making proper social connections. If one leaves too soon, people are more likely to dismiss

the information and/or not take an active interest. Personal connection is everything. Also, having a

title, or position of power (working for the UW) is a great boost when scheduling things or having people

listen.

Furthermore, even after these connections are made, those who one advocated to are all that

one really advocated to. The people in the same organizations may not come out to join events or feel

invested; it takes much more time to begin to break down the organization’s ladder. Time and

repetition are essential. If one does not sustain the connection, carefully timing encounters, it will also

weaken the potential or cause things to die slowly in potential. People like to see results coming fast in

American society. If one doesn’t time the delivery of information to be close enough to the delivery of a

solution, interest will be lost. In planning for the first Night Walk, I spread things out too much.

However, in the second, I streamlined everything within two weeks, and ended up catching and

maintaining people’s attention. Also, the timing with finals may have been important, but I don’t

necessarily believe that was it. This is why I have yet to propose the solution to fraternities; the data

and argument needed to be collected and organized. Jeff, John, and Aaron all recognize this.

Also, the common good, while many people love to speak of it, is only good if something is

personally good, as well. Whether that be personal passion or investment to the situation, the concept

alone is not enough to sell. Possibly because the city is doing little to enhance this image, people have

given up hope or do not feel their time would even be worth it. However, if something can be sold that

will potentially benefit the organization overall in terms of saving money and improving membership,

one has a greater chance of progressing with a desired result. I’m looking forward to seeing the next

steps.

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In terms of myself, I learned to be very patient with the process and learned how to adapt when

context changes. I became very discontent when I realized that the city was not invested, and despite

my work collecting data, it was ultimately ignored. When I returned to the situation, more lights were

burnt out and the situation seemed to be a dead end. However, with a positive mindset and a strong

will, one can adapt and switch to target a new focus. Changing the angle of approach is essential, as

these sorts of things rely on people’s emotions; pragmatism is a huge benefit.

Also, something worth it never comes easy. Despite this being best for all involved, one has to

work to prove why it is the best. People have different values, and students in this area, despite loving

their organizations, will be moving out rather quickly. The community here is extremely liquid, and

looking at the liquid elements is not the right approach. Long term solutions that involve a heavy

amount of time are not easy to sell. However, if one can target the organization overall (alumni), who

have their minds on the bigger picture, results can potentially be achieved.

I’d like to end by thanking everyone who helped me in this process and those who are

continuing to do so. I will continue working on this project until the proposal is created, and the packets

begin to take form via working with individual fraternities. First the organizations will need to express

interest, then costs and designs can be formulated via Jeff and myself. This will continue throughout the

summer until I depart Seattle for Tokyo again, but I hope to find a successor to carry on what I’ve begun.

I’ve already set this up to be a sustained project within HNI, now that my time in the position is over;

hopefully, I can find some more angles as well. It would be a shame to not see what this could develop

into.

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