Senior Db a Questions

8/11/2019 Senior Db a Questions

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NIOR ORACLE DBA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS



tion 1. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een a hot $a#&up an a #ol $a#&up an the $ene'ts#iate %ith ea#h.e"(backup is basically taking a backup of the database while it is still up and running and it must be ine log mode. A cold backup is taking a backup of the database while it is shut down and does note being in archive log mode. The benefit of taking a hot backup is that the database is still availablee while the backup is occurring and you can recover the database to any point in time. The benefitng a cold backup is that it is typically easier to administer the backup and recovery process. Inon, since you are taking cold backups the database does not require being in archive log mode andhere will be a slight performance gain as the database is not cutting archive logs to disk.tion ). *ou ha+e ,ust ha to "esto"e -"o $a#&up an o not ha+e an/ #ont"ol 'les. 0o% /ou o a$out $"inin up this ata$ase2e"(d create a text based backup control file, stipulating where on disk all the data files where and then

the recover command with the using backup control file clause.tion 3. 0o% o /ou s%it#h -"o an init.o"a 'le to a sp'le2e"(the create spfile from pfile command.tion 4. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een a ata $lo#&5 an extent an a seent.e"(

a block is the smallest unit of logical storage for a database object. As objects grow they takeks of additional storage that are composed of contiguous data blocks. These groupings of uous data blocks are called extents. All the extents that an object takes when grouped together are

dered the segment of the database object.tion 6. 7i+e t%o exaples o- ho% /ou iht ete"ine the st"u#tu"e o- the ta$le DE8T.e"(

he describe command or use the dbms!metadata.get!ddl package.tion 9. Whe"e %oul /ou loo& -o" e""o"s -"o the ata$ase enine2e"(

alert log.



tion :. Copa"e an #ont"ast TRUNCATE an DELETE -o" a ta$le.e"(he truncate and delete command have the desired outcome of getting rid of all the rows in a table.ifference between the two is that the truncate command is a ##$ operation and just moves the highmark and produces a now rollback. The delete command, on the other hand, is a #%$ operation,will produce a rollback and thus take longer to complete.tion ;. 7i+e the "easonin $ehin usin an inex.e"(r access to data blocks in a table.tion <. 7i+e the t%o t/pes o- ta$les in+ol+e in p"ou#in a sta" s#hea an the t/pe o- atahol.e"(ables and dimension tables. A fact table contains measurements while dimension tables will containhat will help describe the fact tables.

tion 1=. What t/pe o- inex shoul /ou use on a -a#t ta$le2e"(

map index.tion 11. 7i+e t%o exaples o- "e-e"ential inte"it/ #onst"aints.e"(

mary key and a foreign key.tion 1). A ta$le is #lassi'e as a pa"ent ta$le an /ou %ant to "op an "e>#"eate it. 0o% /ou o this %ithout a!e#tin the #hil"en ta$les2e"(le the foreign key constraint to the parent, drop the table, re'create the table, and enable the foreignonstraint.tion 13. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een ARC0IVELO7 oe an NOARC0IVELO7e an the $ene'ts an isa+antaes to ea#h.e"(

*I+$- mode is a mode that you can put the database in for creating a backup of all transactions

ave occurred in the database so that you can recover to any point in time. /-A()*I+$- modeically the absence of A()*I+$- mode and has the disadvantage of not being able to recover tooint in time. /-A()*I+$- mode does have the advantage of not having to write transactions tochive log and thus increases the performance of the database slightly.tion 14. What #oan %oul /ou use to #"eate a $a#&up #ont"ol 'le2e"(( #ATA"A0 "A)12 )-/T(-$&I$ T- T(A)



tion 16. 7i+e the staes o- instan#e sta"tup to a usa$le state %he"e no"al use"s a/ a##ess

e"(TA(T2 /-%-/T ' Instance startupT( #ATA"A0 %-/T ' The database is mountedT( #ATA"A0 -2/ ' The database is openedtion 19. What #olun i!e"entiates the V? +ie%s to the 7V? +ie%s an ho%2e"(

/0T!I# column which indicates the instance in a (A) environment the information came from.tion 1:. 0o% %oul /ou o a$out ene"atin an E@8LAIN plan2e"(e a plan table with utlxplan.sql.he explain plan set statement!id 3 4tst54 into plan!table for a 06$ statementat the explain plan with utlxplp.sql or utlxpls.sql

tion 1;. 0o% %oul /ou o a$out in#"easin the $u!e" #a#he hit "atio2e"(

he buffer cache advisory over a given workload and then query the v7db!cache!advice table. If ae was necessary then I would use the alter system set db!cache!si8e command.tion 1<. Explain an ORA>=1666e"(et this error when you get a snapshot too old within rollback. It can usually be solved by increasing

ndo retention or increasing the si8e of rollbacks. 9ou should also look at the logic involved in theation getting the error message.tion )=. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een ?ORACLE0OE an ?ORACLEBASE.e"(

)$!"A0 is the root directory for oracle. -(A)$!*-% located beneath -(A)$!"A0 ise the oracle products reside.tion )1. 0o% %oul /ou ete"ine the tie one une" %hi#h a ata$ase %as ope"atin2e"(

#"TI%:-/ from dual;tion )). Explain the use o- settin 7LOBALNAES eual to TRUE.e"(g 7LOBALNAES dictates how you might connect to a database. This variable is either T( or and if it is set to T( it enforces database links to have the same name as the remote databasech they are linking.



tion )3. What #oan %oul /ou use to en#"/pt a 8LSQL appli#ation2e"(

2tion )4. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een a FUNCTION5 8ROCEDURE an 8ACGA7E.e"(

ction and procedure are the same in that they are intended to be a collection of 2$=06$ code thats a single task. <hile a procedure does not have to return any values to the calling application, aon will return a single value. A package on the other hand is a collection of functions and proceduresre grouped together based on their commonality to a business function or application.tion )6. Explain the use o- ta$le -un#tions.e"(functions are designed to return a set of rows through 2$=06$ logic but are intended to be used as

mal table or view in a 06$ statement. They are also used to pipeline information in an T$ process.tion )9. Nae th"ee a+iso"/ statisti#s /ou #an #olle#t.

e"(r )ache Advice, 0egment $evel 0tatistics, > Timed 0tatisticstion ):. Whe"e in the O"a#le i"e#to"/ t"ee st"u#tu"e a"e auit t"a#es pla#e2e"(x 7-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=audit,ndows the event viewer tion );. Explain ate"ialie +ie%s an ho% the/ a"e use.e"(iali8ed views are objects that are reduced sets of information that have been summari8ed, grouped,

gregated from base tables. They are typically used in data warehouse or decision support systems.tion )<. When a use" p"o#ess -ails5 %hat $a#&"oun p"o#ess #leans up a-te" it2e"(

/tion 3=. What $a#&"oun p"o#ess "e-"eshes ate"ialie +ie%s2e"(

ob 6ueue 2rocesses.tion 31. 0o% %oul /ou ete"ine %hat sessions a"e #onne#te an %hat "esou"#es the/%aitin -o"2

e"(



f +7000I-/ and +7000I-/!<AITtion Question 3). Des#"i$e %hat "eo los a"e.e"(logs are logical and physical structures that are designed to hold all the changes made to aase and are intended to aid in the recovery of a database.tion 33. 0o% %oul /ou -o"#e a lo s%it#h2e"(( 090T% 0<IT)* $-&I$;tion 34. 7i+e t%o ethos /ou #oul use to ete"ine %hat DDL #hanes ha+e $een ae.e"(ould use $ogminer or 0treamstion 36. What oes #oales#in a ta$lespa#e o2e"(scing is only valid for dictionary'managed tablespaces and de'fragments space by combining

boring free extents into large single extents.tion 39. What is the i!e"en#e $et%een a TE8ORAR* ta$lespa#e an a 8ERANENTspa#e2e"(porary tablespace is used for temporary objects such as sort structures while permanentpaces are used to store those objects meant to be used as the true objects of the database.tion 3:. Nae a ta$lespa#e autoati#all/ #"eate %hen /ou #"eate a ata$ase.e"(90T% tablespace.tion 3;. When #"eatin a use"5 %hat pe"issions ust /ou "ant to allo% the toe#t to the ata$ase2e"(the )-//)T to the user.tion 3<. 0o% o /ou a a ata 'le to a ta$lespa#e2e"(

( TA"$02A) @tablespace!name A## #ATA&I$ @datafile!name 0I: @si8etion 4=. 0o% o /ou "esie a ata 'le2e"(



( #ATA"A0 #ATA&I$ @datafile!name (0I: @new!si8e;tion 41. What +ie% %oul /ou use to loo& at the sie o- a ata 'le2e"(#ATA!&I$0tion 4). What +ie% %oul /ou use to ete"ine -"ee spa#e in a ta$lespa#e2e"(&(!02A)tion 43. 0o% %oul /ou ete"ine %ho has ae a "o% to a ta$le2e"(

on fine grain auditing for the table.tion 44. 0o% #an /ou "e$uil an inex2e"(( I/#B @index!name ("I$# -/$I/;tion 46. Explain 8a"titionin an $ene'ts o- usin 8a"tionin.

e"(oning is a method of taking large tables and indexes and splitting them into smaller, moregeable pieces.tion 49. *ou ha+e ,ust #opile a 8LSQL pa#&ae $ut ot e""o"s5 ho% %oul /ou +ie% thes2e"(

< ((-(0tion 4:. 0o% #an /ou athe" statisti#s on a ta$le2e"(/A$9: command or #"%0!0TAT package.tion 4;. 0o% #an /ou ena$le a t"a#e -o" a session2e"(

he #"%0!000I-/.0T!06$!T(A) or se( 000I-/ 0T 06$!T(A) 3 T(;tion 4<. What is the i!e"en#e $et%een the SQLHLoae" an I8ORT utilities2

e"(e two -racle utilities are used for loading data into the database. The difference is that the importrelies on the data being produced by another -racle utility B2-(T while the 06$C$oader utility



s data to be loaded that has been produced by other utilities from different data sources just so longonforms to A0)II formatted or delimited files.tion 6=. Nae t%o 'les use -o" net%o"& #onne#tion to a ata$ase.e"(A%0.-(A and 06$/T.-(Ation 61. Explain i!e"en#e $et%een O"a#le Data$ase an Instan#ee"(e database consist of followingDatafiles, )ontrol &iles, (edo $og &ilese instance consist of followingD0A and -racle processes E#"<(, $<(, 0%-/, 2%-/, A()*, )12T, etc.Ftion 6). What is utatin Ta$le e""o"2e"(ing table error happens when you try to modify the same row you are using it. se temp table to

this error.tion 63. What is #o""elate su$>ue"/2e"(ated sub'query is a sub'query, which has reference to the main querytion 64. Whi#h one o- the $elo% #hane %ill e#"ease 8A7IN7SWA88IN7e"(/)(A0 0-(T!A(A!(TAI/#!0I:DECREASE S0ARED8OOLSIE J#o""e#t ans%e"K#)(A0 -2/!)(0-(0 parameters/)(A0 #"!)A)*!0I:tion 66. Explain steps in+ol+e in i"ation -"o O"a#le <.=.1 to <.).=.9e"(

0hutdown .J.5 databaseApply software patch to new=old -(A)$!*-%)hange -(A)$!*-% to point to new .K.J.L binaries

TA(T2 %I(ATN-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=admin=catpatch.sqlN-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=admin=utlrp.sql)hange init.ora parameter )-%2ATI"$ 3 .K.J.L

hutdown and startup normaltion 69. Can /ou #"eate ata$ase une" an/ Unix use"i $esies o"a#le2e"(

9ou can create database user other then oracle as long as that user is part of #"A group in unix



tion 6:. Lo#all/ anae TE8 Ta$lespa#e is 1== FULL an the"e is no spa#e a+aila$le toata'le to in#"ease TE8 ta$lespa#e. What #an /ou o that iht -"ee up TE8 spa#e2e"(an try one of the following to free up T%2 spacessue A$TT( TA"$02A) 2)TI/)(A0 5 followed by$TT( TA"$02A) 2)TI/)(A0 J command;

)lose some of the idle sessions connected to the databasetion 6;. List '+e ost ipo"tant -eatu"es o- O"a#le <ie"(

AT-%ATI) /#- %A/A%/#T-%ATI) 2A %%-(9 %A/A%/T

%$TI'TA"$ I/0(T statementsBT(/A$ TA"$09/A%I) %%-(9 %A/A%/T

tion 6<. Nae '+e top <I init.o"a pa"aete"s a!e#tin pe"-o"an#ee"(

)(0-(!0*A(I/"!)A)*!0I:A!A(AT!TA(T

<-(1A(A!0I:!2-$I)9"!5L1!)A)*!0I:, #"!P1!)A)*!0I:, #"!K1!)A)*!0I:tion 9=. 0o% o /ou "e#o+e" ata$ase %hen /ou lost all o- /ou" #ont"ol 'les2e"(ase of loss of loss of all control files, you can still recover database as long as you have all

hivelog files. 9ou can issue following command to recover the database.)-+( #ATA"A0 0I/ "A)12 )-/T(-$&I$0 /TI$ )A/)$;

Apply all archivelog files$T( #ATA"A0 -2/ (0T$-0;*T#-</ I%%#IAT;

"ackup database E)-$#FTA(T2;tion 91. What is ain pu"pose o- C0ECG8OINT2e"(

eckpoint is a database event, which synchroni8es the data blocks in memory with the datafiles on disk.ckpoint has two purposesDo establish data consistency

nable faster database recovery.tion 9). *ou ot a #all -"o Appli#ation tea sa/in Appli#ation is "unnin +e"/ SLOW.e o /ou sta"t loo&in '"st2e"(

w are some of very important you should gather to identify the root cause of slowness ination=database. (un a T-2 command in unix to see )2 usage Eidentify )2 killer processesF



+%0TAT, 0A(, and 2(0TAT command to get more information on )2 andory usage and possible blocking0TAT02A)1 report to identifyDT-2 M <AIT +/T0(0-() intensive 06$ statements

0TATI0TI)0 on affected tables needs to be re'generatedorly written statements are culprit, run a B2$AI/ 2$A/ on these statements andhether new index or use of *I/T brings the cost of 06$ down.tion 93. 0o% to SWITC0 -"o 8RIAR* to 80*SICAL STANDB* in <ie"(rm below on 2rimary #"D

5. A$T( #ATA"A0 )-%%IT T- 0<IT)*-+( T- 2*90I)A$ 0TA/#"9 <IT*000I-/ 0*T#-</;

K. 0*T#-</ I%%#IAT;G. 0TA(T2 /-%-/T;H. A$T( #ATA"A0 %-/T 0TA/#"9 #ATA"A0;M. ()-+( %A/A# 0TA/#"9 #ATA"A0 #I)-//)T &(-% 000I-/;L. A$T( 090% 0T $-!A()*I+!#0T!K!0TAT03 #&( 0)-2302&I$;

rm below on 0TA/#"9 #"DO. A$T( #ATA"A0 )-%%IT T- 0<IT)*-+( T- 2(I%A(9;P. 0*T#-</ I%%#IAT;. 0TA(T2;5J. A$T( 090% 0T $-!A()*I+!#0T!K!0TAT03 /A"$ 0)-2302&I$;

s time 0tandby becomes 2rimary and 2rimary becomes new 0tandby.tion 94. 0o% to ACTIVATE 80*SICAL STANDB* ata$ase in <i

e"(rm below on 2rimary #" if available to transfer all pending archive logs to standbyD5. A$T( 090T% 0<IT)* $-&I$;K. A$T( 090T% 0<IT)* $-&I$;

rm below on 0TA/#"9 #"D5. A$T( #ATA"A0 A)TI+AT 0TA/#"9 #ATA"A0;K. 0*T#-</ I%%#IAT;G. 0TA(T2H. Add T%2 file if needed.

s time 0tandby database becomes 2(I%A(9 database and relationship between 2rimary andby has been lost by activating standby database.tion 96. Explain i!e"ent p"ote#tion oe in DATA7URDe"(

%ABI%% 2(-T)TI-/ABI%% A+AI$I"I$IT9ABI%% 2(&-(%A/)tion 99. What is CASCADIN7 STANDB* ata$ase2e"(





8a"titionin sed to spread data evenly over partitions. 2ossible usageD data has no logicalings.a"titionin sed to list together unrelated data into partitions. 2ossible usageD a number of statesrtitioned into a region.posite Rane>0ash 2artitioning sed to range partition first, then spreads data into hash partitions.ble usageD range partition by date of birth then hash partition by name; store the results into thepartitions.posite Rane>List 2artitioning sed to range partition first, then spreads data into list partitions.ble usageD range partition by date of birth then list partition by state, then store the results into the

rtitions.

tion :6. 0o% to #on+e"t a Sinle Instan#e <i ata$ase to a Real Appli#ation Cluste"s <i JRACK$ase %ithout usin expo"tipo"t tools.e"( %ake a full database backup before you change anything

)opy the existing 7-(A)$!*-%=dbs=init@0I#5.ora to7-(A)$!*-%=dbs=init@db!name.ora. Add the following parameters to7-(A)$!*-%=dbs=init@db!name.oraD

a. C.cluster!database 3 T(b. C.cluster!database!instances 3 Kc. C.undo!management3AT- EAdd if you don4t have it Fd. @0I#5.undo!tablespace3undotbs Eundo tablespace which already existsFe. @0I#5.instance!name3(A)5f. @0I#5.instance!number35g. @0I#5.thread35h. @0I#5.local!listener3$I0T/(!(A)5

-pen your database and run 7-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=admin=catclust.sql to create cluster database specific views within the existing instance(ecreate control file if you defined maxinstances to be 5 when you created the single instance

databaseAdd instance specific parameters in the init@db!name.ora for the second instance on thesecond node and set appropriate values for it

a. @0I#K.instance!name3(A)Kb. @0I#K.instance!number3Kc. @0I#K.local!listener3$I0T/(!(A)Kd. @0I#K.thread3Ke. @0I#K.undo!tablespace3/#-T"0Kf. @0I#K.cluster!database 3 T(g. @0I#K.cluster!database!instances 3 K

&rom the first instance, mount the database and run the following commandalter databaseadd logfile thread Kgroup G E4=dev=(A)=redoK!J5!5JJ.dbf4F si8e 5JJ%,group H E4=dev=(A)=redoK!JK!5JJ.dbf4F si8e 5JJ%;alter database enable public thread K;

)reate a second ndo Tablespace from the existing instance

0et -(A)$!0I# and -(A)$!*-% environment variables on the second node and0TA(T second instance.tion :9. Explain RAC an a+antaes o- usin RACe"(al Application )lusters environments, all nodes concurrently execute transactions against the samease. (eal Application )lusters coordinates each node4s access to the shared data to providestency and integrity.ntages of (A)D





ment failure failed 06$ is automatically rolled back and an error is returned to user.2rocess failure abnormal disconnect 2%-/ detects and rolls back and releases

rror Edrop table, dataF #"A is required to recover data Eimport or incompleteeryFa &ailure $oss or corruption of files #"A needs to apply appropriate recovery.

ce &ailure Abnormal shutdown Instance simply needs restarted, 0%-/ autoers byD

(olling forward changes in the redo log not recorded in the data files before -pen of database.(ollbacks can occur after the database is open, when block data is requested.tion ;). What oes RESETLO7S option o2e"(

eates a new incarnation of the database, putting a new 0)/ in all data file headers.set $og 0equence number to 5formats -/$I/ (#- $-&I$0 if they existstion ;3. Nae 6 s/ste +ie%s that #an $e use to "et"ie+e in-o"ation a$out $a#&up an

+e"/e"(

)12TA&I$!*A#()-+(!&I$)-+(9!$-)-+(9!0TAT0tion ;4. What is the ui#&est %a/ to #lone a ata$ase i+e /ou" $a#&up is one +ia RAN2e"((%A/ command #2$I)AT #ATA"A0tion ;6. What is the use o- the RESUABLE pa"aete" in E@8ORT2e"(

(0%A"$ parameter allows the export to0uspend if a space allocation issue occurs<ait until the space allocation issue is solvedThen resume and therefore not to abort, provided a timeout is set appropriately.tion ;9. Nae init.o"a pa"aete"s nee to set -o" A+an#e Repli#ation

e"(

(I"T#!T(A/0A)TI-/0"A$!/A%06!2(-)000

/!$I/10A$$$!%AB!0(+(0A$$$!%I/!0(+(0





e"(the processing of the remote data to the remote instance by using a view to pre'select the

mation for the join. This will result in only the data required for the join being sent across.tion <4. 0o% o /ou p"e+ent output -"o #oin to the s#"een2e"(T option T(%-T controls output to the screen. 0etting T(%-T -&& turns off screen output.ption can be shortened to T(%.tion <6. *ou see ultiple -"aents in the S*STE ta$lespa#e5 %hat shoul /ou #he#& '"st2e"(e that users donSt have the 090T% tablespace as their T%2-(A(9 or #&A$T tablespace

nment by checking the #"A!0(0 view.tion <9. What a"e soe ini#ations that /ou nee to in#"ease the S0ARED8OOLSIE

ete"2e"(

data dictionary or library cache hit ratios, getting error -(A'JHJG5. Another indication is steadilyasing performance with all other tuning parameters the same.tion <:. When shoul /ou in#"ease #op/ lat#hes2 What pa"aete"s #ont"ol #op/ lat#hes2e"(you get excessive contention for the copy latches as shown by the SUredo copy latch hit ratio. 9oucrease copy latches via the initiali8ation parameter $-!0I%$TA/-0!)-2I0 to twice theer of )2s on your system.tion <;. Des#"i$e hit "atio as it pe"tains to the ata$ase $u!e"s. What is the i!e"en#eeen instantaneous an #uulati+e hit "atio an %hi#h shoul $e use -o" tunin2e"(it ratio is a measure of how many times the database was able to read a value from the bufferss how many times it had to re'read a data value from the disks. A value greater than PJ'JV isless could indicate problems. If you simply take the ratio of existing parameters this will be aative value since the database started. If you do a comparison between pairs of readings based onarbitrary time span, this is the instantaneous ratio for that time span. enerally speaking an

taneous reading gives more valuable data since it will tell you what your instance is doing for thewas generated over.tion <<. What #an #ause a hih +alue -o" "e#u"si+e #alls2 0o% #an this $e 'xe2e"(

h value for recursive calls is cause by improper cursor usage, excessive dynamic spacegement actions, and or excessive statement re'parses. 9ou need to determine the cause andct it "y either re'linking applications to hold cursors, use proper space management techniqueser storage and si8ingF or ensure repeat queries are placed in packages for proper reuse.tion 1==. *ou loo& at the $a"oll$a#&ses +ie% an see that the"e is a la"e nu$e" o- &s an the/ a"e o- "elati+el/ sall sie5 is this a p"o$le2 0o% #an it $e 'xe i- it is ae2





tion 1=:( What oes ata$ase o u"in ountin p"o#ess2e"(mounting the database oracle reads the data from controlfile which is used for verifying physicalase files during sanity check. "ackground processes are started before mounting the database only.tion 1=;( What is a ealo#& an Explaine"(dlock is a condition where two or more users are waiting for data locked by each other. -racle

matically detects a deadlock and resolves them by rolling back one of the statements involved in theock, thus releasing one set of data locked by that statement. 0tatement rolled back is usually thehich detects the deadlock. #eadlocks are mostly caused by explicit locking because oracle does

o lock escalation and does not use read locks. %ulti'table deadlocks can be avoided by locking the in same order in all the applications, thus precluding a deadlock.tion 1=<( What a"e the options a+aila$le to "e-"esh snapshots2e"(

2$T ' Tables are completely regenerated using the snapshots query and the master tablestime the snapshot referenced.' If simple snapshot used then a snapshot log can be used to send the changes to the snapshot.

) ' #efault value. If possible it performs a &A0T refresh; otherwise it will perform a completeh.tion 11=( What is snapshot lo2e"(table that maintains a record of modifications to the master table in a snapshot. It is stored in thedatabase as master table and is only available for simple snapshots. It should be created before

ng snapshots.tion 111( What is T%o>8hase Coit2e"(

phase commit is mechanism that guarantees a distributed transaction either commits on alled nodes or rolls back on all involved nodes to maintain data consistency across the globaluted database. It has two phase, a 2repare 2hase and a )ommit 2hase.tion 11)( Des#"i$e t%o phases o- T%o>phase #oit2e"(re phase ' The global coordinator Einitiating nodeF ask a participants to prepare Eto promise to

mit or rollback the transaction, even if there is a failureFmit ' 2hase ' If all participants respond to the coordinator that they are prepared, the coordinator all nodes to commit the transaction, if all participants cannot prepare, the coordinator asks alls to roll back the transaction.tion 113( What a"e the -a#to"s #ausin the "epa"sin o- SQL stateents in S7Ae"(





tion 1)=. Explain i!e"ent le+el o- Auitine"(

ment Auditingge Auditingt Auditingtion 1)1. Explain the i!e"en#e $et%een ?ORACLE0OE an ?ORACLEBASE.e"(

)$!"A0 is the root directory for oracle. -(A)$!*-% located beneath -(A)$!"A0 ise the oracle products reside.tion 1)). Nae th"ee a+iso"/ statisti#s /ou #an #olle#t.e"(ase )ache Advisoryd 2ool Advisory

Advisory

tion 1)3. When a use" p"o#ess -ails5 %hat $a#&"oun p"o#ess #leans up a-te" it2e"(

/tion 1)4. 0o% %oul /ou -o"#e a lo s%it#h2e"(( 090T% 0<IT)* $-&I$;tion 1)6. When #"eatin a use"5 %hat pe"issions ust /ou "ant to allo% the to #onne#t toata$ase2e"(

AT 000I-/tion 1)9. What +ie% %oul /ou use to ete"ine -"ee spa#e in a ta$lespa#e2e"(&(!02A)tion 1):. 0o% %oul /ou ete"ine %ho has ae a "o% to a ta$le2e"(

abase auditing is turned -/, query 090.A#7 tabletion 1);. *ou ha+e ,ust #opile a 8LSQL pa#&ae $ut ot e""o"s5 ho% %oul /ou +ie% thes2e"(

< ((-(0



tion 1)<. 0o% #an /ou ena$le a t"a#e -o" a session2e"(( 000I-/ 0T T(A)I/ -/tion 13=. A DBA ha to "eo+e soe A"#hi+elos to -"ee up spa#e in 'les/ste. /ow when%A/ job starts to backup Archivelogs, it complains about missing Archivelogs that were deleted byTo resolve the issue and continue backing up remainder of Archivelogs, which (%A/ commande used so it won4t complain about missing Archivelogs.e"(check commandtion 131. Whi#h RAN #oan is use to #"eate an exa#t "epli#a o- a ata$ase in ne%

e"(I)AT #ATA"A0tion 13). 0o% o /ou install STATS8ACG2

e"(nning 7-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=admin=spcreate.sql scripttion 133. 8"o#ess /ou -ollo% to sta"t loo&in into 8e"-o"an#e issue at ata$ase le+el EIf theation is running very slow, at what points do you need to go about the database in order to improve

erformanceXFe"(n a T-2 command in nix to see )2 usage Eidentify )2 killer processesF

n +%0TAT, 0A(, and 2(0TAT command to get more information on )2 and memory usagepossible blocking

n 0TAT02A)1 report to identifyDT-2 M <AIT +/T0(0-() intensive 06$ statements

e if 0TATI0TI)0 on affected tables needs to be re'generated

poorly written statements are culprit, run a B2$AI/ 2$A/ on these statements and see whether w index or use of *I/T brings the cost of 06$ down.tion 134. Whi#h is ost ipo"tant +? +ie% to see pe"-o"an#e "elate in-o"ation2e"(

AIT0TATtion 136. Explain $elo% %ait e+ents in STATS8ACG "epo"t)ATT(# (A#, #" 06/TIA$ (A$, /6e"(

)ATT(# (A#6/TIA$ (A$$ TA"$ 0)A/

1I/



tion 136. List '+e ost ipo"tant pa"aete" in <i a!e#tin pe"-o"an#ee"(

0-(!0*A(I/A)*!0I:A(AT!TA(TL1!)A)*!0I:, #"!P1!)A)*!0I:, #"!K1!)A)*!0I:tion 139. What is 87AA77RE7ATETAR7ET2e"(arameter controls the maximum amount of memory 2A which can be used by the queries when1A(A!0I:!2-$I)9 is set to Auto.alue you can be set in "ytes, kilobytes E1F, megabytes E%F or gigabytes EF. The default value is Jarameter also has an effect on the execution plans of the cost based optimi8er. The optimi8er useslue of the parameter 2A!A(AT!TA(T to derive an estimate for the minimum and

mum amount of memory which should be available at run'time for each sort, hash'join and bitmap

tor in the query. "ased on this minimum and maximum value, the optimi8er selects the best plan.tion 13:. 0o% o /ou anal/e ta$le pa"tition usin O"a#le p"o+ie pa#&ae2e"(

0!0TAT0.AT*(!TA"$!0TAT0 with (A/$A(IT9 3 42A(TITI-/4 -2TI-/tion 13;. *ou see a %ait on LS p"o#ess in statspa#&5 %hat oes that ean2e"(

ait is due to #ata uard "roker.tion 13<. Nae th"ee a+iso"/ statisti#s /ou #an #olle#t.e"(

(#!2--$!A#+I)!TA(T!A#+I)

A)*!A#+I)tion 14=. Explain p"o#eu"e to Chane C0ARACTERSET o- a ata$ase.e"(change )*A(A)T(0T of a database, you will need to re'create the database with appropriate

(A)T(0T.tion 141. I- /ou ha a ta$lespa#e5 TESTTABLES8ACE5 %hi#h #onsists o- th"ee 'les(J5.dbf, T0TJK.dbf, and T0TJG.dbf, and someone accidentally used the nix command YrmY to

e the file T0TJK.dbf, what else would you need in order to recover all the data that was present in!TA"$02A) at the time that T0TJK.dbf was deletedXe"(

chivelogs



tion 14). 0o% o /ou put ata$ase is ARC0IVELO7 oe5 explain p"o#eu"ee"(dify init.ora parameter 0TA(T!A()*I+3T($ 0*T#-</ I%%#IAT;A(T2 %-/T;T( #ATA+A0 A()*I+$-;T( #ATA"A0 -2/;tion 143. 0o% o /ou #"eate 8ASSWORD FILE2e"(orapwd utilitytion 144. 0o% #an /ou tell i- an inex on pa"ti#ula" ta$le is USED o" NOT USED in <i2e"(ning %-/IT-(I/ -/ that index and querying into I/#B!0A tabletion 146. 0o% o /ou s%it#h -"o an init.o"a 'le to a sp'le2

e"()(AT 02&I$ &(-% 2&I$;

tion 149. Explain FORCE LO77IN7 -eatu"e in <i.e"(tting &-() $-I/ to T(, all transactions will generate (#-. This is used for #ata uard,data will be missed Ei.e. transactions that were run with /-$-I/ optionF in 0tandby databasetion 14:. Explain the use o- settin 7LOBALNAES eual to TRUE.e"(g $-"A$!/A%0 dictates how you might connect to a database. This variable is either T( or and if it is set to T( it enforces database links to have the same name as the remote databasech they are linking.tion 14;. 0o% o /ou set up <i Data 7ua"2e"(a full hot backup of 2rimary databasee standby control file

fer full backup, init.ora, standby control file to standby node.y init.ora file on standby node.re database

ver 0tandby databaseAlternatively, (%A/ command DU8LICATE DATABASE FOR STANDB* DO RECOVER* can

be also usedF&A$!)$I/T and &A$!0(+( parameters on both sides

tandby database in %anaged (ecover mode



tion 14<. 0o% o /ou #"eate 8h/si#al Stan$/ ata$ase2e"(a full hot backup of 2rimary databasee standby control filefer full backup, init.ora, standby control file to standby node.y init.ora file on standby node.re database

ver 0tandby databaseAlternatively, (%A/ command DU8LICATE DATABASE FOR STANDB* DO RECOVER* can

be also usedF&A$!)$I/T and &A$!0(+( parameters on both sides

tandby database in %anaged (ecover modetion 16=. Explain LO7ARC0IVEDEST) pa"aete" an Dataua" "elate pa"aete"s.e"(

rchive!dest!K340(+I)3-(A)$!0I#!0T"9 optional lgwr async3KJHPJ noaffirm reopen35Mfailure35J net!timeout3GJ delay3J4tion 161. Explain Data$ase SWITC0 OVER 8ROCEDUREe"(imaryD

database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;own;p nomount;

database mount standby database;er managed standby database disconnect from session;andbyD

database commit to switchover to primary;own;p;tion 16). Exaplain 0o% to A#ti+ate STANDB* Data$asee"(( #ATA"A0 ()-+( %A/A# 0TA/#"9 #ATA"A0 )A/)$;( #ATA"A0 A)TI+AT 0TA/#"9 #ATA"A0;

T#-</ I%%#IAT;T2;tion 163. What o /ou &no% a$out VCS2e"(

stands for +eritas )luster 0oftware.s used as a *igh Availability solution in case of host failure. There will be typically two nodes in ar and database will be running on one node. Incase of host failure, +)0 will failover databasece groupF to second node.tion 164. What a"e t/pi#al "esou"#es in VCS se"+i#e "oup2







e"(ase $atchesDAllocation $atch)opy $atch

)ache $atch+7$AT)*, +7$AT)**-$#(, +7$AT)*/A% to get more information about the latchestion 196. In %hi#h s#ena"ios /ou nee to set La"e 8ool2e"(eed to set $arge 2ool if you are using belowDE%ultithreaded 0erverF/ backupstion 199. Explain Tunin 8"o#ess that in+ol+es Appli#ation5 Data$ase5 OS5 Net%o"&e"(h a scenario, tuning should perform in following orderD

"usiness (ules#ata #esignApplication #esign$ogical 0tructure of the #atabase#atabase -perationsAccess 2ath%emory Allocation=- and 2hysical 0tructure of the #atabase

(esource Allocation-0tion 19:. Explain Di!e"ent Tunin A"eas in Data$asee"(

wing areas within database can be tunedDory '

e %anagement> )heckpoint

ack 'd 2ool, "uffer )ache, (edo "uffer, 0ort Area 0i8e, 2A, $arge 2oolle #atabase <riter 2rocesses, #istributing I=-, (AI#t Allocation, -racle "lock fficiencylog file configuration, checkpointstion, number of (ollback 0egments, -ptimaltion 19;. 0o% o /ou setup Auitin in Data$ase2e"(t packages are not installed, run 7-(A)$!*-%=rdbms=admin=cataudit.sql scripty initiali8ation parameter A#IT!T(AI$3#" and setup A#IT!#%2!#0Tt what type of operations needs to be auditedAudit results from 090.A#7 tabletion 19<. Can /ou Auit S/ste Ope"ations2 I- *es5 ho%2

e"(connections can be audited by setting init.ora parameter A#IT!090!-2(ATI-/03T(



tion 1:=. 0o% #an /ou setup En#"/ption in Data$ase2e"(within #atabase can be encrypted and decrypted using packageD0!-"&0)ATI-/!T--$1ITtion 1:1. Nae '+e pa"aete"s #an $e use -o" 8ass%o" anaeent2e"(

wing parameters can be used to manage user passwordD

#!$-I/!ATT%2T0<-(#!(A)!TI%

<-(#!$I&!TI%<-(#!(0!%AB<-(#!(0!TI%tion 1:)( What is i!e"en#e $et%een Loi#al Stan$/ Data$ase an 8h/si#al Stan$/$ase2e"(rimary functional difference between logical and physical standby database setups is that logicalby permits you to add additional objects Etables, indexes, etcF to the database, while physicalby is always an exact structural duplicate of the master database. The downside, though, is thatl standby is based on newer technologies Elogical standby is new in -racle .KF and tends to beally regarded as more temperamental than physical standby.



ni#al UNI@#"A should know something about the operating system that the database will be running on. Theons here are related to /IB but you should equally be able to answer questions related to

mon <indows environments.tion 1. 0o% o /ou list the 'les in an UNI@ i"e#to"/ %hile also sho%in hien 'les2e"(

ation ). 0o% o /ou exe#ute a UNI@ #oan in the $a#&"oun2e"(

he Y>Y at the end of commandtion 3. What UNI@ #oan %ill #ont"ol the e-ault 'le pe"issions %hen 'les a"e #"eate2e"(ktion 4. Explain the "ea5 %"ite5 an exe#ute pe"issions on a UNI@ i"e#to"/.

e"(allows you to see and list the directory contents.allows you to create, edit and delete files and subdirectories in the directory.

ute gives you the previous read=write permissions plus allows you to change into the directory andte programs or shells from the directory.tion 6. The i!e"en#e $et%een a so-t lin& an a ha" lin&2e"(

mbolic EsoftF linked file and the targeted file can be located on the same or different file system whilehard link they must be located on the same file system.tion 9. 7i+e the #oan to ispla/ spa#e usae on the UNI@ 'le s/ste.e"(

tion :. Explain iostat5 +stat an netstat.e"(t reports on terminal, disk and tape I=- activity.

at reports on virtual memory statistics for processes, disk, tape and )2 activity.at reports on the contents of network data structures.tion ;. 0o% %oul /ou #hane all o##u""en#es o- a +alue usin VI2e"(

Vs=@old=@new=g



tion <. 7i+e t%o UNI@ &e"nel pa"aete"s that e!e#t an O"a#le installe"(

%AB > 0*%%/Ition 1=. B"ie/5 ho% o /ou install O"a#le so-t%a"e on [email protected]"(ally, set up disks, kernel parameters, create oracle user and dba group, and run runinstaller.tion 11. 0o% o /ou #"eate a e#ision t"ee in a shell s#"ipt2e"(nding on shell, usually a case'esac or an if'endif or fi structuretion 1). What is a pipe an i+e an exaple2e"(

e is two or more commands separated by pipe char 4Z4. That tells the shell to arrange for the output of eceding command to be passed as input to the following command.ple D ls 'l Z pr

utput for a command ls is the standard input of pr.a sequence of commands are combined using pipe, then it is called pipeline.

tion 13. What is the i!e"en#e $et%een an "ei"e#tion ope"ato"s2e"(e output redirection operator when used it overwrites while operator appends into the file.tion 14. What is the i!e"en#e $et%een p"o#ess an th"ea.e"(on of new process requires new resources and Address space whereas the thread can be createdsame address space of the process which not only saves space and resources but are also easy to

e and delete, and many threads can exists in a process.tion 16. What is the i!e"en#e $et%een a shell +a"ia$le that is expo"te an the one that isxpo"te2e"(t $A/3)ake the variable $A/ the global variable, put it into the global environment. all other processes

se it.3)ange the value only in the current script.tion 19. 0o% %ill /ou list onl/ the ept/ lines in a 'le Jusin "epKe"([7Y filename.txt



tion 1:. What is Seapho"e2e"(

a object that represents the right to use a limited resource, used for synchroni8ation andmunication between asynchronous processes.tion 1;. 0o% o /ou exe#ute a UNI@ #oan in the $a#&"oun2e"(an use > at the end of command or use nohup commandtion 1<. 0o% o /ou #he#& a#ti+e sha"e eo"/ seents2e"(ation )=. 0o% o /ou #he#& 8ainS%appin in Unix2e"(an check 2aging=0wapping using below commandst s

sl

tion )1. 0o% o /ou #he#& nu$e" o- C8U installe on Unix se"+e"2e"(ot vtion )). 0o% o /ou #he#& 8ainS%appin in Unix2e"(

at ssl



TICAL ORACLE DBA QUESTIONS(A interview can be difficult both for the interviewer and the candidate. The role involves technicalprocess skills, and personal communications skills. Although those three skill sets are all critical,Y#"A interview questionsY articles in the past have focused only on the questions you can use toa person s technical qualifications. In this article, you will see questions an interviewer can pose to

"A candidate to judge the other attributes of the job.dition, this article includes a set of questions #"As should ask at some point during their interviews.nterviewer stops and asks Y#o you have any questions for meXY don t sit there quietly. Theasis of the #"A questions provided in this article is the organi8ation s process focus and itscal career path for #"As. All of the questions provided here are intended as starting points; based

e answers to the questions, you should ask follow'ups to understand how the answer will affect your o'day activities and your long'term prospects. -f course, if you ask a question to the interviewer, youd be prepared to answer the same question concerning your present work environment.tions to as& the inte"+ie%e"(

ess #ont"ol issues(processes do you follow while implementing changes in productionXe the #"As and system administrators, who has access to the Y-racleY operating system accountXoften is the oracle operating system account password changedXe #"As co'located with the teams they supportX *ow is capacity planning performedXre adequate capacity already in place to support the expected growth over the next yearX &uturetunities=organi8ation issuesDre a formal job definition for the #"A roleX Is there a defined technical career pathXs IT aligned with the business areasXmany employees report to more than one managerX *ow do you determine if a #"A has beenssfulX

are the application #"As and production control #"As organi8edXtions that %ill $e as&e to /oun s&ills(e bring along a copy of the last status report you ve submitted, as well as any articles. If you haven tht one along, please mail me one after the interview.

e+e"an#e in te#hni#al expe"tise(errors did you hit during your most recent database recoveryXwas the most difficult technical obstacle you encountered during your last projectX

e+e"an#e in "elationships(negative Ygroup relationshipY issues exist in your current working environmentX *ow are youssing themXis your most difficult set of users, and how do you manage that relationshipX <hat do you want ton the next 5K monthsXcommunications method do you usually use when dealing with usersX )an you provide examplesXcommunications method is most effective when customers need your helpXni#al Expe"ien#e(hypothetical questions rather than straight technical questionsFdatabase and overall architecture would you suggest for testing new middleware without impactingctionX

do you assess my database s healthX

would you approach a performance problem with a three'tier applicationX *ow do you test your p=recovery proceduresXwould you support the upgrade process for multiple applications, with different application rollouts, in the same instanceX



e are samples; use a question from each category to guide a discussion of the way themunications skills, process knowledge, and technical aspects of the job are interrelated in the role. If terviewer and the candidate can agree on what a successful #"A looks like in the environment,is a strong foundation for a future working relationship.

aving data governance can hurt your business. #ownload this e"ook to learn how to take control now.

tured Database Articles

ACLE

ed Dec 12, 2003

cle Technical Interview Questions Answered - Part2

ames oo!mann

is the second part of the two part series on helping you answer those tough questions that you might expe

our quest for an Oracle D! position"

Oracle Technical #nter$iew can %e quite daunting" &ou ne$er quite 'now what to study for and how to prep

fully aware of this, as # ha$e recei$ed many emails since my original article on inter$iew questions was rele

e these questions are only guidelines as to what should and more than li'ely will %e as'ed, # hope that you

e comfort in the re$iew of them" !s always, do not )ust memori*e the answers, as there are )ewels to %e fo

quest of figuring out the answer from the question" !s always, remem%er that as you go through the articl

enough to 'now the answer to a particular question+ you must try to put yourself in an inter$iew situation

erience answering the question for yourself" Therefore, after you ha$e gone through the questions and answ

the question again and then answer it with your own words" !s always, good luc', and cheers"

hnical - Oracle

time, we answered questions 1 thru 20 of the technical part of the inter$iew" -ere are the next 30 in this

on" Depending on the mood of the inter$iew and your a%ility to ela%orate on the answer, try to gi$e some

you 'now more than )ust the simple answer to some of these questions" !lso, %e sensiti$e to the inter$iew

ng tired of you tal'ing too much" (ell here they are"

$ow would you determine the time %one under which a database was o!eratin&'

ct DT#./O/ from dual+

()!lain the use o* settin& +,OBA,.A/(0 e1ual to T3(#

ng +,OBA,.A/(0 dictates how you might connect to a data%ase" This $aria%le is either T4/ or 5!/

set to T4/ it enforces data%ase lin's to ha$e the same name as the remote data%ase to which they are li

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5hat command would you use to encry!t a P,60Q, a!!lication'

!P

()!lain the di**erence between a F3.8TIO.9 PO8(D3( and PA8A+(#

nction and procedure are the same in that they are intended to %e a collection of P67 code that carries

e tas'" (hile a procedure does not ha$e to return any $alues to the calling application, a function will retu

e $alue" ! pac'age on the other hand is a collection of functions and procedures that are grouped togethe

heir commonality to a %usiness function or application"

()!lain the use o* table *unctions#

e functions are designed to return a set of rows through P67 logic %ut are intended to %e used as a nor

e or $iew in a 7 statement" They are also used to pipeline information in an /T process"

.ame three advisory statistics you can collect#

er 8ache !d$ice, egment e$el tatistics, 9 Timed tatistics

5here in the Oracle directory tree structure are audit traces !laced'

nix :O!8/;-O./6rd%ms6audit, in (indows the e$ent $iewer

()!lain materiali%ed views and how they are used#

eriali*ed $iews are o%)ects that are reduced sets of information that ha$e %een summari*ed, grouped, or

regated from %ase ta%les" They are typically used in data warehouse or decision support systems"

5hen a user !rocess *ails9 what bac?&round !rocess cleans u! a*ter it'

5hat bac?&round !rocess re*reshes materiali%ed views'

<o% 7ueue Processes"

$ow would you determine what sessions are connected and what resources they are waitin& *o

of =:/#O and =:/#O;(!#T

Describe what redo lo&s are#

o logs are logical and physical structures that are designed to hold all the changes made to a data%ase and

nded to aid in the reco$ery of a data%ase"

$ow would you *orce a lo& switch'

/ &T/. (#T8- O>5#/+

+ive two methods you could use to determine what DD, chan&es have been made#



could use ogminer or treams

5hat does coalescin& a tables!ace do'

escing is only $alid for dictionary?managed ta%lespaces and de?fragments space %y com%ining neigh%oring

nts into large single extents"

5hat is the di**erence between a T(/POA tables!ace and a P(/A.(.T tables!ace'

mporary ta%lespace is used for temporary o%)ects such as sort structures while permanent ta%lespaces areore those o%)ects meant to %e used as the true o%)ects of the data%ase"

.ame a tables!ace automatically created when you create a database#

&T/. ta%lespace"

5hen creatin& a user9 what !ermissions must you &rant to allow them to connect to the databa

nt the 8O/8T to the user"

$ow do you add a data *ile to a tables!ace'

/ T!/P!8/ @ta%lespace;nameA !DD D!T!5#/ @datafile;nameA #/ @si*eA

$ow do you resi%e a data *ile'

/ D!T!!/ D!T!5#/ @datafile;nameA /#/ @new;si*eA+

5hat view would you use to loo? at the si%e o* a data *ile'

;D!T!;5#/

5hat view would you use to determine *ree s!ace in a tables!ace'

;5//;P!8/

$ow would you determine who has added a row to a table'

on fine grain auditing for the ta%le"

$ow can you rebuild an inde)'

/ #D/B @index;nameA /4#D+

()!lain what !artitionin& is and what its bene*it is#

tioning is a method of ta'ing large ta%les and indexes and splitting them into smaller, more managea%le p

ou have ust com!iled a P,60Q, !ac?a&e but &ot errors9 how would you view the errors'

( /O

$ow can you &ather statistics on a table'

!!&/ command"

$ow can you enable a trace *or a session'



the D.;/#O"/T;7;T!8/ or

!T/ /#O /T 7;T!8/ C T4/+

5hat is the di**erence between the 0Q,C,oader and I/POT utilities'

se two Oracle utilities are used for loading data into the data%ase" The difference is that the import utility r

he data %eing produced %y another Oracle utility /BPOT while the 7oader utility allows data to %e loa

has %een produced %y other utilities from different data sources )ust so long as it conforms to !8## forma

mited files"

.ame two *iles used *or networ? connection to a database#

!./"O! and 7/T"O!

hnical - 3.I

y D! should 'now something a%out the operating system that the data%ase will %e running on" The quest

are related to 4#B %ut you should equally %e a%le to answer questions related to common (indows

ronments"

$ow do you list the *iles in an 3.I directory while also showin& hidden *iles'

ra

$ow do you e)ecute a 3.I command in the bac?&round'

the E9E

5hat 3.I command will control the de*ault *ile !ermissions when *iles are created'

s'

()!lain the read9 write9 and e)ecute !ermissions on a 3.I directory#

d allows you to see and list the directory contents"

e allows you to create, edit and delete files and su%directories in the directory"

cute gi$es you the pre$ious read6write permissions plus allows you to change into the directory and execut

rams or shells from the directory"

he di**erence between a so*t lin? and a hard lin?'

m%olic FsoftG lin'ed file and the targeted file can %e located on the same or different file system while for a

they must %e located on the same file system"

+ive the command to dis!lay s!ace usa&e on the 3.I *ile system#

'

()!lain iostat9 vmstat and netstat#



at reports on terminal, dis' and tape #6O acti$ity"

tat reports on $irtual memory statistics for processes, dis', tape and 8P4 acti$ity"

tat reports on the contents of networ' data structures"

$ow would you chan&e all occurrences o* a value usin& EI'

HIs6@oldA6@newA6g

+ive two 3.I ?ernel !arameters that e**ect an Oracle install

.!B 9 -..#

Brie*ly9 how do you install Oracle so*tware on 3.I#

cally, set up dis's, 'ernel parameters, and run orainst"

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