Semua Animalia-pakek Bahasa Inggris

8/6/2019 Semua Animalia-pakek Bahasa Inggris

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Phylum Porifera Halichondria panicea, Breadcrumb sponge

Belonging to the phylum Porifera, and

really not much of an animal, is the

bread crumb sponge, so called becauseit crumbles easily when pried off the

rocks. Sponges are really a loose

collection of cells, which carry out the

basic functions of animal life almost

independently of one another. They are

the only animals to correspond to the

cell aggregate plan.



Phylum Porifera Halichondria panicea, Breadcrumb sponge

Bread crumb sponge is often

camouflaged by green algae, which

provides the sponge with nutrients in

return for protection. For a long time,

nobody even knew if the sponge was an

animal. Then it was discovered that

water 7was entering through tiny pores,

oxygen and food was being removed,

and waste was being expelled through

much larger pores, which on the bread

crumb sponge resemble volcanoes.



Phylum Porifera Haliclona oculata

This sponge reaching up from the ocean

floor is appropriately named deadman¶s

fingers. Sponges, because they are filter

feeders, live in water. Many phyla are

totally aquatic, and many are largely

marine, that is most members are found

in salt water. Sponges are permanently

attached to the bottom and do not draw

away when touched, as they have no

nervous system nor distinct tissues or

organs.



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ealia felina, Dahlia anemone

Again, it is hard to believe that this is an

animal. Sea anemones are commonly

called the flowers of the sea. Their

tentacles resemble petals. Sea

anemones, jellyfish and hydroids all

belong to the phylum Coelenterata.

They are more complex animals than

the sponge, and their design conforms

to that of the blind sac plan. These

animals have a single opening to take in

food and expel waste.



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ealia felina

Small animals that come within range of

the tentacles are quickly enveloped, and

the captured prey drawn into the sac

where it is digested. While digesting,

the anemone resembles a stewed

tomato. Can you think of any

disadvantages in having a single

opening serving as both a mouth and an

anus?



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ubularia sp.

Hydroids also belong to the phylum

Coelenterata, but are relatively small

and inconspicuous. Like most

coelenterates, hydroids have special

stinging cells called cnidocytes at the

tip of their tentacles. Prey brushed

against the tentacles is impaled by a

barb ejected from the cnidocyte.



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)S olitary hydroid

Hydroids usually form delicate bush-

like colonies, but solitary forms do

exist. Reproductive structures resemble

clusters of grapes.



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)C yanea capillata

The lion¶s mane is the world¶s largest

jellyfish. Unlike the hydroids, some

jellyfish deliver a powerful sting. With

the sac opening located in the center

and encircled by tentacles, jellyfish can

be considered upside down sea

anemones.



Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Aurelia aurita

The moon jelly, a jellyfish, it is almost

transparent as it drifts along with the

currents. It¶s four circular gonads, the

reproductive structures, are the most

visible parts of the jellyfish. All

coelenterates are radially symmetrical,

that is their parts are arranged around

the center, like spokes on a wheel.



Phylum Nemertina

(Rhynchocoela) Amphiporus angulatus

A ribbon worm, belonging to the

phylum Nemertina, moving over the

bottom using hair-like cilia. Though

relatively primitive, these animals are

not radially, but bilaterally

symmetrical, an important

development.





Phylum Nemertina

(Rhynchocoela) P h. Nemertina

These worms are remarkably elastic,

and this contorted position shows the

underside of this worm. With bilateral

symmetry come the beginnings of

features more developed in higher

phyla.



Phylum Mollusca Lunatia heros

The moon snail outdoes itself exhibiting

one of the characteristics of the phylum

Mollusca, the strong muscular foot used

for locomotion. When foraging, the foot

and the head extend out from the shell.

The shell provides protection for the

soft-bodied mollusk inside. And

believe it or not, the moon snail is able

to completely withdraw its head and

large foot when threatened.



Phylum Mollusca Littorina littorea

A party of periwinkles feed on the slimy

algae covering the rocks. Mollusca is a

large phylum and an important one. It

is the first phylum to fully exhibit thetube within a tube body plan.



Phylum Mollusca Aeolida sp.?

This is a nudibranch, commonly called a

sea slug. Think of it as a snail removed

from the shell and untwisted. With a

nudibranch, the bilateral symmetry isevident; there is a definite head with

tentacles, where the mouth is located,

and at the tail end, an anus.



Phylum MolluscaC oryphella rufibranchialis

Nudibranchs are beautiful animals,

despite their close relation to the

common garden slugs. Internally, they

exhibit the tube within a tube body plan, common to the majority of

bilaterally symmetrical animals. The

inside tube is a digestive system; the

outside tube is a fluid filled body cavity

called the coelem. The coelem is of

great significance in animal evolution.



Phylum Mollusca M ytilus edulis

Within the phylum mollusca, is a class

of animals called the bivalves, that is,

having two shells compared to the one

shell carried by the snails. In certainareas, these blue mussels completely

cover the bottom.



Phylum Mollusca P lacopecten magellanicus

A large bivalve, the scallop, a large

circular muscle that holds the two

halves of the shell together, and it is

this muscle that is the edible part of thescallop.



Phylum Mollusca Bathypolypus arcticus, Little octupus

The octopus is a most unlikely mollusc,

but it along with the squid, nautilus and

cuttlefish, are grouped within the

phylum Mollusca. With the squid andcuttlefish, the shell remains, but is

internalized. The octopus has lost its

shell entirely.



Phylum Annelida Nereis virens

The clam worm, a worm with a

difference. Its body is divided into

similar rings or segments, which places

it in the phylum Annelida, thesegmented worms. Segmentation has

improved the annelid¶s ability to

burrow and swim. When swimming, the

clam worm is continually rewriting the

letter ³S´.



Phylum AnnelidaT omopteris sp.

Some annelids are very effective

swimmers, and spend their whole life in

the open water. Segmentation has

obviously not affected the digestivetube of these worms, but the encircling

tube, the fluid-filled coelem, is

segmented.



Phylum Annelida Amphitrite johnstoni

Other annelids build tubes for

themselves. This annelid is normally

obscured by its tube, which it constructs

with the use of its long, orangetentacles. The red tentacles are for

respiration.



Phylum Annelida P ectinaria gouldii

The delicate trumpet worm ± another

tubeworm. It uses quartz sand grains to

construct its tube. The segmented body

is only visible when the worm isremoved. Like many tube-dwelling

annelids, it feeds by ingesting sand,

extracting food particles and excreting

the dirt, hence the coiled castings.



Phylum Arthropoda P andalus borealis

This shrimp is a member of the largest

and most diverse phylum ± Arthropoda.

Three quarters of all animal species are

arthropods. A distinguishing feature of all members is a jointed or segmented

outer skeleton, known as an

exoskeleton. Segmentation of the

shrimp¶s muscular abdomen allows for

quick backward movement as well as

being a delicacy for seafood fans.



Phylum ArthropodaGammarus oceanicus

The amphipod¶s body is completely

segmented. If seaweed is pulled aside

or a rock lifted up at low tide, these

animals demonstrate their flexibility asthey hop into the air or scoot across the

rocks to escape.



ClassificationC arcinus maenas

The green crab exhibits the jointed legs

from which the phylum derives its

name, and all members share.

³Arthron´ for jointed as in arthritis,³pod´ for leg as in tripod.



Phylum ArthropodaC aprella sp.

A caprellid, a delicate crustacean, on a

sponge. Phylum Arthropoda is also

extremely diverse. Along with the

largely aquatic crustaceans, it includesthe largely terrestrial insects, scorpions

and spiders. All arthropods exhibit the

tube within a tube body plan, along

with bilateral symmetry, segmentation,

and a well-developed head.



Phylum Arthropoda P agurus acadianus

The hermit crab has taken to inhabiting

the vacated homes of molluscs, the

shell of the moon snail.



Phylum Arthropoda P agurus acadianus

The hermit crabs soft abdomen is well

adapted for wrapping around the spiral

interior of the snail¶s shell.



Phylum Arthropoda Balanus balanoides

At first glance, an unlikely member of

the phylum arthropoda, the barnacle,

can be easily mistaken for a mollusc.

However, when submerged, these top plates move apart and the animal begins

to feed.



Phylum Arthropoda Balanus sp.

Barnacles extend from 3 to 6 pairs of

segmented feathery legs, which trap

minute food particles and then are

withdrawn. A 19th century biologistdescribed the barnacle as nothing more

than a little shrimp-like animal standing

on its head in a limestone house and

kicking food into its mouth.



Phylum EchinodermataS trongylocentrotus droebachiensis

These are the needle-like spines of the

sea urchin, which belongs to the

phylum Echinodermata.

Echinodermata is translated ashedgehog or spiny skin. Another

common feature of this phylum, are

tube feet, seen here extending between

the spines.



Phylum EchinodermataS trongylocentrotus droebachiensis

The tube feet are primarily used for

locomotion, but may be used for

feeding and respiration. The tube feet of

the sea urchin are arranged in five rowsrunning from the mouth on the

underside to the anus on top. Sea

urchins are closely related to sand

dollars and sea buns.



Phylum Echinodermata A sterias forbesii

A common seastar moving slowing

using tube feet on the underside of each

arm. The echinoderms are a confusing

bunch, are well developed structurally,thought to extend from a bilateral

ancestor, and the larvae are bilaterally

symmetrical, but the adults are radially

symmetrical, with no head or brain.



Phylum EchinodermataO phiopholis aculeata

The brittle stars are another group of

echinoderms. As the name implies,

their arms break off easily. The arms of

the brittle star are sharply set off fromthe central disc.



Phylum EchinodermataGorgonocephalus arcticus

Another brittle star ± the basket star.

Though beautiful, the arms signify

death for many small prey. Sometimes

these animals form entangled massesand the net is spread even wider.



Phylum EchinodermataC ucumaria frondosa

One group of echinoderms not sought

after by shell collectors, the sea

cucumbers. Although bearing no

obvious resemblance to the seastars, seaurchins or brittle stars, the 5 rows of

longitudinally arranged tube feet

provide the necessary clue to indicate

their relationship to other echinoderms.



Phylum Echinodermata P solus fabricii

When undisturbed, the crown of

tentacles surrounds the mouth. Food

particles are collected by the tentacles,

which are then placed in the mouth andwiped off, as they are withdrawn. The

anus is located at the opposite end of

the animal.



Phylum Chordata Halocynthia pyriformis

This is a sea peach, a tunicate. The

name tunicate is suggested by the tough

leathery tunic that covers these animals.

Tunicates are filter feeders, and have anincurrent and excurrent siphon.

Internally, they have a well-developed

circulatory and digestive system, and

therefore possess the tube within a tube

body plan.



Phylum Chordata Boltenia ovifera

Not a fruit, but a vegetable, the sea

potato. Like a sea peach, but on a stalk.

Tunicates are one of the most unlikely

animals to bridge the gap betweeninvertebrates and the vertebrates. But

zoologists have placed the tunicates in

the phylum Chordata that is, with those

animals possessing a backbone. Among

other similarities, tunicates in their

larval stages develop the beginnings of

a backbone, which later disappears.



Phylum ChordataS culpin

The fish is no borderline invertebrate,

possessing a well-developed vertebral

column. There is much debate as to

which invertebrate phylum, theinvertebrates evolved from. The phyla

Annelida, Echinodermata and even

Nemertina have been suggested.

Whatever their origin, the invertebrates,

those spineless, are an immensely

fascinating and diversified group.

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