DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AWH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KUTTIKKATTOOR

CALICUT-KERALA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “FABRICATION OF PYROLYSIS

EQUIPMENT FOR CONVERTING PLASTIC WASTE TO FUEL” submitted by

SARATH MOHANAN. U. V (REG NO: EWAKEME064) to the University of Calicut in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in

Mechanical Engineering is a bonafide record of the work carried out by them under our guidance

and supervision. The content of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any

other institution or University for the award of any degree.

Asst. Prof .Nikhil K V Prof. JUSTIN D’COUTO

Lecturer in ME (Guide) Head of Department

Place:Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our sincere thanks to Prof.Shahir V K, principal by equipping us with all

facilities. We take this great opportunity to express our gratitude towards the Mr.Justin

D’couto, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering, for granting me permission to do

Main Project.

We extremely indebted to our project guide Mr. Nikhil K V Lecturer of ME

Department for their valuable guidance, concrete suggestions rendered throughout our

project, which made me to feel easy in clarifying all my doubts regarding the subject.

We also thank to the project coordinator Mr.Umar Ali, Lecturer of ME Department

and all the staff members of our mechanical department for their timely help and support to

complete our project successfully.

Finally our sense of thankfulness and commitment to GOD and to our family

members for their support and never ending livelihood.

ABSTRACT

Welding is an unavoidable process of modern engineering. Underwater welding is an

important tool for underwater fabrication works and installations. Welding in offshore and

marine application is an area of research and understanding where, many Problems are still

unsolved. Though, numerically most ship repair and welding jobs are carried out at a shallow

depth, most technologically challenging task lies in the repairing at a deeper water level,

especially, in pipelines and occurrence/creation of sudden defects leading to a catastrophic

accidental failure. In the present paper, a brief classification of underwater welding is made,

the principals involved and the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of

underwater Welding is described. Further discussion is made over the present conventional

and some advanced techniques used. Finally, the scope of further research has been

recommended.

LIST OF CONTENT

Chapter Page No

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. CLASSIFICATION 2

2.1. WET WELDING 2

2.2. DRY WELDING 9

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD UNDERWATER WELDING 12

4. RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT FOR UNDERWATER WELDING

AND CUTTING 13

5. REQUIREMENT REASONS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING 14

6. CONVENTIONAL UNDERWATER WELDING TECHNIQUES 18

7. ADVANCED UNDERWATER WELDING TECHNIQUES 20

7.1. FRICTION WELDING 20

7.2. LASER WELDING 22

8. DANGERS AND DIFFICULTIES FACED IN UNDERWATER WELDING 27

9. SAFETY MEASURES 29

10. APPLICATIONS OF UNDERWATER WELDING 30

11. UNDERWATER WELDING – FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH 31

12. CONCLUSION 32

REFERENCES 33

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page No

Fig.1 Wet welding 2

Fig.2 Underwater welding equipment set up 3

Fig.3 Effect of depth on weld composition 5

Fig.4 Effect of depth on weld oxygen content 6

Fig.5 Effect of depth on porosity 6

Fig.6 Cofferdam welding 10

Fig.7 Hyperbaric welding 11

Fig.8 Schematic of friction welding 21

Fig.9 Schematic of laser welding 23

Fig.10 Conduction melts and deep penetration welding 24

Fig.11 Laser welding with external current 26