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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice

Bernhard Kohl, MSc

ILF Consulting EngineersHead of ILF branch officeLinz / Austria

Leader of PIARC TC4.2oa unne a e y

. .+43 / 699 / 14 530 158

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice

on en s o resen a on

n ro uc on

Risk based A roach

Conclusions

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction

a us uo o oa unne a e y(23 rd World Road Congress, Paris 2007)

ynam c eve opmen o me o s an oo s experience, research results and public opinion in many

countries lead to adjustments of regulations and safety

standards there is consensus as regards the necessity of taking an

, but significant differences as regards the methods and

assessment concepts e rec ve on oa unne a e y s e rs s an ar a

international level

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction

c v es:

Several TC 4 working groupsaddress various subjects in their current work

New PIARC reports available in PIARC Virtual Library

http://www.piarc.org/en/technical-reports

Risk Analysis for Road Tunnels

Tools for Tunnel Safet Mana ement Operational Strategies for Emergency Ventilation Human Factors and Road Tunnel Safety Regarding Users

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Introduction

c v es:

Reports in preparation to be presented at the World Road Congress 2011 in Mexico

Improving Safety in Existing Tunnels Good Practice for Road Tunnel Emer enc Exercises Design Fires in Road Tunnels

Fixed Fire Fighting System

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice

on en s o resen a on

n ro uc on

Risk based A roach

Conclusions

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

as c r nc p e: n egra e pproac

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

eren approac es o roa unne sa e y Prescriptive based approach

if it is designed in line with valid regulations

Specifies particular safety features, actions etc. to be included

Risk based approach

in the design of tunnels, in processes etc. without consideringthe individual characteristics of the tunnel.

a tunnel is safeif it meets predefined risk criteria

allows a structured, harmonized and transparent assessmentof risks for an individual tunnel and the comparison of differentsafety measures coming up with the best additional measures

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n erms o r s re uc on an or cos e ec veness.

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

rescr p ve ase approac

Traditional a roach to tunnel safet :regulations in tunnel design guidelines

xamp es o unne es gn gu e nes a ress ng sa e y aspec s:

German standard RABT 2006 US standard NFPA 502 (2008)

Austrian standards RVS. . , . . , . . French guideline:

Technical Instructions for Safety Dispositions in New Road Tunnels

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

s ase appraoc

What is the purpose of a risk based approach?

to check general consistency of safety planning

to choose betweenalternativesto demonstrate safet in case of deviations from prescriptions

to optimize safety planning in terms of cost-effectivenessa performance based approach for the assessment of safetystandards

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

eren approac es o roa unne sa e y

rescr p ve ase approac an r s ase approac ave o eused as complementary elements of the safety assessment

process.

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principles

unne sa e y ocumen a on

Includes all safety relevant information of the tunnel Living document Must be updated continously

Design stage

Commissioning stage

Operation stage

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Principle

on en s o sa e y ocumen a on

Description of tunnel infrastructure and access to tunnelDescription of traffic situations, transport of dangerous goodsInformation about tunnel operationS ecific hazard investi ation risk anal sis

Organsiation, ressources for operation and maintenance, system of ee ac o exper ence

Emergency response plan

Evaluation of significant incidents and accidentsEvaluation of safety exercises

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice

on en s o resen a on

n ro uc on

Risk based A roach

Conclusions

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

What is Risk Analysis?

A big family of different approaches, methods and complexmo e s com n ng var ous me o o ca componen s or specific taskssystematic analysis of sequences and inter-action effects in potential accidentsthereby identifying weak points in the system and recognising

improvement measuresrisk analysis makes the quantification of

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risks feasible

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Risk

Assessment

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

investigates an overall system in an integrated process, obtaining risk

values for the whole systemInput: Influencing factors

Tunnel length Traffic volume Portion of . . .heavy vehicles

Input: Influencing factors

Tunnel length Traffic volume Portion of . . .heavy vehicles

Modelling of Consequences

Modelling of Consequences

ResultsResults

AbbildungAbbildung

Expected risk value(fatalities/year)

Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios

XRISK s s r u on

(F-N-Curve)

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

analyses a set of relevant scenarios obtaining information on

frequency/consequences for each individual scenarioSelect

relevantscenarios

Selectrelevantscenarios

Analyse developmentof scenarios

Analyse developmentof scenarios

Investigate effectsand consequences

of scenarios

Investigate effectsand consequences

of scenarios

optimizedesign

optimizedesign

scenario 1scenario 1

scenario 2scenario 2

eg. evacuation

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Different types of risk can be addressed in a risk analysis:

Societal risk:harm to a specific group of people

harm to an individual person Economical loss Damage to environment Damage to immaterial values

Focus on societal risk of tunnel users

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Societal risk risk indicators:

Expected risk value (EV)long-term average number of statisticall ex ected fatalities

per year 1,00E 01

1,00E+00

agramshows magnitude of

consequences in relationship to1,00E

06

1,00E 05

1,00E 04

1,00E 03

1,00E 02

e r y e a r

the (cumulated) frequency of ahazard

1,00E 11

1,00E 10

1,00E 09

1,00E 08

1,00E 07

1 10 100 1.000 10.000

F r e q u e n c y

/

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Damage [fatalities]

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Background to risk evaluation:

Risk analysis scientific process of identification, structuring,quantification of probabilities / consequences of risk

Risk evaluation socio-political process including ethical,political and societal factors

Risk evaluation is strongly influenced by risk perception

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Example for a quantitative system based approach:

Frequency analysisFrequency analysis

Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Frequency Analysis event tree approach

Initial event accident scenarios

Example for resultingscenario:

- ,HGV, fire (as consequenceof accident)

relative share of accident t esaccident rates

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Example for a quantitative system based approach:

Frequency analysisFrequency analysis Consequenceanalysis

Consequenceanalysis

Logical treeinitial event accident scenarios

AbbildungAbbildung

X

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

Consequence Analysis

Mechanical damage of accidents:a a ase:

accident statistics; tunnel specific influencesare difficult to estimate because

AbbildungeinfgenAbbildungeinfgen

representative tunnel specific accidentstatistics are often not available

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

Consequence Analysis

Mechanical damage of accidents:a a ase:accident statistics; tunnel specific influences;difficult to estimate because representative

AbbildungeinfgenAbbildungeinfgen

tunnel specific accident statistics are oftennot available

Consequences of tunnel fires:Many influencing parameters; statistics

requires complex modelling

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

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T h i l C i C 4 R d T l O i

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

Modelling of consequence of tunnel fires in time steps

Fire development Smoke ro a ation influenced b tunnel ventilation initial air

flow in tunnel, detection time, response time of ventilationsystem)

,reaction time, human behaviour, vehicle constellation in tunnel,distribution of people)

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Estimation of consequences

T h i l C i t t C 4 R d T l O t i

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

1st step: Modelling of smoke propagation

Typical smoke distribution for tunnel with longitudinal ventilation

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T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based approach

2nd step: Modelling of self rescue of peoplebidirectional tunnel with longitudinal ventilation

Situation after fire break out people start to evacuate

Situation after several minutes: people reach emergency exits

people in

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safe area

T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e C 4 R o a d T u nn e l O p e r a t i o n

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

provides a description of basic principles and characteristic

presents 6 practical methods and gives recommendations for the useof risk analysis

Contents of Report:

Basic Principles and Practical ApplicationMethodologies for Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment

Presentation of 6 Practical MethodsConclusions

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Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Risk based Approach

demonstrates the practical application of different risk analysis

Austrian Tunnel Risk Model TuRisMoFrance Specific Hazard InvestigationDutch Scenario Analysis for Road TunnelsDutch TUNPRIM ModelItalian Risk Analysis for Road Tunnels

OECD/PIARC DG QRA Model

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pWo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y

Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Current Practice

on en s o resen a on

n ro uc on

Risk based A roach

Conclusions

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Wo r k i n g G r o u p 2 : R o a d T u n n e l S a f e t y

Approaches to Road Tunnel Safety Conclusions

esu s o s or Recommendations for the Practical Use of Risk Analysis

Select the best method available for a specific problem Be aware, that you are using a model, which is a (major)

Use specific data for quantitative methods Risk models inevitably deliver fuzzy results Relative comparison may improve the robustness of conclusions

drawn

Risk analysis should only be performed by experts with sufficientexperience and understanding of the methods they use

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