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8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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HOW A ROOF FORMS IF INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE, AESTHETICS AND FUNCTION
1 | D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , S P A B h o p a l
[Chapter 1.]
[INTRODUCTION]
1.1INTRODUCTIONA roofis the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its
contents from the effects ofweather. In this we will study about different roofing materials and
how these materials evolved with time .We will also study about various factors that influence
the roof forms.
1.2 AIM
The aim of this study is to first understand the roofs then evaluate different factors that influence
roof shapes.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
To study the factors which influence roof shapes which are:
Based on climate
Based on function
Based on aesthetics
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The study will only include study on 3 factors ie climate, aesthetics and
functions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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2 | D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , S P A B h o p a l
1.5 METHODOLOGY
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[Chapter 2.]
[ROOF]
2.1 PRINCIPLES
Provide roof forms which reflect the architectural style of the home ,responding toregional climatic conditions.
Create a space which fulfills the functional aspect.
Provide roof over hanging which create strong shadow line adding other elements ofaesthetics.
2.2 PARTS OF ROOF
SUPPORT
The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly
rigid material such as timber, and since the mid 19th century, cast iron or steel.
Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. The timber structure can fulfill an aesthetic
as well as practical function, when left exposed to view.
Stone lintels have been used to support roofs since prehistoric times, but cannot bridge large
distances. The stone arch came into extensive use in the ancient Roman period and in variant
forms could be used to span spaces up to 140 feet (43 m) across. Industrial Revolution and the
designing of such buildings as Paxton's Crystal Palace, completed 1851.
With continual improvements in steel girders, these became the major structural support for
large roofs, and eventually for ordinary houses as well. Another form ofgirder is the reinforced
concrete beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength
under tension.
Outer layer
This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In
simple vernacular architecture, roofing material is often vegetation, such as thatches, the most
durable being sea grass with a life of perhaps 40 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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In many Asian countries bamboo is used both for the supporting structure and the outer layer
where split bamboo stems are laid turned alternately and overlapped.
In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden shingles are used, while in some countries the
bark of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing.
The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition shingles which can last from a thin 20-
year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the
thickness and durability of the shingle.
Slate is an ideal, and durable material, while in the Swiss Alps roofs are made from huge slabs
of stone, several inches thick. The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate
roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer.
Asbestos, usually in bonded corrugated panels, has been used widely in the 20th century as an
inexpensive, non-flammable roofing material with excellent insulating properties.
In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked tiles have been the major form of roof. The
casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with brickworks.
Sheet metal in the form ofcopper and lead has also been used for many hundreds of years.
In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with zinc to improve its resistance to rust, became a
light-weight, easily-transported, waterproofing material. Its low cost and easy application made it
the most accessible commercial roofing, world wide.
2.3 MATERIALS EVOLUTION
There are different types of roof coverings, which include slate, metal, concrete tile, clay tile,
wood shingles, pvc etc.Man has utilized various natural resources, technological methods &
ways of applications throughout history to create the environmentally safe, effective roofing of
today. From wood, mud and straw, to tiling, shingles and beyond, the one thing most of us take
for granted has been a necessity a properly function roof for survival since the dawn of time.
Although most of the growth within the roofing industry has been within the last 200 years, the
complete history of roofing starts much earlier than that. The Greeks and Romans were the firstto experiment with differing roofing styles. The Romans introduced slating and tiling to Great
Britain as early as 100 BC. Thatch roofs were introduced and implemented around the year 735
AD and it wouldnt be for another 300 years until wooden shingles were first implemented as
well .It wasnt until the 12th century that the history of roofing was changed forever under King
John, when he issued a law in London that citizens had to replace their thatch and reed roof-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_shinglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickworkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_shingle8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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coverings and replace them with clay tiles. This law was passed as a measure against spreading
fires and marked the beginning point for mass-produced, industrial roofing methods.
Dreadnought clay tiles began production in 1805 and industrial roofing at that time had little
insulation but a good slope for rainwater and other debris. One hundred year after that, concrete
tile roofing was first utilized.
While the history of roofing began to evolve, American roofing styles and all of those abroad
were still dependent upon the regional availability of materials. In the southern parts of the
United States, wood and metal were more widely used. In the Southwest, tile was a lot more
prevalent. The Midwest utilized mostly wood roof coverings. Even to this day, roofing styles are
still based around those of local materials, but a wider variety and more expansive materials are
now present in many markets throughout the world. Today, materials such as slate , and felt are
amongst the most common roofing materials.
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[Chapter 3.]
[MATERIAL]
3.1 OVERALL STUDY OF MATERIAL FROM HISTORY TO PRESENT SCENARIO
There is a wide choice of materials used to roof a house, ranging from thatch - dried grass, to
slate - pieces of stone. Modern products like plastic, fiberglass and concrete are available, and
some innovative, energy-efficient homes are being roofed with sod. New products are being
developed to overcome the shortcomings of older roofing materials, meet the demands of
modern building techniques.
When man started learning about shelter he started with leaves, but as time passed thatched roofs
were used and still in some parts of worlds thatched roof is used.ThenBrushstructures are built
entirely from plant parts and are generally found in tropical and sub-tropical areas, such
asrainforests, where very large leaves can be used in the building. Thatching is the craft of
building a roofwith dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge , rushes and heather, layering
the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and
has been used in both tropical and temperate climates.
Then mud and clay begin to be used..then wood was also used to make churched in past bu
durability was the problem with most of these materials .Then emphasis was made on developing
material which are more durable .Then bricks and sand were extensively used as building
material .Many historical monuments are built in bricks and stone and marble is used usually
used for its finishing.
Then aluminium and steel came into existence and replaced the traditional building materials.
Metalis used as structural framework for larger buildings such asskyscrapers, or as an external
surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steelis a metalalloywhose
major component isiron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is
strong, flexible, and if refined well and/ortreatedlasts a long time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion#Surface_treatmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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3.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpg
Above is the picture of sata centre designed by Grank O gary.
The lower density and better corrosion resistance ofaluminium alloys and tin sometimes
overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted tospecific uses or specialty items today.
Concrete also became an important building material. For a concrete construction of any size, as
concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars
3.2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg
Above is the picture of falkrik wheel design in concrete.
Then glass came into existence.Glassmakingis considered an art form as well as an industrial
process or material. The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the
modern culture. Glass "curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it
can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a " space frame". These uses though requiresome sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would
require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_stata_center.jpg8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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3.3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg
British Museum Great Court used glass as a roofing material to cover large span.
The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups the world over. It has been
revived as a major construction technique with the development oftensile architecture and
synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes,
and supported by a system of steel cables.
Then tensile architecture came into existence.It helped cover large spans easily by using
membrane as roofing material.
3.4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpg
Above is the picture of olymic stadium. This included large sweeping canopies ofacrylic
glass stabilized by steel cables that were used for the first time in a large scale. Common
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympiastadion_Muenchen.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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materials for doubly curved fabric structures are PTFE-coated fibreglass and PVC-
coated polyester. These are woven materials with different strengths in different directions.The warp fibres (those fibres which are originally straightequivalent to the starting fibres on aloom) can carry greater load than the weft or fill fibres, which are woven between the warp
fibres.
Building with fabric enables the creation of structures with stunning architectural profiles.
Architectural membranes boast unique light transmitting properties that enable an open airy
feeling of outdoor ambiance indoors, filling commercial developments, large sporting complexes
and industrial facilities with diffused natural daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes
form distinctive and dramatic illuminated structures that enhance the aesthetics.
The advantages oftensile architecture are:
Providing protection from the harsh elements
Delivering an immediate and affordable solution
Accessory items can be added no different to conventional buildings options.
Protecting your facility and prolong the life
Superior fabric membranes
Providing shelter in all weather conditions all year round.
Creating an outdoor effect in an indoor setting with a fun, bright and airy recreational
atmosphere
Environmental sustainability
As the technology never take a pause better versions of technology are always seen. Today
science has provided us DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE which helps us design typical shapes with
great ease. Digital architecture usescomputer
modeling,programming,simulationandimagingto create bothvirtualforms and physical
structures.Architecturecreated digitally might not involve the use of actual materials (brick,
stone, glass, steel, wood).[2]
It relies on "sets of numbers stored inelectromagneticformat" used
to create representations and simulations that correspond to material performance and tomapout
built artifacts.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTFEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(weaving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_architecture#cite_note-digital-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_architecture#cite_note-digital-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_architecture#cite_note-digital-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_architecture#cite_note-digital-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(weaving)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibreglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTFE8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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3.5http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242
When man started building he never thought that such complex shapes can ever be built. But we
have seen the change. The supporting structure of roof have not only modified but also got
thinner and smaller. From large to sections to membrane and trusses . Probably that day is not far
when we see supporting structures as thin as a needle.
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=7476343242http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=74763432428/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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[Chapter 4.]
[FACTORS INFLUENCING ROOF FORM]
There are various factors that influence roof forms. The main important factors are as
follows:
Climate
Aesthetics
Function
Climate plays an important role in determining roof forms as different roof forms are used
for different kind of climate. Sloping roofs are used in hilly or rainy areas whereas flat roof
could be used in hot areas. Roof form vary with variation in climate.
In similar way aesthetics also influence roof shapes .If we are designing a building with
aesthetics then we will try and put new innovation in roof forms.
For example below is the picture of a building which has been designed aestheticallyresulting in a different roof form. So in this way aesthetics influences the roof from.
4.1http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/
http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/http://thedesigninspiration.com/articles/high-tech-cybertecture-egg-office-building/8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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Another important factor the influences the roof form is the function. Depending upon the
purpose for which the building is used its roof forms is determined. For example while
building indoor stadiums long span roof are build in order to fulfill the functions of roof. Had
there been a building with different function we could have used a different roof form.
4.2http://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.html
Above is the picture of Indira Gandhi Indoor stadium, the roof is designed to cover the long span
and also to fulfill the function for which it is built.
So in this way roof form is influenced by function.
http://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.htmlhttp://www.arunlalsharma.com/Indira_Gandhir_Indoor_Stadium.html8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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[Chapter 5.]
[INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON ROOF SHAPE]
5.1 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Technological advancements in the field of roofs has helps architects and construction
companies to give more comfort to the inhabitants of a house .A fine example of this is cool
roofs. Earlier in hot regions overhanging roofs were used to provide shade and thus lower the
building temperature, but today coolf roofs are widely used to lower the building temperature.
Cool roofs is a roofing systems that can deliver highsolar reflectanceand highthermal emittance
are called cool roofs. Cool roofs fall into one of three categories: inherently cool, green planted
roofs or coated with a cool material.
Inherently cool roofs: Roof membranes made of white or light colored material are
inherently reflective and achieve some of the highest reflectance and emittance
measurements of which roofing materials are capable. A roof made of thermoplastic white
vinyl, for example, can reflect 80% or more of the sun's rays and emit at least 70% of the
solar radiation that the building absorbs. An asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% ofsolar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to the building interior and greater demand
for air conditioninga strain on both operating costs and the electric power grid.[5]
Green planted roofs: A green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with
vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. A green roof
typically consists of many layers, including an insulation layer; a waterproof membrane,
often vinyl; a drainage layer, usually made of lightweight gravel, clay, or plastic; a geotextile
or filter mat that allows water to soak through but prevents erosion of fine soil particles.
Coated roofs: One way to make an existing or new roof reflective is by applying a
specifically designed white roof coatings (not simply white paint) on the roof's surface. The
coating must be Energy Star rated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_roof#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emittancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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5.1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_City.jpg
5.2 CASE STUDY 1
THE DRUK PADMA KARPO SCHOOL, LEH
The Druk Padma Karpo School near Leh is a Buddhist school under the patronage of the DalaiLama, and founded by His Holiness the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa in 1992.
Designed by international architects Arup Associates, the school building combines the best of
traditional Ladakhi architecture with cutting-edge engineering excellence to act as a model for
appropriate, cost effective and sustainable development.
5.2 http://ncict.net/Images/Examples/image023.gif
LOCATION ORIENTATION AND CLIMATE
The Druk School is located at Shey, about 15 kms to the south-east of Leh.
The classrooms are oriented 30 degrees east of south to utilise the morning sun for
natural lighting and space-heating.
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The residential blocks are oriented in the east-west axis with the living quarters facing south to
facilitate solar heat gain. Circulation areas are placed on the colder north side.
The natural slope of the site provides for universal access.
NATURAL FEATURES The natural soil condition aids water from melting snow or rain to seep into the ground
thus recharging the ground water.
The negligible amount of hard paving in the site ensures that almost all snow or rain
falling on it is recharged into the ground.
Willow trees found on the site are pruned to maximise heat and light gain in the winters.
The waste wood is then used as fuel for the bukharas for space heating purposes.
5.3 http://ncict.net/Images/Examples/image026.gif
ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized
to the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the
same time adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of
heat.
The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm
thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the
building from the cold and windy conditions outside.
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The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light
inside. These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable
wooden shades.
Roofs are insulated with a 50 mm thick layer of grass topped with a 300 mm thick layer of mud and clay.Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows.
High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide ventilation required in
the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and also with such
openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind
drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside.
The abundant sunlight available has been used to maximise natural light in the academic section.
Light from the windows and skylights eradicate the need for artificial lighting. The windows are shaded
in the summers so as to allow light in but keep the heat away.All blocks are well-separated so that there isno mutual shading.
5.4 http://ncict.net/Images/Examples/image024.gif
5.3 CASE STUDY 2: CHICAGO CITY HALL
One of the most impressive green roofs in the country is the one on top of City Hall in Chicago.Part of the impressiveness comes from the fact that the building is over 100 years old and was
not designed specifically to allow for the additional weight of a green roof. Many buildings can
only sustain a minimal depth of green roof substrate but somehow the building in Chicago
managed a full garden. The building is large, covering one city block so there was a lot of roof
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area, over 20,000 square feet in fact, to work with. There are over 20,000 plants installed and 150
plants species. Most of the plants are native and what would be found in in local prairies.
Among some of the species included are asters, milkweed, coneflower, sedges, sunflower,
clover, grasses and even vines, shrubs and two trees.
5.5 http://www.metrofieldguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Chicagos-Green-Roof-300x131.jpg
The roof was installed in 2000 and was initially designed as a demonstration and test garden withthe goal of studying the affect on the urban heat island. Cooling is done in many ways, the first
of which is the reflective property of the plants. In addition the plants help cool the air by
evapotranspiration, which happens when the plants release moisture from their leaves. In
addition to cooling, the plants serve to filter pollutants from the air and greatly reduce the strain
on the stormwater system by holding the water on the roof. During a rainfall of 1 the roof can
store 75% of that water.
5.6 https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0506/5aee7ca3d0e2e/5aee7cb2d15bd.jpg
In addition to all of these benefits, the roof has been successful as habitat despite not being a
design focus. There are beehives on the roof, but other bees have been observed in great numbers
leading to a belief they were nesting in the porous soils. There have also been many bird species
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observed such as the regular sparrows and juncos, but also a much longer list including wrens,
thrushes, warbler, thrasher, chickadee and flycatcher.
5.4 MATERIALS: slate, clay tiles, concrete tiles, green roofs, solar reflective roofs.
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[Chapter 6.]
[INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION ON ROOF SHAPE]
6.1 HOW IT EVOLVED
Function has largely influenced roof shapes. In past when flat roofs were used to cover large
span in public building with columns supporting the roof from inside. But in 21 century the
scenario has completely changed..
The scenario has changed so much that these days retractable roofs are used in stadiums in
comparison to roofless stadiums in ancient times. As the Romans built many stadiums and overlarge spans the but there wasnt any provision to provide shape to the spectators. But now the
technology is so advanced that the spectators could enjoy the game even if there is rain tand
game wont stop and the roof will close and thus game could be continued.
Below is the picture of circus maximus in rome.the stadium does not have any roof. Situated in
the valley between theAventineandPalatinehills, it was the first and largest stadium inancient
Romeand its laterEmpire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width,
and could accommodate about 150,000 spectators.
6.1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Circus_Max_1978_2.jpg/350px-Circus_Max_1978_2.jpg
A retractable roofis akinetic architecturalelement used in many sports venues, in which a roof
made of a suitable material can readily be mechanically deployed from some retracted or open
position into a closed or extended position that completely covers the field of play and spectator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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areas. They are generally used in locales where inclement weather, extreme heat, or extreme cold
are prevalent during the respective sports seasons, in order to allow for playing of traditionally
outdoor sports in more favorable conditions, as well as the comfort of spectators watching games
played in such weather.To understand retractable roof better we will go through one case study
of this type of roof.
6.2 CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY: MILLENIUM DOME
6.2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Millennium_Dome_1.jpg/248px-Millennium_Dome_1.jpg
The Millennium Dome, colloquially referred to simply as The Dome, is the original name of a
largedome-shaped building, originally used to house the Millennium Experience, a majorexhibition celebrating the beginning of thethird millennium. Located on theGreenwich
PeninsulainSouth East London
The building structure was engineered byBuro Happold, and the entire roof structure weighs
less than the air contained within the building. Although referred to as adomeit is not strictly one
as it is not self-supporting, but is a mast-supported, dome-shaped cable network
The canopy is made ofPTFE-coatedglass fibrefabric, a durable and weather-resistant plastic,
and is 52 m high in the middle - one metre for each week of the year. Its symmetry is interruptedby a hole through which a ventilation shaft from theBlackwall Tunnelrises.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fibrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buro_Happoldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_(London_sub_region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_millenniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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6.3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UK_Londen_Millenium_Dome_20040921_30701.JPG/256px-
UK_Londen_Millenium_Dome_20040921_30701.JPG
It the largest membrane structure in the world, with a diameter of 365m and a height of 50m.
The innovatory structural concept for the roof of the Millennium Dome is seemingly simple.
Arranged radially over the surface are 72 tensioned steel stringer cables in pairs of 32mm
diameter steel spiral strand
The stringers are supported at a radial spacing between 25 and 30m by an arrangement of upper
hanger and lower tie-down cables set out around the twelve 100-metre-high primary steelwork
masts. Circumferential cables keep the stringers on their radial lines.
The tensioned cables are straight, and the fabric is basically flat. They both carry the loads by
deflection accompanied by an increase of tension.
6.4 http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/Images/UK/LHR/GB-MillenniumDome-002.jpg
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6.3 CASE STUDY 2
CENTRE COURT
6.5http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Centre_Court_Wimbledon_2009.JPG/220px-
Centre_Court_Wimbledon_2009.JPG
Centre Court is the main court at the Wimbledon Championship, the 3rd annual Grand Slam
event of the tennis calendar. It is situated adjacent to Aorangi Terrace and is home to the All
England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Its only regular use is for the two weeks a year that the
Championships take place, but it is arguably the most famous tennis venue in the world. Centre
Court has a premier box that the Royal Family uses, as well as other distinguished guests, and is
also known by its postcode SW19.
A retractable roof was installed in 2009, enabling play to continue during rain. Centre Court willalso host the tennis competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics along with No. 1 Court and No. 2
Court.
After many years of debate by players, fans, media and officials that often occurred during rain
delays, the All England Club finally decided to build a retractable rooffor the stadium and
building work began with the removal of the existing roof at the end of the 2006
championships.The roof was closed for the first time during a competitive Championships match
at about 4:40 pm on Monday 29 June 2009, during the fourth round Ladies Singles
match between Amlie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina.
The first full match to be played with theroof closed was a men's singles fourth round match between British player Andy Murray and
Switzerland's Stanislas Wawrinka. Play on centre court had never gone past 9.17 pm, but with
the roof closed and the floodlights on, the match was able to be completed after darkat
10.38 pm
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ABOUT RETRACTABLE ROOF
The retractable roofthat has been operational since 2009 takes up to 10 minutes to close, during
which time play will be suspended. A further delay will occur whilst the air management systemrecreates an outdoor atmosphere.
The roof was closed for the first time during a competitive Championships match at about
4:40 pm on Monday 29 June 2009, during the fourth round Ladies Singles
match between Amlie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina. The roof was mobilised by SCX Special
Projects Ltd, who also undertake all the planned preventative maintenance to ensure it continues
to operate efficiently.
6.6http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpg
6.4 MATERIALS: solar reflective roofs, ptfe, pvc , cables, metal, tempered glass,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Centre_Court_roof.jpg/250px-Centre_Court_roof.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara_Safinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Mauresmohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Wimbledon_Championships_-_Women%27s_Singles#Section_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roof8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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[Chapter 7.]
[INFLUENCE OF AESTHETICS ON ROOF FORM]
7.1 INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONs
The rood aesthetics are influenced by thoughts of an individual, the reasons behing this maybe
personal beliefs or religious beliefs.
The roof style varies from religion to religion. In mosques we usually see dome or tombs with
chimney and minarets on four sides unlike in churches where tented roofs are built.
Below is an example of tented roof used in a church in Moscow.
7.1http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Church_ostrov.jpg/220px-Church_ostrov.jpg
Below is the picture of minarets used with sub dome in a mosque in Malasia
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7.2http://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.html
7.2 CASE STUDY 1
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in the Australian city
ofSydney. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jrn Utzon, finally opening in
1973 after a long gestation starting with his competition-winning design in 1957. Utzon received
the Pritzker Prize, architecture's highest honour, in 2003.
The Sydney Opera House is a modern expressionist design, with a series of large precast
concrete "shells", each composed of sections of a sphere of 75.2 metre (246 ft 8 in)
radius, forming the roofs of the structure, set on a monumental podium.
The building covers 1.8 hectares (4.5 acres) of land and is 183 metres (605 ft) long and 120
metres (388 ft) wide at its widest point. It is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25
metres below sea level.
7.3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Sydney_Opera_House_Sails.jpg
http://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-shell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-shell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://www.vintagemalaya.com/Architecture_Guide.html8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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Although the roof structures of the Sydney Opera House are commonly referred to as "shells" (as
they are in this article), they are in fact not shells in a strictly structural sense, but are
instead precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs.
The shells are covered in a subtle chevron pattern with 1,056,006 glossy white- and matte-cream-
coloured Swedish-made tiles from Hgans AB, though, from a distance, the shells appear auniform white.
Apart from the tile of the shells and the glass curtain walls of the foyer spaces, the building's
exterior is largely clad with aggregate panels composed of pink granite quarried at Tarana.
Of the two larger spaces, the Concert Hall is located within the western group of shells, and the
Opera Theatre within the eastern group. The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal
height requirements, with low entrance spaces, rising over the seating areas and up to the
high stage towers.
7.4https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0506/5aee7ca3d0e2e/5aee7cbcad187.jpg
7.3 MATERIALS:clay tiles, concrete tiles, ptfe , pvc, rcc shells, brick, stones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana,_New_South_Waleshttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://www.sydney.com.au/images/sydney-opera-house.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete8/3/2019 Seminar Minor 2
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[Chapter 8.]
[CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS]
8.1 CONCLUSIONS
There are various factors which which influenced the roof form due to climate, aesthetics and
function.The various factors are as follow:
1.Demand of people to see somethings new.
2.Lifestyle of people.
3.Technological advancement.
4. To meet the comfort need of people.
Out of all the factors , the one most important factors which helped innovate various roof forms
and meet the expectations and comfort off people is TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT .it
is the technology which helped us to experiment with different roof forms which helped give
better comfort to the users.It is because of the technology that we are able to build long span
building, retractable roofs, aesthetically important buildings such as Bahai temple etc.
8.3FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
In the future there will be more advancement in technology and there will be more factors which
will influence the roof forms. So studying those factors will help us to create roof forms which
best suits the need of people and create a more comfortable and habitable space.
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structures with stunning architectural profiles. Architectural membranes boast unique light
transmitting properties that enable an open airy feeling of outdoor ambiance indoors, filling
commercia developments, large sporting complexes and industrial facilities with diffused natural
daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes form distinctive and dramatic illuminated
structures that enhance the aesthetics.
Building with fabric enables the creation of structures with stunning architectural profiles. Architecturalmembranes boast unique light transmitting properties that enable an open airy feeling of outdoor
ambiance indoors, filling commercial developments, large sporting complexes and industrial facilities
with diffused natural daylight. When lit at night architectural membranes form distinctive and dramatic
illuminated structures that enhance the aesthetic