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Semester 1 v 3.0 1
CCNA 1
Module 4: Cable Testing
Semester 1 v 3.0 2
4.1 Background
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Basic Understandings
• Waves•Sine waves and Square waves•Decibels
Measure loss or gain of the power of a wave
•Viewing signals in time and frequency
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Noise
Noise is an important concept in communications systems, including LANS. Noise usually refers to undesirable sounds. In communications, it refers to undesirable signals. Noise can originate from natural and technological sources, and is added to the data signals in communications systems.Source of Noise:
Nearby cables carrying data signalsRFI – noise from other signalsEMI – noise from nearby motors, light …Laser noise for optical signal
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Bandwidth
•Very important concept in communications.
•2 types:
1) Analog : refers to the frequency range of an
analog electronic system. Units of measurement is
Hertz, the same as the unit of frequency.
Examples of analog bandwidth values are 3 kHz
for telephony, 20 kHz for audible signals, 5 kHz for
AM radio stations, and 200 MHz for FM radio
stations.
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Bandwidth
2) Digital - measures how much information can
flow from one place to another in a given amount of
time. Unit of measurement is bits per second (bps).
Since LANs are capable of speeds of millions of bits
per second, measurement is expressed in kilobits
per second (Kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps).
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Bandwidth
During cable testing, analog bandwidth is used to
determine the digital bandwidth of a copper cable.
Analog frequencies are transmitted from one end
and received on the opposite end. The two signals
are then compared, and the amount of attenuation
of the signal is calculated. In general, media that
will support higher analog bandwidths without high
degrees of attenuation will also support higher
digital bandwidths.
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4.2 Signals and Noise
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Signaling over copper and fibre optic cabling
•On copper cable, data signals are represented by voltage
levels that represent binary ones and zeros.
•For the LAN to operate properly, the receiving device must
be able to accurately interpret the binary ones and zeros
transmitted as voltage levels.
•2 basic types of copper cable: shielded and unshielded. In
shielded cable, shielding material protects the data signal
from external sources of noise and from noise generated by
electrical signals within the cable.
•2 types of twisted-pair cable: STP and UTP
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Attenuation and insertion loss on copper media
•Attenuation is the decrease in signal amplitude over the
length of a link.
•Long cable lengths and high signal frequencies contribute
to greater signal attenuation.
•Several factors that contribute to attenuation:
-signal energy is lost when it leaks through the cable
-resistance of the copper cable
-Impedance caused by defective connectors
(jitter : echoes making receiver difficult to accurate detect the data
value)
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Sources of Noise
Crosstalk involves the transmission of signals from one wire to a nearby wire.
When voltages change on a wire, electromagnetic energy is generated. This energy interferes with data on those wires.
Crosstalk can also be caused by signals on separate, nearby cables. It is more destructive at higher transmission frequencies.
Types of Crosstalk
-Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)
-Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)
-Power Sum Near-End crosstalk (PSNEXT)
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Sources of noise
Cable testing instruments measure crosstalk by applying a test signal to one wire pair.
Twisted-pair cable is designed to take advantage of the effects of crosstalk in order to minimize noise.
Higher categories of UTP require more twists on each wire pair in the cable to minimize crosstalk at high transmission frequencies. When attaching connectors to the ends of UTP cable, untwisting of wire pairs must be kept to an absolute minimum to ensure reliable LAN communications.
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Cable testing standard
The TIA/EIA-568-B standard specifies ten tests that a
copper cable must pass if it will be used for modern, high-
speed Ethernet LANs.
All cable links should be tested to the maximum rating that
applies for the category of cable being installed.
There are ten primary test parameters that must be verified
for a cable link to meet TIA/EIA standards such as:
•Wire map, Return loss,Propagation delay,Cable length,
CrossTalk
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Testing optical fibre
• Consists of two separate glass fibers for bi-directional signal.• Each glass fiber is surrounded by a sheath that light cannot
pass through, so there are no crosstalk problems.• External electromagnetic interference or noise has no affect on
fiber cabling. • Attenuation does occur on fiber links, but to a lesser extent than
on copper cabling. • Noise is not an issue, the main concern with a fiber link is the
strength of the light signal that arrives at the receiver. • If attenuation weakens the light signal at the receiver, then data
errors will result. • Testing fiber optic cable primarily involves shining a light down
the fiber and measuring whether a sufficient amount of light reaches the receiver.
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A new standardOn June 20, 2002, the Category 6 (or Cat 6) addition to the TIA-568 standard was published.
The official title of the standard is ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1.
Cables certified as Cat 6 cable must pass all ten tests and Cat 6 cable must pass the tests with higher scores to be certified.
A quality cable tester similar to the Fluke DSP-4000 series or Fluke OMNIScanner2 can perform all the test measurements required for Cat 5, Cat 5e, and Cat 6 cable certifications of both permanent links and channel links.
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End of Module 4