Semantic Web

• Semantic Web

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Web Ontology Language - Semantic web standards

1 The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data

to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and

community boundaries.


Web Ontology Language - Semantic web standards

1 —World Wide Web Consortium, W3C Semantic Web Activity


Simple Knowledge Organization System - Semantic web activity (2004-2005)

1 Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported

by the W3C Semantic Web Activity in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group. During this period, focus was put

both on consolidation of SKOS Core, and development of practical

guidelines for porting and publishing thesauri for the Semantic Web.


Simple Knowledge Organization System - SKOS and other semantic web standards

1 SKOS is intended to provide a way to make a legacy of concept schemes

available to Semantic Web applications, simpler than the more complex ontology language, OWL


Object (computer science) - Objects and the Semantic Web

1 It is claimed that the Semantic Web can be seen as a distributed data objects

framework, and can therefore be seen as an object-oriented framework. However,

a distributed object is called an "ordinary" object, and not an OOP object because it is separated from its methods with which it was enclosed before. It is also claimed that it is valid to use a UML diagram to

express a Semantic Web graph.



1 Attributes (also known as Relationships)



1 Furthering this, Linked Data also introduces Dereferenceable Uniform Resource Identifiers, which provide data-by-reference which is found in object-oriented programming and object-oriented databases in the

form of object identifiers.


Semantic Web

1 The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by the international standards body, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the

current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of

data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).


Semantic Web

1 According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and

reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries." The

term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be

processed by machines.


Semantic Web

1 While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that

applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have

already proven the validity of the original concept. Scholars have

explored the social potential of the semantic web in the business and

health sectors, and for social networking.


Semantic Web

1 The original 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, Hendler, and

Lassila described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web, but this has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and

colleagues stated that: "This simple idea ... remains largely unrealized."


Semantic Web - History

1 He defines the Semantic Web as "a web of data that can be processed

directly and indirectly by machines."



1 Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already existed before they were

positioned under the W3C umbrella. These are used in various contexts, particularly

those dealing with information that encompasses a limited and defined domain,

and where sharing data is a common necessity, such as scientific research or data

exchange among businesses. In addition, other technologies with similar goals have

emerged, such as microformats.


Semantic Web - Purpose

1 The semantic web is a vision of information that can be readily

interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding,

combining, and acting upon information on the web.



1 The Semantic Web, as originally envisioned, is a system that enables

machines to "understand" and respond to complex human requests

based on their meaning. Such an "understanding" requires that the relevant information sources be

semantically structured.



1 I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers.

A "Semantic Web", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it

does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be

handled by machines talking to machines. The "intelligent agents" people have touted

for ages will finally materialize.



1 The Semantic Web is regarded as an integrator across different content,

information applications and systems. It has applications in

publishing, blogging, and many other areas.



1 In a paper presented by Gerber, Barnard and Van der Merwe the

Semantic Web landscape is charted and a brief summary of related terms

and enabling technologies is presented


Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML

1 Many files on a typical computer can be loosely divided into human

readable documents and machine readable data. Documents like mail messages, reports, and brochures

are read by humans. Data, like calendars, addressbooks, playlists, and spreadsheets are presented

using an application program which lets them be viewed, searched and

combined.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written

in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is

used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects

such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags provide a

method by which computers can categorise the content of web pages,

for example:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 <meta name="keywords" content="computing, computer studies,

computer" />https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software,

perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that

lists items for sale



1 Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup following

intention, rather than specifying layout details directly. For example, the use of <em> denoting "emphasis" rather than

<i>, which specifies italics. Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination

with Cascading Style Sheets. But this practice falls short of specifying the

semantics of objects such as items for sale or prices.



1 Microformats extend HTML syntax to create machine-readable semantic

markup about objects including people, organisations, events and

products. Similar initiatives include RDFa, Microdata and Schema.org.


Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions

1 The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages

specifically designed for data: Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web

Ontology Language (OWL), and Extensible Markup Language (XML). HTML describes documents and the links between them.

RDF, OWL, and XML, by contrast, can describe arbitrary things such as people,

meetings, or airplane parts.



1 These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that

supplement or replace the content of Web documents



1 An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic

web page:



1 <item rdf:about=" http://example.org/s

emantic-web/">Semantic

Web</item>https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Tim Berners-Lee calls the resulting network of Linked Data the Giant Global Graph, in

contrast to the HTML-based World Wide Web. Berners-Lee posits that if the past was

document sharing, the future is data sharing. His answer to the question of "how" provides three points of instruction. One, a URL should point to the data. Two, anyone accessing the

URL should get data back. Three, relationships in the data should point to

additional URLs with data.


Semantic Web - Web 3.0

1 People keep asking what Web 3.0 is. I think maybe when you've got an

overlay of scalable vector graphics – everything rippling and folding and

looking misty – on Web 2.0 and access to a semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll

have access to an unbelievable data resource ...



1 "Semantic Web" is sometimes used as a synonym for "Web 3.0", though each term's

definition varies.


Semantic Web - Challenges

1 Some of the challenges for the Semantic Web include vastness,

vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency, and deceit. Automated reasoning systems will have to deal with all of these issues in order to

deliver on the promise of the Semantic Web.



1 Vastness: The World Wide Web contains many billions of pages. The

SNOMED CT medical terminology ontology alone contains 370,000

class names, and existing technology has not yet been able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will

have to deal with truly huge inputs.



1 Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like "young" or "tall". This arises from the vagueness of user

queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms and of trying

to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly

different concepts. Fuzzy logic is the most common technique for dealing

with vagueness.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For example, a patient might present a

set of symptoms which correspond to a number of different distinct

diagnoses each with a different probability. Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employed

to address uncertainty.



1 Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions which will inevitably arise

during the development of large ontologies, and when ontologies from separate sources

are combined. Deductive reasoning fails catastrophically when faced with

inconsistency, because "anything follows from a contradiction". Defeasible reasoning

and paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques which can be employed to deal

with inconsistency.



1 Deceit: This is when the producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the

information. Cryptography techniques are currently utilized to

alleviate this threat.



1 This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it

focuses on the challenges to the "unifying logic" and "proof" layers of

the Semantic Web


Semantic Web - Standards

1 Standardization for Semantic Web in the context of Web 3.0 is under the care of W3C.


Semantic Web - Components

1 The term "Semantic Web" is often used more specifically to refer to the formats and technologies that enable

it. The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data are enabled

by technologies that provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and

relationships within a given knowledge domain. These

technologies are specified as W3C standards and include:



1 Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information



1 Notation3 (N3), designed with human-readability

in mind



1 Web Ontology Language (OWL), a family of knowledge

representation languages



1 Rule Interchange Format (RIF), a framework of web rule language

dialects supporting rule interchange on the Web



1 The Semantic Web Stack illustrates the architecture of the Semantic

Web. The functions and relationships of the components can be

summarized as follows:



1 XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within

documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the

content contained within. XML is not at present a necessary component of Semantic Web technologies in most

cases, as alternative syntaxes exists, such as Turtle. Turtle is a de facto

standard, but has not been through a formal standardization process.



1 XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the

structure and content of elements contained within XML documents.



1 RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer

to objects ("web resources") and their relationships. An RDF-based

model can be represented in a variety of syntaxes, e.g., RDF/XML,

N3, Turtle, and RDFa. RDF is a fundamental standard of the

Semantic Web.



1 RDF Schema extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources,

with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and

classes.



1 OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between

classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and

enumerated classes.



1 SPARQL is a protocol and query language

for semantic web data sources.



1 RIF is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It's an XML language for

expressing Web rules which computers can execute. RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It includes a RIF Basic Logic Dialect

(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).


Semantic Web - Current state of standardization

1 Not yet fully realized:



1 Unifying Logic and Proof layers



1 The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources through:



1 Servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF

exist from different applications. Relational databases are an

important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing

system without affecting its operation.



1 Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource

Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc



1 Common metadata vocabularies (ontologies) and maps between

vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up

their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied

metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page'

won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of

a book review)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data



1 Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply

information specifically to agents, for example, a Trust service that an

agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or

spamming


Semantic Web - Practical feasibility

1 Peter Gärdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-based semantic

web technologies cover only a fraction of the relevant phenomena

related to semantics.



1 Core, specialized communities and organizations for intra-company

projects tended to practically adopt semantic web technologies greater than peripheral and less-specialized

communities. The practical constraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope is more limited than that of the general public and

the World-Wide Web.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - Censorship and privacy

1 An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much

easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online

information, as this information would be much easier for an

automated content-blocking machine to understand


Semantic Web - Doubling output formats

1 Another argument in defense of the feasibility of semantic web is the

likely falling price of human intelligence tasks in digital labor

markets, such as the Amazon Mechanical Turk.



1 Specifications such as eRDF and RDFa allow arbitrary RDF data to be

embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource

Descriptions from Dialects of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including

microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format,

such as HTML.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - Projects

1 This section lists some of the many projects and tools that exist to create Semantic Web

solutions.


Semantic Web - FOAF

1 A popular vocabulary on the semantic web is Friend of a Friend (or

FOAF), which uses RDF to describe the relationships people have to

other people and the "things" around them


Semantic Web - FOAF

1 FOAF is an example of how the Semantic Web attempts to make use

of the relationships within a social context.


Semantic Web - SIOC

1 The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities project (SIOC,

pronounced "shock") provides a vocabulary of terms and

relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others:

discussion forums, blogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks and image

galleries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - GoPubMed

1 GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts.

The Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as

"Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articles of the MEDLINE database. The search

engine allows its users to find relevant search results significantly

faster than Pubmed.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - eagle-i.net

1 The platform consists of the Semantic Web Entry and Editing Tool

(SWEET), an RDF database, and a Search tool


Semantic Web - NextBio

1 A database consolidating high-throughput life sciences

experimental data tagged and connected via biomedical ontologies.

Nextbio is accessible via a search engine interface. Researchers can

contribute their findings for incorporation to the database. The database currently supports gene

expression or protein expression data and sequence centric data and is

steadily expanding to support other biological data types.


Semantic Web - Further reading

1 Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An unfinished Work donated by

Morgan & Claypool Publishers after Aaron Swartz's death in January

2013.



1 Liyang Yu (January 6, 2011). A Developer's Guide to the Semantic

Web. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-15969-5.



1 Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen (March 31, 2008). A

Semantic Web Primer, 2nd Edition. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01242-1.



1 Dean Allemang, James Hendler (May 9, 2008). Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective

Modeling in RDFS and OWL. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-12-373556-0.



1 John Davies (July 11, 2006). Semantic Web Technologies: Trends and

Research in Ontology-based Systems. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02596-4.



1 Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krötzsch, Sebastian Rudolph (August 25,

2009). Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. CRCPress. ISBN 1-

4200-9050-X.



1 Thomas B. Passin (March 1, 2004). Explorer's Guide to the Semantic

Web. Manning Publications. ISBN 1-932394-20-6.



1 Liyang Yu (June 14, 2007). Introduction to Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services. CRC Press.

ISBN 1-58488-933-0.



1 Jeffrey T. Pollock (March 23, 2009). Semantic Web For Dummies. For Dummies. ISBN 0-470-

39679-2.



1 Martin Hilbert (April, 2009). The Maturing Concept of E-Democracy:

From E-Voting and Online Consultations to Democratic Value

Out of Jumbled Online Chatter. Journal of Information Technology &

Politics. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/16808027152

42|1680802715242 [[Category:Articles with invalid

ISBNs]]]].https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Folmer, Erwin; Oude Luttighuis, Paul; Hillegersberg, Jos . "Do semantic standards lack quality? A survey among 34 semantic standards".

Electronic Markets 21 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1007/s12525-011-0058-y.

Retrieved 2012-05-19.


Web resource - Resources in RDF and the Semantic Web

1 First released in 1999, RDF was first intended to describe resources, in

other words to declare metadata of resources in a standard way


Web resource - Resources in RDF and the Semantic Web

1 RDF also specifies the definition of anonymous resources or blank nodes, which are not absolutely

identified by URIs.


Semantic Web

1 The 'Semantic Web' is a collaborative movement led by international

standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard

promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantics|semantic Web content|content in web pages,

the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by

unstructured and semi-structured documents into a web of data. The Semantic Web stack builds on the

W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).


Semantic Web

1 According to the W3C, The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and

reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a

web of data that can be processed by machines.


Semantic Web

1 The original 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James

Hendler|Hendler, and Ora Lassila|Lassila described an expected

evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web, but this has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: This simple idea... remains largely unrealized.



1 He defines the Semantic Web as a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly by machines.



1 The semantic web is a vision of information that can be readily

interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding,

combining, and acting upon information on the web.



1 The Semantic Web, as originally envisioned, is a system that enables machines to understand and respond to complex human requests based on

their meaning. Such an understanding requires that the relevant information sources be

semantically structured.



1 The architectural model proposed by Tim Berners-Lee is used as basis to present a status model that reflects

current and emerging technologies.Gerber, Aurona; Van der

Merwe, Alta; Barnard, Andries; (2008), A Functional Semantic Web architecture, European Semantic Web Conference 2008, ESWC'08,

Tenerife, June 2008.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software,

perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that

lists items for sale



1 Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup

following intention, rather than specifying layout details directly. For

example, the use of denoting emphasis rather than , which

specifies italics. Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination with Cascading Style Sheets. But this practice falls short of specifying the semantics of objects such as items

for sale or prices.



1 Microformats extend HTML syntax to create Machine-readable data|

machine-readable semantic markup about objects including people,

organisations, events and products. Similar initiatives include RDFa, Microdata (HTML)|Microdata and

Schema.org.



1 Thus, content may manifest itself as descriptive data stored in Web-

accessible databases,Artem Chebotko and Shiyong Lu, Querying

the Semantic Web: An Efficient Approach Using Relational

Databases, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-3-8383-0264-5,

2009



1 Semantic Web is sometimes used as a synonym for Web

3.0,[http://www.tweakandtrick.com/2012/05/web-30.html Introducing The

Concept of Web 3.0] though each term's definition varies.



1 * Vastness: The World Wide Web contains

[http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ many billions of pages]. The SNOMED

CT medical terminology ontology alone contains 370,000 class names, and existing technology has not yet

been able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will

have to deal with truly huge inputs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 * Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like young or tall. This

arises from the vagueness of user queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms and of trying

to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly

different concepts. Fuzzy logic is the most common technique for dealing

with vagueness.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 * Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For example, a patient might present a

set of symptoms which correspond to a number of different distinct

diagnoses each with a different probability. Probabilistic logic|

Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employed to address

uncertainty.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 * Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions which will inevitably

arise during the development of large ontologies, and when

ontologies from separate sources are combined. Deductive reasoning fails

catastrophically when faced with inconsistency, because Principle of explosion|anything follows from a

contradiction. Defeasible reasoning and Paraconsistent logic|

paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques which can be employed

to deal with inconsistency.



1 * Deceit: This is when the producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the

information. Cryptography techniques are currently utilized to

alleviate this threat.



1 This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it

focuses on the challenges to the unifying logic and proof layers of the

Semantic Web


Semantic Web - Standards

1 Standardization for Semantic Web in the context of Web 3.0 is under the

care of W3C.[http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Main_Page Semantic Web Standards

published by the W3C]



1 The term Semantic Web is often used more specifically to refer to the

formats and technologies that enable it. The collection, structuring and

recovery of linked data are enabled by technologies that provide a

description logic|formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships

within a given knowledge domain. These technologies are specified as

W3C standards and include: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 * Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information



1 * Notation3 (N3), designed with human-

readability in mind



1 * Web Ontology Language (OWL), a family of knowledge representation languages



1 * Rule Interchange Format (RIF), a framework of web rule language

dialects supporting rule interchange on the Web



1 * XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within

documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the

content contained within. XML is not at present a necessary component of Semantic Web technologies in most

cases, as alternative syntaxes exists, such as Turtle (syntax)|Turtle. Turtle is a de facto standard, but has not

been through a formal standardization process.



1 * W3C XML Schema|XML Schema is a language for providing and

restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML

documents.



1 * RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects (web resources) and their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in a variety of

syntaxes, e.g., RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, and RDFa. RDF is a fundamental standard of the Semantic Web.



1 * RDF Schema extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources,

with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and

classes.



1 * OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between

classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. exactly one), equality, richer

typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and

enumerated classes.



1 * SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic

web data sources.



1 * RIF is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It's an XML language for

expressing Web rules which computers can execute. RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It includes a RIF Basic Logic Dialect

(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).



1 * Unifying Logic and Proof layers



1 * Servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL

standards. Many [http://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToR

df converters to RDF] exist from different applications. Relational

databases are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting

its operation.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource

Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc



1 * Common metadata vocabularies (Ontology (information science)|ontologies) and maps between

vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up

their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied

metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page'

won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of

a book review)



1 * Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data



1 * Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply

information specifically to agents, for example, a Trust service that an

agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or

spamming



1 Peter Gärdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-based semantic

web technologies cover only a fraction of the relevant phenomena

related to semantics.


Semantic Web - Censorship and privacy

1 An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much

easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online

information, as this information would be much easier for an

automated content-blocking machine to understand



1 Specifications such as eRDF (data format)|eRDF and RDFa allow

arbitrary RDF data to be embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects

of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including

microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format,

such as HTML.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - DBpedia

1 DBPedia is an effort to publish structured data extracted from

Wikipedia: the data is published in RDF and made available on the Web

for use under the GNU Free Documentation License, thus

allowing Semantic Web agents to provide inferencing and advanced

querying over the Wikipedia-derived dataset and facilitating interlinking, re-use and extension in other data-

sources.


Semantic Web - FOAF

1 A popular vocabulary on the semantic web is FOAF (software)|Friend of a Friend (or FOAF), which

uses RDF to describe the relationships people have to other people and the things around them


Semantic Web - SIOC

1 The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities project (SIOC,

pronounced shock) provides a vocabulary of terms and

relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others:

discussion forums, blogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks and image

galleries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web - GoPubMed

1 GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. The Gene ontology|Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings|

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as Table of contents in order to structure the

millions of articles of the MEDLINE database.[http://www.gopubmed.com/web/gopubmed/ww

w/GoPubMed/Search/index.html#Nutshell GoPubMed in a nutshell] The search engine

allows its users to find relevant search results significantly faster than Pubmed.


Semantic Web Stack

1 The Semantic Web Stack, also known as Semantic Web Cake or

Semantic Web Layer Cake, illustrates the architecture of the Semantic

Web.


Semantic Web Stack - Overview

1 The Semantic Web Stack is an illustration of the hierarchy of

languages, where each layer exploits and uses capabilities of the layers below. It shows how technologies

that are standardized for Semantic Web are organized to make the

Semantic Web possible. It also shows how Semantic Web is an extension

(not replacement) of classical hypertext web.


Semantic Web Stack - Overview

1 The illustration was created by Tim Berners-Lee. The stack is still

evolving as the layers are concretized.


Semantic Web Stack - Semantic Web technologies

1 As shown in the Semantic Web Stack, the following languages or technologies are used

to create Semantic Web. The technologies from the bottom of the stack up to Web Ontology Language|OWL are currently

standardized and accepted to build Semantic Web applications. It is still not clear how the top of the stack is going to be implemented.

All layers of the stack need to be implemented to achieve full visions of the

Semantic Web.


Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies

1 The bottom layers contain technologies that are well known

from hypertext web and that without change provide basis for the

semantic web.



1 * Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), generalization of URI,

provides means for uniquely identifying semantic web resources.

Semantic Web needs unique identification to allow provable

manipulation with resources in the top layers.



1 * Unicode serves to represent and manipulate text in many languages. Semantic Web should also help to

bridge documents in different human languages, so it should be able to

represent them.



1 * XML is a markup language that enables creation of documents composed of structured data. Semantic web gives meaning

(semantics) to structured data.



1 * XML Namespaces provides a way to use markups from more sources.

Semantic Web is about connecting data together, and so it is needed to refer more sources in one document.


Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies

1 Middle layers contain technologies standardized by W3C to enable

building semantic web applications.



1 * Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for creating statements in a form of so-called

triples. It enables to represent information about resources in the form of graph - the semantic web is

sometimes called Giant Global Graph.



1 * RDF Schema (RDFS) provides basic vocabulary for RDF. Using RDFS it is

for example possible to create hierarchies of classes and properties.



1 * Web Ontology Language (OWL) extends RDFS by adding more

advanced constructs to describe semantics of RDF statements. It

allows stating additional constraints, such as for example cardinality,

restrictions of values, or characteristics of properties such as transitivity. It is based on description logic and so brings reasoning power

to the semantic web.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 * SPARQL is a RDF query language - it can be used to query any RDF-

based data (i.e., including statements involving RDFS and

OWL). Querying language is necessary to retrieve information for

semantic web applications.



1 * Rule Interchange Format|RIF is a rule interchange format. It is

important for example to allow describing relations that cannot be directly described using description

logic used in OWL.


Semantic Web Stack - Unrealized Semantic Web technologies

1 Top layers contain technologies that are not yet standardized or contain

just ideas that should be implemented in order to realize

Semantic Web.



1 * Cryptography is important to ensure and verify that semantic web statements are coming from trusted

source. This can be achieved by appropriate digital signature of RDF

statements.



1 * Trust to derived statements will be supported by (a) verifying that the premises come from trusted source and by (b) relying on formal logic during deriving new information.



1 * User interface is the final layer that will enable humans to use semantic web

applications.


Folksonomy - Semantic Web

1 Tillett, [https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/ds

pace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s Library of Congress controlled

vocabularies and their application to the Semantic Web] The Insemtives project is investigating methods of

motivating users to contribute semantic content.


Semantic wiki - Semantic Web compatibility

1 The technologies developed by the Semantic Web community provide

one basis for formal reasoning about the knowledge model that is

developed by importing this data. However, there are also a wide array of technologies that work on Entity-relationship model|ERD or relational

data.


Inference - Use with the semantic web

1 Recently automatic reasoners found in semantic web a new field of application. Being based upon description logic, knowledge

expressed using one variant of Web Ontology Language|OWL can be

logically processed, i.e., inferences can be made upon it.


Semantic Web Rule Language

1 The 'Semantic Web Rule Language' ('SWRL') is a proposed language for the Semantic Web that can be used

to express rules as well as logic, combining Web Ontology Language|OWL DL or OWL Lite with a subset of the RuleML|Rule Markup Language

(itself a subset of Datalog).



1 The specification was submitted in May 2004 to the W3C by the National Research Council of Canada, Network

Inference (since acquired by webMethods), and Stanford

University in association with the Joint US/EU Ad Hoc Agent Markup

Language Committee.



1 SWRL has the full power of OWL DL, but at the price of decidability and practical

implementations.



1 Rules are of the form of an implication between an antecedent (body) and consequent (head). The intended meaning can be read as:

whenever the conditions specified in the antecedent hold, then the

conditions specified in the consequent must also hold.


Semantic Web Rule Language - Example

1 The XML Concrete Syntax is a combination of the OWL Web

Ontology Language XML Presentation Syntax with the RuleML XML syntax.


Semantic Web Rule Language - Example

1 It is straightforward to provide such an Resource Description Framework|RDF concrete syntax for rules, but the presence of variables in rules goes beyond the RDF Semantics.

Translation from the XML Concrete Syntax to RDF/XML could be easily

accomplished by extending the XSLT transformation for the OWL XML

Presentation syntax.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations

1 Caveat: Reasoners do not support the full specification because the reasoning becomes

undecidable



1 * Protege (software)|Protégé 4.2 includes a Rules view in its Ontology

Views that supports SWRL rules.



1 * For older versions of Protégé, 'SWRLTab' is an extension that

supports editing and execution of SWRL rules.

[http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?SWRLTab]



1 * 'R2ML' (REWERSE Rule Markup Language) supports SWRL.

[http://oxygen.informatik.tu-cottbus.de/rewerse-i1/?q=node/6]



1 * 'Bossam (software)|Bossam', a forward chaining rule engine

supports SWRL. [http://bossam.wordpress.com/]



1 * 'Hoolet', an implementation of an OWL-DL reasoner that uses a first

order prover supports SWRL. [http://owl.man.ac.uk/hoolet/]



1 * 'KAON2' is an infrastructure for managing OWL-DL, SWRL, and F-

Logic ontologies. [http://kaon2.semanticweb.org/]



1 * 'RacerPro', supports processing of rules in a SWRL-based syntax by translating them into nRQL rules

[http://www.racer-systems.com/products/racerpro/index.phtml]



1 * 'Stardog' is an RDF database or triplestore that rewrite queries to

answer questions using SWRL inferences. [http://stardog.com/]


Semantic Web Rule Language - Comparison with Description Logic Programs

1 Description Logic Programs (DLPs) are another proposal for integrating

rules and OWL.[http://www2003.org/cdrom/papers/refereed/p117/p117-grosof.html

Description Logic Programs: Combining Logic Programs with Description Logic], WWW 2003.


Semantic Web Rule Language - Comparison with Description Logic Programs

1 Compared with Description Logic Programs, SWRL takes a

diametrically opposed integration approach. DLP is the intersection of Horn logic and OWL, whereas SWRL

is (roughly) the union of them. In DLP, the resultant language is a very peculiar looking description logic and rather inexpressive language overall.


Hyperdata - Semantic Web

1 In the Semantic Web, links are not limited to information resources or

documents, such as the typical Web page


Hyperdata - Semantic Web

1 Semantic Web architecture does not necessarily involve the HTML

document format, which typical HTML Web browsers rely upon


Semantic Web Services

1 'Semantic Web Services', like conventional web services, are the Server (computing)|server end of a client–server

system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services

are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data

machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with

human-readable HTML which is usually not easily understood by computer programs).


Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services

1 The mainstream XML standards for interoperation of web services

specify only Syntax of programming languages|syntactic interoperability, not the Semantics|semantic meaning

of messages



1 Semantic web services can also be used by automatic programs that run

without any connection to a web browser.



1 A [ http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~khalidb/sw

s/sws_directory/sws_directory.html directory of Semantic Web Services]

providing semantic web service investigators with an index to

projects, standards and bibliographical references of

semantic web service proposals was created and is maintained by

[ http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Khalid_B

elhajjame Dr. Khalid Belhajjame].



1 A Semantic Web Services platform that uses OWL (Web Ontology

Language) to allow data and service providers to semantically describe their resources using third-party

ontologies is SSWAP: Simple Semantic Web Architecture and

Protocol.



1 SSWAP establishes a lightweight protocol (few OWL classes and

predicates; see the [ http://sswap.info/protocol.jsp SSWAP

Protocol]) and the concept of a canonical graph to enable providers

to logically describe a service. A service is essentially a

transformation of some, possibly null, input (or subject) to some, possibly

null, output (or object). Services are semantically discoverable based on

their subsumption hierarchies as well as their input and output data types.



1 (Semantic Automated Discovery and Integration) is a Semantic Web

Service initiative that consists of a set of design-practices for Semantic

Web Service publishing that minimizes the use of non-standard protocols and message structures


Semantic Web Services - Choreography vs. orchestration

1 Choreography is concerned with describing the external visible

behavior of services, as a set of message exchanges optionally following a Message Exchange

Pattern (MEP), from the functionality consumer point of view.


Semantic Web Services - Choreography vs. orchestration

1 Orchestration deals with describing how a number of services, two or

more, cooperate and communicate with the aim of achieving a common

goal.


Semantic Web Services - Related technologies

1 *Resource Description Framework (RDF)



1 *Web Services Modeling Language (WSML)



1 * [ http://rbsla.ruleml.org Rule Based Service Level Agreements] (RBSLA based on RuleML)



1 *WSMF[ http://www.swsi.org/

resources/wsmf-paper.pdf WSMF]



1 *IRS-III[ http://technologies.k

mi.open.ac.uk/irs/ IRS-III]



1 *METEOR-S[ http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/meteor-s/

METEOR-S]


Semantic Web Services - European projects

1 *Ongoing projects funded in the Seventh Framework

Programme



1 *Ongoing and previous projects

funded in the Sixth Framework Programme



1 **[http://www.luisa-project.eu/ LUISA]



1 *Previous projects funded in the FP5|Fifth Framework Program



1 **[http://www.esperonto.net/ Esperonto] (IST-2001-34373) has

developed [http://kw.dia.fi.upm.es/odesws/ ODE

SWS], a toolset for design and composition of Semantic Web

Services



1 *The ESSI or European Semantic Systems Initiative brings together six European FP6 projects working in the domains of Semantic Web Services

and semantically empowered service-oriented architectures.



1 **[http://www.essi-cluster.org/dip.html Data Information and

Process Integration with Semantic Web Services] (DIP)



1 **SUPER|Semantics Utilised for Process management within and

between Enterprises ([http://www.ip-super.org SUPER])



1 **[http://www.essi-cluster.org/tripcom.html Triple Space Communication] (TripCom)


Semantic Web Services - Other projects

1 *[http://rbsla.ruleml.org RBSLA] - Rule Based Service Level

Agreements. A project of RuleML for representing SLAs and service

contracts and policies.



1 * [http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/quasar/index.php QuASAR]. Quality Assurance of Semantic Annotations for Services. A

project of the school of computer science, University of Manchester.



1 *[http://www.swsi.org/ SWSI]. The Semantic Web Services Initiative is

an Ad Hoc initiative of academic and industrial researchers, many of which are involved in DARPA and research

projects funded by the European Community.



1 *[http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/meteor-s/ METEOR-S]. A project of

the LSDIS Lab, University of Georgia and [http://knoesis.wright.edu Kno.e.sis Center], Wright State

University.



1 *[http://denali.cs.uga.edu/haley HALEY]. A Web service composition project of the LSDIS Lab, University

of Georgia



1 *[http://knoesis.wright.edu [email protected]]. Semantics(Services,

Science) : The 3S project at the kno.e.sis center, Wright State

University, Dayton, OH.


Corporate Semantic Web

1 The term 'Corporate Semantic Web' (CSW) is used to describe the application of Semantic Web technologies and Knowledge

Management methodologies in corporate environments.


Corporate Semantic Web

1 Compared to the public Semantic Web there are lesser requirements on

scalability and the information circulating within a company can be

more trusted in general.


Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose

1 Corporate Semantic Web addresses both the internal (e.g. enterprise members) and external side of an enterprise (e.g. customers), which

may be either humans (employees or customers) or automated services

(e.g. in business processes and enterprise service networks). It

considers the semantic enhancement of information delivered to end-users

as well as semantic applications, aiming at:



1 * facilitating the integration of

information from heterogeneous sources



1 * dissolving ambiguities in corporate terminology



1 * improving information retrieval thereby

reducing information overload



1 * providing decision making support


Corporate Semantic Web - Pragmatic Point of View

1 While Semantic Web focuses primarily on fundamental

technologies, Corporate Semantic Web focuses on pragmatic aspects of transferring semantic technologies

into productive usage. Besides realizing semantic applications it also

includes reviewing the economical aspects (e.g. cost models) of their development and management.

Thus, it can help decision makers on the strategic, tactical, and

operational level to understand the impact and benefit of semantic

technologies.



1 There are three main areas of the Corporate Semantic Web: ontology engineering, semantic applications,

and collaboration



1 All three parts work together in an integrative Corporate Semantic Web

life cycle where (1) an application domain is modeled semantically

resulting in ontologies and sets of rules (ontology engineering), (2) a

semantic application is built on top of the semantically represented domain (semantic applications), and (3) the

interaction of users with the semantic applications is used to

evolve ontologies and rules to adapt them - and thus the applications - to

changes in the environment (collaboration).


Corporate Semantic Web - Automated Semantic Business Processes

1 For example they might be used to model business processes or to

implement Semantic Web Services (SWS) for Service Oriented

Computing (SOC).


Corporate Semantic Web - Knowledge Management

1 In particular in the realm of corporate collaboration, semantic technologies may offer support for semi-automatic

knowledge evolution and dynamic integration of and access to distributed, heterogeneous

information sources. By enabling organizations the extraction of

implicit knowledge from corporate data as well as by a semantically

meaningful representation of human expertise (corporate wisdom),

Semantic Web technologies may be used for recognizing trends or

problem solving within enterprises.


Corporate Semantic Web - Research Activities

1 The first research group explicitly focusing on the Corporate Sementic Web was the

ACACIA team at Institut national de recherche en informatique et en

automatique|INRIA-Sophia-Antipolis, founded in 2002. Results of their work include the RDF Schema|RDF(S) based

[http://www-sop.inria.fr/acacia/soft/corese/ Corese] search engine, and the application of semantic web technology in the realm of

E-learning.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Corporate Semantic Web - Research Activities

1 Since 2008, the [http://www.corporate-semantic-

web.de/ Corporate Semantic Web] research group, located at the Free University of Berlin, focuses on the

building blocks of a Corporate Semantic Web: Corporate Semantic

Search, Corporate Semantic Collaboration, and Corporate

Ontology Engineering.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Social Semantic Web

1 Keynote presentation at ISWC, The 5th International Semantic Web

Conference, November 7, 2006 The Social Semantic Web combines

technologies, strategies and methodologies from the Semantic Web, social software and the Web

2.0.Katrin Weller (2010), Knowledge Representation in the Social

Semantic Webhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

Social Semantic Web - Overview

1 While the semantic web enables integration of business processing

with precise automatic logic inference computing across domains, the socio-semantic web opens up for

a more social interface to the semantics of businesses, allowing interoperability between business objects, actions and their users.



1 The socio-semantic web may be seen as a middle way between the top-

down monolithic taxonomy approach like the Yahoo! Directory and the more recent collaborative tagging

(folksonomy) approaches.



1 The socio-semantic web differs from the semantic web in that the

semantic web often is regarded as a system that will solve the epistemic interoperability issues we have to day. While the semantic web will provide ways for businesses to

interoperate across domains the socio-semantic web will enable users

to share knowledge.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 We have identified three possible social approaches for solving the problems of user driven ontology evolution for the semantic web


Social Semantic Web - Examples

1 * [ http://dbpedia.org DBpedia] is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this

information available on the Web. DBpedia allows you to ask

sophisticated queries against Wikipedia and to link other datasets

on the Web to Wikipedia data.



1 * SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such as blogs, forums and email list|mailing lists to each other. It consists

of the SIOC ontology, an open-standard machine readable format

for expressing the information contained both explicitly and

implicitly in internet discussion methods, of SIOC metadata

producers for a number of popular blogging platforms and content management systems, and of

storage and browsing / searching systems for leveraging this SIOC

data.



1 * Online Presence Ontology|OPO provides a way to describe the data relative to user's presence in online social systems, for the purposes of

data integration and exchange among heterogeneous systems. The presence information, scattered and distributed all over the Web can be

consolidated using OPO-based tools.



1 * [ http://www.stumpedia.com Stumpedia] is a social project and

community effort that relies on human participation and

folksonomies to index, organize, and review the world wide web. The aim

is to help build Natural Language Processing and the Semantic Web.



1 * [ http://semandeks.com Semandeks] is a bottom-up approach

for building the semantic web. Its strength is the UI it uses.



1 * Twine (website)|Twine combines features of forums, wikis, online databases and newsgroups and employs intelligent software to

automatically mine and store data relationships expressed using RDF

statements.



1 * [ http://www.faviki.com Faviki] and [ http://tagnauts.com Tagnauts] are social bookmarking communities

which restrict their users to tags to which Wikipedia articles exist.



1 * [ http://wiki.knoesis.org/index.php/Twa

rql Twarql] annotates streaming social data using standard Semantic Web vocabularies such as SIOC, OPO,

etc. Therefore, enabling SPARQL to filter social data.


Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web

1 The Semantic Web is essentially a distributed objects framework. Two key technologies in the Semantic

Web are the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF provides the capability to define basic objects:

names, properties, attributes, relations, that are accessible via the Internet. OWL adds a richer object model, based on set theory, that

provides additional modeling capabilities such as multiple

inheritance.



1 OWL objects are not like standard large grained distributed objects

accessed via an Interface Definition Language. Such an approach would not be appropriate for the Internet because the Internet is constantly

evolving and standardization on one set of interfaces is difficult to

achieve. OWL objects tend to be similar to the kind of objects used to define application domain models in programming languages such as Java

and C++.



1 However, there are important distinctions between OWL objects

and traditional object-oriented programming objects. Where as

traditional objects get compiled into static hierarchies usually with single

inheritance, OWL objects are dynamic. An OWL object can change

it's structure at run time and can become an instance of new or

different classes. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 Another critical difference is the way the model treats information that is

currently not in the system. Programming objects and most

database systems use the Closed world assumption|closed world

assumption. If a fact is not known to the system that fact is assumed to be false. Semantic Web objects use

the open world assumption, a statement is only considered false if there is actual relevant information

that it is false, otherwise it is assumed to be unknown, neither true

nor false.



1 OWL objects are actually most like objects in artificial intelligence frame language|frame languages such as

KL-ONE and Loom.



1 The following table contrasts traditional objects from Object-

Oriented programming languages such as Java or C++ with with

Semantic Web Objects:


Amit Sheth - Semantic interoperability/integration and semantic web

1 Sheth has investigated, demonstrated, and advocated comprehensive use of metadata


Amit Sheth - Semantic interoperability/integration and semantic web

1 Sheth has recently proposed a realization of Dr. Vannevar Bush's MEMEX vision as the Relationship

Web


Amit Sheth - Workflow management and semantic web services

1 In the early 1990s, he initiated research in the formal modeling, scheduling, and correctness of workflows. His METEOR project

demonstrated the value of research with real-world applications; its tools

were used in graduate courses in several countries, and its technology was licensed to create a commercial

product.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html


1 The follow-on METEOR-S project has been highly influential. He led the research (later joined by IBM) that resulted in the W3C submission of

WSDL-S (Semantic Annotation of Web Services Description Language|

WSDL), the basis for SAWSDL, a W3C recommendation for adding semantics to Web Services

Description Language|WSDL and XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema.



1 He currently guides the development of SA-REST, which supports

microformat-based annotation of popular RESTful services and

WebAPIs


SKOS - Semantic web activity (2004ndash;2005)

1 Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported by the W3C Semantic Web

Activity[http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ W3C Semantic Web Activity] in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group.

[http://www.w3.org/2004/03/thes-tf/mission W3C Semantic Web Best Practice and Deployment Working Group : Porting Thesauri Task Force]

During this period, focus was put both on consolidation of SKOS Core, and development of practical guidelines for porting and publishing

thesauri for the Semantic Web.


SKOS - SKOS and other semantic web standards

1 SKOS is intended to provide a way to make a legacy of concept schemes

available to Semantic Web applications, simpler than the more complex ontology language, Web

Ontology Language|OWL


GeoNames - Semantic Web integration

1 Each GeoNames feature is represented as a web resource

identified by a stable URI. This URI provides access, through content

negotiation, either to the HTML wiki page, or to a Resource Description Framework|RDF description of the

feature, using elements of the GeoNames ontology (computer science)|ontology. This ontology

describes the GeoNames features properties using the Web Ontology Language, the feature classes and codes being described in the SKOS

language.


GeoNames - Semantic Web integration

1 Through Wikipedia articles URL linked in the RDF descriptions, GeoNames data are linked to DBpedia data and

other RDF Linked Data.


For More Information, Visit:

• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html

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