Selection Guide

Silane Coupling Agents

Famasil Silanes

R’

Organofunctional

Group Linker

3 (HOR)

3 H2O

Silanes are extremely versatile products that can react with a

wide variety of organic and inorganic materials. Their unique

ability as coupling agents, crosslinking agents and surface

modifiers have been proven in an ever-increasing number of applications, ranging from adhesives to coatings to composites to polymer

modifications. Si (OH)3

Si – O – Si Si O

As coupling agent for use in:

Adhesives

Sealants

Wet adhesion, Adhesion

to difficult substrates.

Glass fiber

Resiliency of insulation batts, wet strength &

electrical properties.

Filler Treatment

Filler dispersion in thermoset and

thermoplastic resins.

Textiles Water repellency

Dye receptivity

Hand feeling

As crosslinkers for use in:

Coatings Printing inks

Chemical resistance, corrosion resistance,

weatherability,

scrub resistance,

wet adhesion, release and wetting.

Thermoplastics Rubbers &

Elastomers

Elevated temperature application, toughness,

abrasion resistance,

rolling resistance, wet electrical properties.

Foundry,

Crude oil Extraction and

More…

Core strength…

The benefits of moisture curable silanes that can impart to these end-use

applications are highlighted below.

Silicon atom Hydrolyzable group

Y Si – OR3

Famasil Silanes in …

INDUSTRIAL COATINGS

Applications cover corrosion resistant coatings, silicone sealants, glass coatings, wood coatings, wire enamel coatings, and textile waterproofing. The key-drivers today are application techniques, diversity of systems and substrates and growing environmental concerns.

The continuing challenge for the industry is the need to reduce VOC’s, HAPS and chromium, enhance the durability and adhesion on multiple substrates and obtain higher performance from organic systems. In response manufacturers of industrial coatings have been developing waterborne coatings, high solids, low volatile organic components, radiation cure and powder coatings.

Acrylics, epoxies, and different types of polyurethanes have been developed into one-component, silane modified systems in order to adapt their property sets to different end-use applications. These moisture curable systems have been chosen for their

noticeable improvement in mechanical-, weathering- as well as surface properties.

Industrial coatings for example show both improved durability, higher heat resistance, but also wider adhesion latitude thanks to Famasil silanes.

Inorganic substrates such as aluminum, concrete or glass, are made water-repellent and also more resistant to different environmental conditions when treated with silanes. Change in surface properties of coatings will increase their gloss and render them more weather-and-stain-resistant. This is why Famasil silanes are now considered more and more for their overall contribution to mechanical properties, chemical and water resistance.

ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

Major applications are polyurethane adhesives in automotive- and construction- glazing, epoxy and EVA hot melt adhesives for assembly and

packaging, silicone, acrylic and hybrid construction sealants.

Drivers are reduced priming and preparation steps, increased

adhesion profiles on unprimed substrates, higher-modulus and elimination of free isocyanates in urethane adhesives.

Famasil silanes have always been an important adhesion promoter for sealants and adhesives in construction and glazing applications.

The increasing use of hybrid systems has allowed silanes to expand their functionality.

Famasil silane coupling agents enhance dry- and wet- adhesion properties for a wide range of sealants and adhesives in automotive, construction and industrial applications and assemblies.

FILLED AND REINFORCED PLASTICS & RUBBER

Mineral fillers that are chemically modified include calcium carbonate, kaolin, alumina hydrate, mica, talc, organo-clays, silica, and wollastonite, in PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon.

Wood plastic composites and natural fiber composites, have been widely

used in construction and automotive markets. Titanium dioxide for use in plastics is also treated to promote the dispersion in plastics.

Key drivers for the use of silane and silicone coupling agents are primarily reinforcing properties, improvement in electrical properties as well as easier dispersion for highly loaded minerals.

The use of Famasil silane coupling agents will lead to improved pigment dispersions and thus better compatibility between filler particles and polymer matrix. This in turn will cause reduced viscosities and a subsequent improvement in processing and mechanical properties.

Product Overview

Product Name

FAMASIL AM-TEO

FAMASIL AM-TMO

FAMASIL DIAM-TMO

FAMASIL AM-DEO

FAMASIL AM-DMO

FAMASIL DIAM-DMO

FAMASIL GLY-TMO

FAMASIL ME-TMO

FAMASIL M-TMO

FAMASIL TESU-TEO

FAMASIL DISU-TEO

FAMASIL MEC-TMO

FAMASIL VI-TEMO

FAMASIL VI-TEO

FAMASIL VI-TMO

Chemical Name

gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane

gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

gamma-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane

gamma-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane

N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane

gamma-Glycidoxylpropyltrimethoxysilane

gamma-Methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane

Methyltrimethoxysilane

Bis-(3-(triethoxysily)-propyl)tetrasulfane

Bis-(3-(triethoxysily)-propyl)disulfane

gamma-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane

Vinyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)silane

Vinyl-tris-(ethoxy)silane

Vinyl-tris-(methoxy)silane

CAS

919-30-2

13822-56-5

1760-24-3

3179-76-8

3663-44-3

3069-29-2

2530-83-8

2530-85-0

1185-55-3

40372-72-3

56706-10-6

4420-74-0

1067-53-4

78-08-0

2768-02-7

Product Name

FAMAS NDZ-101

FAMAS NDZ-105

FAMAS NDZ-130

FAMAS NDZ-133

FAMAS NDZ-201

FAMAS NDZ-311W

FAMAS SG-R 616

FAMAS SG-R 330

FAMAS SG-R 405

FAMAS SG-R 203

FAMAS SG-R 202

FAMAS SG-R 207

FAMAS SG-R 3100

FAMAS ZnO

FAMAS PbO

Chemical Name

Monoalkoxy unsaturated fatty acid phosphate titanate

Mono-alkoxy-unsaturate fatty titanate

Monoalkoxy fatty acid (saturate) titanate

Dry NDZ-130 mixture on CaCO3, TiO2

Isopropyl tri(dioctylpyrophosphate) titanate

Aqueous version of NDZ-311 and Ethanol amine

Butylated reaction product of P-cresol and dicyclopentadiene

1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene

Zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate

Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate

N,N’-m-phenylene digmaleemide

N,N'-di(o-tolyl)-p-phenylenediamine mixed

Indirect Zinc Oxide 99.7%

Lead Oxide

CAS

61417-49-0

61417-49-0 M

61417-49-0 M2

61417-49-0 M3

67691-13-8

65467-75-6

68610-51-5

1709-70-2

10881-67-1

136-23-2

14324-55-1

3006-93-7

68953-84-4

-

1317-36-8

Silanes must first hydrolyze and then condense. The relative rates of these reactions can be adjusted by adjusting the system pH. During storage silanes must be kept in a ‘dry’ environment until they are ready to be used. They hydrolyze and then dissolve in water - best at a PH 4 - 5. PH ‘s which are lower than 4 and higher than 7 will promote polymer formation.

Silanes crosslink or bond to inorganic surfaces through elimination of the alkoxy groups after hydrolysis and condensation reaction. Reaction kinetics and conversion rates of different silanes will allow the user in choosing the silane with the appropriate alkoxy groups.

Organic Group - Silane

Base Polymer Amino Epoxy Sulfur Mercapto Methacryl Vinyl Ureido Fluorine

Acrylic

Acrylic latex

Butyl

Cellulose

Epoxy

Fluoro

Melamine

Neoprene

Nitrile

Phenolic

Polyamide

Polyester

Polyether

Polyolefin

Polysulfide

Polyurethane

PUD

Silicone

SBR emulsion

SBS

Vinyl

Generally Effective / Best Choice

Alternative / 2nd Choice

Only effective with specific silanes

Unsuitable

What are Organic Titanate Coupling Agents? Most of the organic titanates have similar chemistries. Modifications of the attached group on the titanium atom provide versatile functions to meet different applications in different industries. Here is the typical structure of Titanates:

(XO)n-Ti(OY)4-n

Where X are alkyl groups Y are organo - functional groups Most common alkyl groups are n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-octylethyl etc. Organofunctional groups are usually larger groups with high polarity, such as carboxyl, ester, phosphato, pyro-phosphato, sulfonato etc.. The organophilic properties can be adjusted by choosing the lengths and structures of the alkyl X groups while the hydrophilic properties can be adjusted by selecting different organo - functional Y groups . For the most common titanate coupling agents there are two to three organo- functional groups per molecule. The alkoxy group of alkyl titanates are sensitive to moisture and subject to hydrolysis. The alkoxy group can also

react with inorganic minerals surface via a proton coordination mechanism, which generates no by-product or leaving group. This allows titanates to react with inorganic fillers without surface hydroxyl groups, which are necessary for the silane coupling mechanism. This makes titanates complementary coupling agents, bridging two dissimilar species chemically – they are also useful coupling agents for carbonates, carbon black and other fillers that do not respond to Famasil Silanes. Some chelate titanates are less susceptible to hydrolysis, which allows them to be used in moisture containing systems, while at the same time providing good storage stability. The organo - functional Y groups interact with either polar or nonpolar polymers in thermoplastics and thermosetting composites. Certain esters can introduce additional functions to the polymer matrix such as plasticizing the polymer to facilitate higher filler loadings or catalyzing the crosslinking reactions between polymer chains.

Functionality of Titanate Coupling Agents Titanates (as well as Zirconates) perform different functions in a diversity of applications: 1. Coupling of organic to inorganic

substrates, where they enhance properties such as adhesion and surface di-electric properties.

2. Crosslinking of polymers or

resins to improve weathering and mechanical properties.

3. Catalysis during polymerization

with minimum side reactions or by-products.

Not like silanes, titanates have the ability to react without the need for surface hydroxyl groups.

Hydrolysis Titanates hydrolyse with both hydroxyl groups or proton sites. The low molecular weight alcohol is removed by evaporation, which shifts the reaction to form bonds, during monolayer film forming reactions. Alkyl groups or the functional groups of titanates can react further with other active hydrogen sites on the polymer, in order to form three - dimensional networks. While most alkyl titanates are sensitive to moisture and subject to hydrolysis, this tendency is

surpressed due to the solvation effect of the alcoholic solvents. If hydrolysis conditions are well controlled, a clear amorphous film of titanium oxide can be obtained. Some chelate titanates are relatively stable in elevated moisture environments and less susceptible to hydrolysis. Yet hydrolysis will still occur, especially when shifts of pH and / or temperature occur during the application.

Thermal Stability Most alkyl titanates pyrolyze at >350oC, forming alkylene, alcohol and solid titanium dioxide.

Reactivity Chelate titanates are much less reactive than alkyl type titanates. They only undergo these reactions once the chelate structure is activated through heat, or elevated pH environments (alkaline pH 6 to 10). FAMAS-NDZ organic titanates are supplied in liquid- or powder form (whereby the active material is absorbed on carriers, such as CaCO3 or Silica etc).

Applications Titanates provide functionality to a multitude of polymers – such as carbonates, sulfur, sulfur donors, sulphates, nitrides, nitrates etc. They are suitable crosslinkers, providing plastics, resins and coatings (inks) with better solvent resistance, weathering, electrical and di-electric properties. By choosing the proper titanate, this might allow formulators to design waterborne coatings with performance levels, close to solvent based coatings. Titanates crosslink cellulose or water soluble polymers to control the thixotropy of a waterborne coating. Treated minerals and pigments can be dispersed easily in the polymer matrix, both in aqueous and non-aqueous systems while reducing system viscosity. For plastics and rubber, titanate treated minerals and fillers can increase compounding rates while reducing process temperatures. With high use levels of certain minerals, like Al(OH)3 or Mg(OH)2 etc. titanates can improve flame retardant properties without using halogens contain compounds. Titanate treated iron oxides can make better plastic / rubber magnets.

Coupling A wide selection of metal and carbon powders are coupled with titanates into different thermoplastics to improve shielding or conductive properties. Titanates can also help plastics to obtain certain antistatic properties. e.g. ABS, PE, PP, PVC etc. Catalysis Titanates are good catalysts in many chemical reactions, particularly in esterifications and transesterifications. Unlike acid or base catalysis, titanate catalysts give minimum undesirable side reactions and maximum yield with good colour and low odor. Organic Titanates are also used for catalysis and crosslinking of wide varity of resins such as polyolefins, polyurethanes, epoxies, phenolics and silicones. Zirconates and Aluminates

Chemical structures of alkoxy zirconates are analogous to those of titanates. Zirconates' main advantage is their greater stability – they neither cause discolouring, even in the presence of phenols nor do they interact with a wide variety hindered amine light stabilizers. In unfilled plastics they can also improve UV stability when compared to titanates.

Product Safety When considering the use of any Famas Technology products in a particular application,

you should review our latest Material Safety Data Sheet and ensure that the use you intend can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety Data Sheets and other product safety information, contact the Famas Technology sales office or its representatives,

agents or distributors nearest you. Before handling any other products mentioned in the text, you should obtain available product safety information and take necessary steps to

ensure safety of use.

FAMAS Technology Sàrl, Route de Founex 46, CH-1296 Coppet, Tel : +41.22.960.03.83, Fax : +41.22.960.03.84, E-Mail : info@famastechnology.com,

Website : www.famastechnologyProduct Safety