Selected Trace Metal Paper Bibliography

Achterberg, E. P. and van den Berg, C. M. G., 1997. Chemical speciation of chromium and nickel in the western Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res II 44, 693-720.

Barbeau, K. and Moffett, J. W., 2000. Laboratory and field studies of colloidal iron oxide dissolution as mediated by phagotrophy and photolysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 827-835.

Bertrand, E. M., Saito, M. A., Rose, J. M., Riesselman, C. R., Lohan, M. C., Noble, A. E., Lee, P. A., and DiTullio, G. R., 2007. Vitamin B12 and iron co-limitation of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 1079-1093.

Bruland, K., Orians, K., and Cowen, J., 1994. Reactive trace metals in the stratified central North Pacific. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3171-3182.

Bruland, K. W., 1989. Complexation of zinc by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34, 269-285.

Bruland, K. W., 1992. Complexation of cadmium by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 1008-1016.

Bruland, K. W., Donat, J. R., and Huchins, D. A., 1991. Interactive influences of bioactive trace metals on biological production in oceanic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1555-1577.

Bruland, K. W. and Lohan, M. C., 2003. Controls of Trace Metals in Seawater. Elsevier Science Ltd, Cambridge.

Chisholm, S. W., Falkowski, P., and Cullen, J. J., 2001. Dis-Creaditing Ocean Fertilization. Science 294, 309-310.

Coale, K. H. and Bruland, K. W., 1988. Copper Complexation in the Northest Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr 33, 1084-1101.

Coale, K. H., Fitzwater, S. E., Gordon, R. M., Johnson, K. S., and Barber, R. T., 1996. Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 379, 621-624.

Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Chavez, F. P., Buesseler, K. O., Barber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., Cochlan, W. P., Millero, F. J., Falkowski, P. G., Bauer, J. E., Wanninkhof, R. H., Kudela, R. M., Altabet, M. A., Hales, B. E., Takahashi, T., Landry, M. R., Bidigare, R. R., Wang, X., Chase, Z., Strutton, P. G., Friederich, G. E., Gorbunov, M. Y., Lance, V. P., Hilting, A. K., Hiscock, M. R., Demarest, M., Hiscock, W. T., Sullivan, K. F., Tanner, S. J., Gordon, R. M., Hunter, C. N., Elrod, V. A., Fitzwater, S. E., Jones, J. L., Tozzi, S., Koblizek, M., Roberts, A. E., Herndon, J., Brewster, J., Ladizinsky, N., Smith, G., Cooper, D., Timothy, D., Brown, S. L., Selph, K. E., Sheridan, C. C., Twining, B. S., and Johnson, Z. I., 2004. Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment: Carbon Cycling in High- and Low-Si Waters. Science 304, 408-414.

Coale, K. H., Wang, X., Tanner, S. J., and Johnson, K. S., 2003. Phytoplankton growth and biological response to iron and zinc addition in the Ross Sea and Antarctic Circumpolar Current along 170W. Deep-Sea Res II 50, 635-653.

Cullen, J. T., 1991. Hypotheses to explain high-nutrient conditions in the open sea. Limnol. Oceanogr 36, 1578-1599.

Cullen, J. T., Chase, Z., Coale, K. H., Fitzwater, S. E., and Sherrell, R. M., 2003. Effect of iron limitation on the cadmium to phosphorus ratio of natural phytoplankton assemblages from the Southern Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48, 1079-1087.

Cullen, J. T., Lane, T. W., Morel, F. M. M., and Sherrell, R. M., 1999. Modulation of cadmium uptake in phytoplankton by seawater CO2 concentration. Nature 402, 165-167.

da Silva, J. J. R. F. and Williams, R. J. P., 1991. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

de Baar, H. J. W. and al., e., 2005. Synthesis of iron fertilization experiments: From the Iron Age to an Age of Enlightenment. J. Geophys. Res. 110, C09S16, doi:10.1029/2004JC002601.

de Baar, H. J. W., Saager, P. M., Nolting, R. F., and van der Meer, J., 1994. Cadmium versus phosphate in the world ocean. Marine Chemistry 46, 261-281.

Donat, J. R. and Bruland, K. W., 1990. A Comparison of Two Voltammetric Techniques for Determining Zinc Speciation in Northeast Pacific Ocean Waters. Marine Chemistry 28, 301-323.

Donat, J. R., Kango, R. A., and Gordon, A. S., 1997. Evaluation of immobilized metal affinity chromatography(IMAC) for isolation and recovery of copper-complexing ligands from marine waters. Marine Chemistry 57, 1-10.

Droop, M. R., 1973. Some thoughts on nutrient limitation in algae. J. Phycol. 9, 264-272.Droop, M. R., 1974. The nutrient status of algal cells in continuous culture. J. Mar. Biol.

Assoc. U.K. 54, 825-855.Droop, M. R., 2007. Vitamins, phytoplankton and bacteria: symbiosis or scavenging? J.

Phycol. 29, 107-113.Edgcomb, V. P., Molyneaux, S. J., Saito, M. A., Lloyd, K., Böer, S., Wilson, C. O.,

Atkins, M. S., and Teske, A., 2004. Amelioration of metal toxicity by sulphide for Archaea at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Appl Environ Microbiol 70, 2551-2555.

Ellwood, M. J., 2004. Zinc and cadmium speciation in subantarctic waters east of New Zealand. Mar. Chem. 87, 37-58.

Ellwood, M. J., Berg, C. M. G. v. d., Boye, M., Veldhuis, M., Jong, J. T. M. d., Baar, H. J. W. d., Croot, P. L., and Kattner, G., 2005. Organic complexation of cobalt across the Antarctica Polar Front in the Southern Ocean. Mar. Fresh. Res. 56, 1069-1075.

Ellwood, M. J. and van den Berg, C. M. G., 2001. Determination of organic complexation of cobalt in seawater by cathodic stripping voltammetry. Mar. Chem. 75, 33-47.

Elrod, V., Johnson, K. S., and Coale, K. H., 1991. Determination of subnanomolar levels of iron(II) and total dissolved iron in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection. Anal. Chem. 63, 893-898.

Emerson, S., Kalhorn, S., Jacobs, L., Tebo, B. M., Nealson, K. H., and R.A., R., 1982. Environmental oxidation rate of manganese(II): bacterial catalysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 46.

Emerson, S. R. and Huested, S. S., 1991. Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in sea water. Marine Chemistry 34, 177-196.

Erdner, D. L., 1997. Characterization of Ferredoxin and Flavodoxin as Molecular Indicators of Iron Limitation in Marine Eukaryotic Phytoplankton, MIT/WHOI.

Eschenmoser, A., 1988. Vitamin B12: Experiments Concerning the Origin of Its Molecular Structure. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 27, 5-39.

Exss-Sonne, P., Tolle, J., Bader, K. P., Pistorius, E., and Michel, K. P., 2000. The IdiA protein of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 funcions in protecting the acceptor side of Photosystem II under oxidative stress. Photosyn. Res. 63, 145-157.

Falchuk, K. H., Fawcett, D. W., and Vallee, B. L., 1975a. Role of Zinc in Cell Division of Euglena Gracills. J.Cell Sci. 17, 57-78.

Falchuk, K. H., Krishan, A., and Vallee, B. L., 1975b. DNA Distribution in the Cell Cycle of Eugena gracilis. Cytofluorometry of Zinc Deficient Cells. Biochemistry 14, 3439-3444.

Falkowski, P. G., 1997. Evolution of the nitrogen cycle and its influence on the biological sequestration of CO2 in the ocean. Nature 387, 272-274.

Falkowski, P. G., Berman-Frank, I., Cullen, J. T., Shaked, Y., and Sherrell, R., 2001. Iron availability, cellular quotas, and nitrogen fixation in Trichodesmium. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1249-1260.

Fitzwater, S. E., Johnson, K. S., Gordon, R. M., Coale, K. H., and Smith, W. O., 2000. Trace metal concentrations in the Ross Sea and thei relationship with nutrients and phytoplankton growth. Deep-Sea Res. II 47, 3159-3179.

Franck, V. M., Bruland, K. W., Hutchins, D. A., and Brzezinski, M. A., 2003. Iron and zinc effects on silicic acid and nitrate uptake kinetics in three high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 252, 15-33.

Fukuda, R., Sohrin, Y., Saotome, N., Fukuda, H., Natata, T., and Koike, I., 2000. East-west graient in estoenzyme activities in the subarctic Pacific: Possible regulation by zinc. limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 930-939.

Fung, I. Y., Meyn, S. K., Tegen, I., Doney, S. C., John, J. G., and Bishop, J. K. B., 2000. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 281-291.

Geno, M. and Halpern, J., 1986. Why Does Nature Not Use the Porphyrin Ligand in Vitamin B12. Journal of the American Chemical Society 109, 1238-1240.

Gerringa, L. J. A., Herman, P. M. J., and Poortvliet, T. C. W., 1995. Comparison of the linear van den Berg/Ruzic transformation and a non-linear fit of the Langmuir isotherm applied to Cu speciation in the estuarine environment. Mar. Chem. 48, 131-142.

Gibbs, R. J., 1973. Mechanisms of Trace Metal Transport in Rivers. Science 180, 71-73.Gledhill, M., Nimmo, M., and Hill, S. J., 1997. The Toxicity of Copper(II) Species to

Marine Algae, with Particular Refference to Macroalgae. J. Phycol 33, 2-11.Gledhill, M., Van den Berg, C. M. G., Nolting, R. F., and Timmermans, K. R.,

Variability in the speciation of iron in the Northern North Sea. 1-34.Glusker, J. P., 1995. Vitamin B12 and the B12 Coenzymes. Vitamins and Hormones 50,

1-76.Gonzalez-Davila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Perez-Pena, J., and Millero, F., 1995.

Binding of Cu(II) to the Surface and Exudates of the Alga Dunaliella tertiolecta in Seawater. Environmental Science and Technology 29, 289-301.

Gordon, A., Harwood, V., and Sayyar, S., 1993. Growth, Copper-Tolerant Cells, and Extracellular Protein Production in Copper-Stressed Chemostat Cultures of Vibrio alginolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 60-66.

Gordon, R. M., Coale, K. H., and Johnson, K. S., 1997. Iron Distributions in the equatorial Pacific: Implications for new production. Limnol. Oceanogr 42, 419-431.

Gordon, R. M., Johnson, K. S., and Coale, K. H., 1998. The behavior of iron and other trace elements during the IronEx-I and PlumEx experiments in the Equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II. 45, 995-1041.

Graneli, E., 1993. Can Increased Leaching of Trace Metals from Acidified Areas Influence Phytoplankton Growth in Coastal waters? Ambio 22, 308-311.

Graneli, E., Segatto, A. Z., and Haraldsson, 1998. Response of chrysochromulina polylepis to humic substances and cobalt. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1-13.

Granger, J. and Price, N. M., 1999. The importance of siderophores in iron nutrition of heterotrophic marine bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 541-555.

Granger, J. and Ward, B. B., 2003. Accumulation of nitrogen oxides in copper limited cultures of denitrifying bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48, 313-318.

Guillard, R. and Cassie, V., 1963. Minimum Cyanocobalamin Requirements of Some Marine Centric Diatoms. Limnology and Oceanography 8, 161-165.

Gupta, A., Whitton, B. A., Morby, A. P., Huckle, J. W., and Robinson, N. J., 1992. Amplification and rearrangement of a prokaryotic metallothionein locus smt in Synechococcus PCC6301 selected for tolerance to cadmium. Proc. R. Soc. Lond 248, 273-281.

Gupta, B. D. and Qanungo, K., 1998. Pyrazine bridged organodicobaloximes: a convenient one pot synthesis and cis influence studies. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 557, 243-249.

Hammershoi, A., Geselowitz, D., and Taube, H., 1984. Redetermination of the Hexaamminecobalt(III/II) Electron-Self-Exchange Rate. Inorganic Chemistry 23, 979-982.

Hanck, K. and Dillard, J., 1976. Determination of the Complexing Capacity of Natural Water by Cobalt(III) Complexation. Analytical Chemistry 49, 405-409.

Hayashi, K., Sugaki, A., and Kitakaze, A., 1990. Solubility of sphalerite in aqueous sulfide solutions at temperatures between 25 and 240C. Geochimica Cosmochimca Acta 54, 715-725.

Hayon, J., Raveh, A., and Bettelheim, A., 1993. Electrocatalytic properties of chemically polymerized films of cobalt, iron and manganese tetrakis(o-aminophenyl) porphyrins. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 359, 209-221.

Heggie, D. and Lewis, T., 1984. Cobalt in pore waters of marine sediments. Nature 311, 453-455.

Helmers, E. and Schrems, O., 1995. Wet Deposition of Metals to the Tropical North and the South Atlantic Ocean. Atmospheric Environment 29, 2475-2484.

Hering, J. G., Sunda, W., Ferguson, R. L., and Morel, F. M. M., 1987. A Field Comparison of two methods for the determination of copper complexation: Bacterial Bioassay and Fixed-Potential Amperometery. Marine Chemistry 20, 299-312.

Hermrika, W., Renirie, R., Dekker, H. L., Barnett, P., and Wever, R., 1997. From phosphatases to vanadium peroxidases : A similar architecture of the active site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2145-2149.

Herrera-Melian, J., Hernandez-Brito, J., Gelado-Caballero, M., and Perez-Pena, J., 1994. Direct determination of cobalt in unpurged oceanic seawater by high speed adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta 299, 59-67.

Hill, K., Hassett, R., Kosman, D., and Merchant, S., 1996. Regulated Copper Uptake in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in Response to Copper Availability. Plant Physiology 112, 697-704.

Hinojosa, O., Jacks, T. J., Calamari, T. A., and Thibodeaux, D. P., 1989. Electron spin resonance study of the relationship of UV irradiation to nitroxide radical formation in desferrioxamine (desferal) and related hydroxamate and hydroxylamine derivatives. Photochemistry and Photobiology 49, 1-5.

Hlavaty, J. and Nowak, T., 1997. Formation and Characterization of an Active Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase-Cobalt(III) Complex. Biochemistry 36, 3389-3403.

Ho, T.-Y., Quigg, A., Finkel, Z. V., Milligan, A. J., Wyman, K., Falkowski, P. G., and Morel, F. M. M., 2003. The Elemental Composition Of Some Marine Phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 39, 1145-1159.

Holden, J. F. and Adams, M. W. W., 2003. Microbe-metal interactions in marine hydrothermal environments. Curr. Opin. Chem Biol. 7, 160-165.

Howarth, R. W. and Cole, J. J., 1985. Molybdenum availability, nitrogen limitation and phytoplankton growth in natural waters. Science 229, 653-655.

Hu, X. and Boyer, G. L., 1995. Isolation and characterization of the siderophoreN-deoxyschizokinon from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19213. BioMetals 8, 357-364.

Hu, X. and Boyer, G. L., 1996a. Effect of Metal Ions on the Quantitative Determination of Hydroxamic acids. Anal. Chem. 68, 1812-1815.

Hu, X. and Boyer, G. L., 1996b. Siderophore- Mediated Aluminum Uptake by Bacillus Megaterium ATCC 19213. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4044-4048.

Hudson, R. and Morel, F., 1993. Trace metal transport by marine microorganisms: implications of metal coordination kinetics. Deep-Sea Research I 40, 129-150.

Hudson, R. and Morel, F. M. M., 1990. Iron transport in marine phytoplankton: Kinetics of cellular and medium coordination reactions. Limnology and Oceanography 35, 1002-1020.

Hudson, R. J. M., Covault, D. T., and Morel, F. M. M., 1992. Investigations of iron coordination and redox reactions in seawater using 59Fe radiometry and ion-pair solvent extraction of amphiphilic iron complexes. Marine Chemistry 38, 209-335.

Hudson, R. J. M. and Morel, F. M. M., 1989. Distinguishing between extracellular and intracellular iron in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34, 113-120.

Humble, A., Gadd, G., and Codd, G., 1997. Binding of Copper and Zinc to Three Cyanobacterial Microcystins Quantified by Differential Pulse Polarography. Water Research 31, 1679-1686.

Husar, R. B. and Prospero, J. M., 1997. Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product. J. Geophys. Res 102, 16889-16909.

Hutchins, D. and Bruland, K., 1998. Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime. Nature 393, 561-564.

Hutchins, D. A. and Bruland, K. W., 1994. Grazer-mediated regeneration and assimilation of Fe, Zn and Mn from planktonic prey. Marine Ecology Progress Series 110, 259-269.

Hutchins, D. A., DiTullio, G. R., Zhang, Y., and Bruland, K. W., 1998. An Iron Limitation Mosaic in the California Upwelling Regime. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 1037-1054.

Hutchins, D. A., Franck, M., Brezezinski, M. A., and Bruland, K. W., 1999a. Inducing phytoplankton iron limitation in iron-replete coastal waters witha a strong chelating ligand. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 1009-1018.

Hutchins, D. A., Hare, C. E., Weaver, R. S., Zhang, Y., Firme, G. F., DiTuliio, G. R., Alm, M. B., Riseman, S. F., Maucher, J. M., Geesey, M. E., Trcik, C. G., Smith, G. J., Rue, E. L., Conn, J., and Bruland, K. W., 2002. Phytoplankton iron limitation in the Humboldt Current and Peru Upwelling. Limnol. Ocean. 47, 997-1011.

Hutchins, D. A., Witter, A. E., Butler, A., and Luther, G. W., 1999b. Competition among marine phytoplankton for different chelated iron species. Nature 400, 858-861.

Iwasaki, T., Suzuki, T., Kon, T., Imai, T., Urushiyama, A., Ohmori, D., and Oshima, T., 1997. Novel Zinc-containing Ferredoxin Family in Thermoacidophilic Archaea. J Biol Chem 272, 3453-3458.

Jacobs, L. and Emerson, S., 1982. Trace metal solubility in an anoxic fjord. Earth Planet. Sci. 60, 237-252.

Jacobs, L., Emerson, S., and Skei, J., 1985. Partitioning and transport of metals across the O2/H2S interface in a permanently anoxic basin: Framvaren Fjord, Norway. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 49, 1433-1444.

Jickells, T., Church, T., Veron, A., and Arimoto, R., 1994a. Atmospheric inputs of manganese and aluminium to the Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface water concentrations. Marine Chemistry 46, 283-292.

Jickells, T. D., 1995. Atmospheric inputs of metals and nutrients to the oceans: their magnitude and effects. Marine Chemistry 48, 199-214.

Jickells, T. D., 1999. The inputs of dust derived elements to the Sargasso Sea; a synthesis. Marine Chemistry 68, 5-14.

Jickells, T. D. and Burton., J. D., 1988. Cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel in the Sargasso Sea. Mar. Chem. 23, 131-144.

Jickells, T. D., Deuser, W. G., and Belastock, R. A., 1990. Temporal Variations in the Concentrations of some Particulate Elements in the Surface of the Sargasso Sea and their Relationship to Deep-Sea Fluxes. Marine Chemistry 29, 203-219.

Jickells, T. D., Dorling, S., Deuser, W. G., Church, T. M., Arimoto, R., and Prospero, J. M., 1998. Air-borne dust fluxes to a deep water sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12, 311-320.

Jickells, T. D., Spokes, L. J., and Lim, B., 1994b. Solubilisation of aerosol trace metal by cloud processing: A laboratory study. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 58, 3281-3287.

Jickells., T. D., 1980. Variationss in Trace Metal Concentrations with time in the surface waters at Station S., 135-253.

Jickells., T. D., 1998. Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone. Chemistry and Biology of the Oceans 281, 217-222.

Jickells., T. D. and Knap, A., 1984. The Distribution and Geochemical of some Trace Metals in the Bermuda Coastal Environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Self Science 18, 245-262.

Jickells., T. D., Knap, A., Pszenny, A., and Galloway, J., 1986. Significance of Atmosperic- Derived fix nitrogen on productivity of the Sargasso Sea. Nature 320, 158-160.

Jickells., T. D., Lim, B., Colin, J. L., and Losno, R., 1994. Solubilities of Al, Pb, Cu, and Zn in rain sampled in the marine environment over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, 349-362.

John, S. G., Geis, R. W., Saito, M. A., and Boyle, E. A., 2007. Zinc isotope fractionation during high-affinity and low affinity zinc transport by the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 2710-2714.

Johnson, K. S., Berelson, W. M., Coale, K. H., Coley, T. L., Elrod, V. A., Fairey, W. R., Iams, H. D., Kilgore, T. E., and Nowicki, J. L., 1992. Manganese Flux from Continental Margin Sediments in a Transect Through the Oxygen Minimum. Science 257, 1242-1245.

Johnson, K. S., Chavez, F. P., and Friederich, G. E., 1999. Continental-shelf sediment as a primary source of iron for coastal phytoplankton. Nature 398, 697-700.

Johnson, K. S., Coale, K. H., Berelson, W. M., and Gordon, R. M., 1996. On the formation of the manganese in the oxygen minimum. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1291-1299.

Johnson, K. S., Gordon, R. M., and Coale, K. H., 1997. What controls dissolved iron in the world ocean? Mar. Chem 57, 137-161.

Johnson, K. S., Stout, P. M., Berelson, W. M., and Sakamoto-Arnold, C. M., 1988. Cobalt and copper distributions in the waters of Santa Monica Basin, California. Nature 332, 527-530.

Jolley, W., Stranks, D., and Swaddle, T., 1991. Kinetics of the Aqueous Cobalt(II)/Cobalt(III) EDTA System at Variable Pressure. Inorganic Chemistry 31, 507-511.

Joseph, E. M., Morel, F. M. M., and Price, N. M., 1995. Effects of aluminum and fluoride on phosphorus acquisition by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Can. J. Fish, Aquat 52, 353-357.

Kadner, R. J. and Heller, K. J., 1995. Mutual inhibition of cobalamin and siderophore uptake systems suggest their competition for TonB function. J. Bacteriol. 177, 4829-4835.

Karl, D. M. and Tien, G., 1992. Magic: A Sensitive and Precise Method for Measuring Dissolved Phosphorus in Aquatic Environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 105-116.

Katoh, H., Hagino, N., Grossman, A. R., and Ogawa, T., 2001. Genes essential to iron transport in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 183, 2779-84.

Keller, M. D., Bellows, W. K., and Guillard, R. L., 1988. Microwave treament for sterilization of phytoplankton culture media. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 117, 279-283.

Keshtacher-Liebson, E., Hadar, Y., and Chen, Y., 1994. Oligotrophic Bacteria Enhance Algal Growth under Iron-Deficient Conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61, 2439-2441.

Kimber, M. S. and Pai, E. F., 2000. The active site architecture of Pisum sativum b-carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of a-carbonic anhydrase. EMBO J 19, 1407-1418.

King, D. W. and Farlow, R., 2000. Role of carbonate speciation on the oxidation of Fe(II) by H2O2. Marine Chemistry 70, 201-209.

King, D. W., Miller, W., Lin, J., and Kester, D. R., 1995. Photochemical redox cycling of iron in coastal seawater. Marine Chemistry 50, 63-77.

Kini, Washington, J., Kubiak, C. P., and Morimoto, B., 1996. Electrochemical Characterization of Substituted Cobalt Nitrosyl Porphyrins. Inorganic Chemistry 35, 6904-6906.

Kinugasa, M., Ishita, T., Sohrin, Y., Okamura, K., Takeda, S., Nishioka, J., and Tsuda, A., 2005. Dynamics of trace metals during the subarctic Pacific iron experiment for ecosystem dynamics study (SEEDS2001). Prog. Oceanogr. 64, 129-147.

Klausmeier, C. A., Litchman, E., and Levin, S. A., 2004. Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry under multiple nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr 49, 1463-1470.

Kletzin, A. and Adams, M. W. W., 1996. Tungsten in Biological Systems. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 18, 5-63.

Knauer, G. A., Martin, J. H., and Gordon, R. M., 1982. Cobalt in north-east Pacific waters. Nature 297, 49-51.

Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S., 1999. Cobalt proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 261, 1-9.Komeda, H., Kobayashi, M., and Shimizu, S., 1997. A novel transporter involved in

cobalt uptake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 94, 36-41.Kraepiel, A. M. L., Keller, K., and Morel, F. M. M., 1999. A Model for Metal Adsorption

on Montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 210, 43-54.Kremling, K., 1983. The Behavior of Zn, Cd,Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn In anoxic baltic

waters. Marine Chemistry 13, 87-108.Kremling, K. and Streu, P., 1993. Saharan dust influenced trace element fluxes in deep

North Atlantic subtropical waters. Deep-Sea Res II 40, 1155-1168.Kremling, K. and Streu, P., 2001. The behaviour of dissolved Cd, Co, Zn, and Pb in

North Atlantic near-surface waters (30 degrees N/60 degrees W-60 degrees N/2 degrees W). Deep Sea Res. I 48, 2541-2567.

Kudo, I. and Harrison, P., 1997. Effect of iron nutrition on the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus grown on different N sources and irradiances. Journal of Phycology 33, 232-240.

Kuma, K., Nishioka, J., and Matsunaga, K., 1996. Controls on iron(III) hydroxide solubility in seawater: The influence of pH and natural organic chelators. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 396-407.

Kuss, J. and Kremling, K., 1999. Spatial variability of particle associated trace elements in near-surface waters of the North Altantic (30N/60W to 60N/2W), derived by large volume sampling. Mar. Chem. 68, 71-86.

Kustka, A., Carpenter, E. J., and Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., 2002. Iron and marine nitrogen fixation: progress and future directions. Research in Microbiology 153, 255-262.

Kustka, A., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., and Carpenter, E. J., 2003. Iron requirements for dinitrogen- and ammonium-supported growth in cultures of Trichodesium (IMS 101): Comparison with nitrogen fixation rates and iron:carbon ratios of field populations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 48, 1869-1884.

L'vov, N. P., Nosikov, A. N., and A.N., A., 2002. Tungsten-containing enzymes. Biochemistry-Moscow 67, 196-200.

Lahner, B., Gong, J., Mahmoudian, M., Smith, E. L., Abid, K. B., Rogers, E. E., Guerinot, M. L., Harper, J. F., Ward, J. M., McIntyre, L., Schroeder, J., and Salt, D. E., 2003. Genomic scale profiling of nutrient and trace elements in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature Biotech. 21, 1215-1221.

Lam, P. J. and Bishop, J. K. B., 2007. High biomass, low export regimes in the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 54, 601-638.

Lam, P. J., Tortell, P. D., and Morel, F. M. M., 2001. Differential effects of iron additions on organic and inorganic carbon production by phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1199-1202.

Landing, W. M. and Bruland, K. W., 1980. Manganese in the North Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. ****.

Landry, M. R., Constantinou, J., Latasa, M., Brown, S. L., Bidigare, R. R., and M.E, O., 2000. Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). III.dynamics of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 201, 57-72.

Lane, T. W. and Morel, F. M. M., 2000a. A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, 4627-4631.

Lane, T. W. and Morel, F. M. M., 2000b. Regulation of carbonic anhydrase expression by zinc, cobalt, and carbon dioxide in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Plant Physiol. 123, 1-8.

Lane, T. W., Saito, M. A., George, G. N., Pickering, I. J., Prince, R. C., and Morel, F. M. M., 2005. A cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom. Nature 435, 42.

LaRoche, J., Boyd, P. W., McKay, R. M. L., and Geider, R. J., 1996. Flavodoxin as an in situ marker for iron stress in phytoplankton. Nature 382, 802-805.

LaRoche, J., Geider, R. J., Graziano, L. M., Murray, H., and Lewis, K., 1993. Induction of specific proteins in eukaryotic algae grown under iron-, phoshorus-, or nitrogen- Deficient conditions. J. Phycol. 29, 767-777.

Lee, B. and Fisher, N. S., 1993. Microbially mediated cobalt oxidation in seawater revealed by radiotracer experiments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 38, 1593-1602.

Lee, J. and Morel, F. M. M., 1995. Replacement of zinc by cadmium in marine phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series 127, 305-309.

Lee, J., S.B, R., and Morel, F. M. M., 1995. Cadmium: A nutrient for the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1056-1063.

Lee, J. G., Ahner, B. A., and Morel, F. M. M., 1996. Export of Cadmium and Phytochelatin by the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 1814-1821.

Lee, Y. and Tebo, B., 1994. Cobalt(II) Oxidation by the Marine Manganese(II)-Oxidizing Bacillus sp. Strain SG-1. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 2949-2957.

Legovic, T. and Cruzado, A., 1997. A model of phytoplankton growth on multiple nutrients based on the Michaelis-Menten-Monod uptake, Droop's growth and Liebig's law. Ecol. Model. 99, 19-31.

Lewis, B., Holt, P., Taylor, S., Wilhelm, S., Trick, C., Butler, A., and III, G. L., 1994a. Voltammmetric Estimation of Iron(III) Thermodynamic Stability Constants for Catecholate Siderophores Isolated from Marine Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Marine Chemistry 49, 179-188.

Lewis, B. L., III, G. W. L., Lane, H., and Church, T. M., 1994b. Determination of Metal-Organic Complexation in Natural Waters by SWASV with Pseudopolarograms. Electroanalysis 7, 166-177.

Liebig, J. v., 1855. Principles ofAgricultural chemistry with special reference to the late researches made in England. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Lippard, S. J. and Berg, J. M., 1994. Principles in Bioinorganic Chemistry. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA.

Lohan, M. C., Aguilar-Islas, A. M., Franks, R. P., and Bruland, K. W., 2004. Determination of iron and copper in seawater at pH 1.7 with a new commercially available chelating resin, NTA Superflow. Anal. Chim. Acta.

Loscher, B. M., 1999. Relationships among Ni,Cu,Zn, and Major nutrients in the Southern Ocean. Marine Chemistry 67, 67-102.

Luther, G. W., Rickard, D. T., Theberge, S., and Onroyd, A., 1996. Determination of Metal (Bi)Sulfide Stability Constants of Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ by Voltammetric Methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 671-679.

Luther III, G. W., Chadwall, S. J., and Rickard, D. T., 1999a. Electrochemical Evidence for Pentasufide Complexes with Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Aquatic Geochemistry 5, 29-57.

Luther III, G. W., Glazer, B. T., Hohmann, L., Popp, J. I., Taillefert, M., Rozan, T. F., Brendel, P. J., Theberge, S., and Nuzzio, D. B., 2001. Sulfur speciation monitored in situ with solid state gold amalgam voltammetric microelectrodes: polysulfides as a special case in sediments, microbial mats and hydrothermal vent waters. J. Environ 3, 61-66.

Luther III, G. W., Reimers, C. E., Nuzzio, D. B., and Lovalvo, D., 1999b. In Situ Deployment of Voltammetric, Potentiometric, and Amperometric Microelectrodes from a ROV to Determine Dissolved O2, Mn, Fe, S(-2), and pH in Porewaters. . Environ. Microbiol. 33, 4352-4356.

Luther III, G. W., Rozan, T. F., Lassman, M. E., and Ridge, D. P., 2000a. Evidence for iron, coper and zinc complexation as multnuclear sulphide in oxic rivers. Nature 406, 879-882.

Luther III, G. W., Theberge, S. M., and Rickard, D. T., 2000b. Determination of Stabilitry constants for metal- ligand complexes using the voltammetric oxidation wave of the anion/ ligand and the DeFord and Hume formalism. Talanta 51, 11-20.

Luther III, G. W. and Witter, A. E., 1998. Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the Northwest Altanic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Marine Chemistry 62, 241-258.

Ma, F., Jagner, D., and Renman, L., 1997. Mechanism for the Electrochemical Stripping Reduction of the Nickel and Cobalt Dimethylglyoxime Complexes. Analytical Chemistry 69, 1782-1784.

Ma, K. S., Zhou, Z. H., and Adams, M. W. W., 1994. Hydrogen-production from pyruvate by enzymes purified from the hyperthermophilic Archaeon, Pyrococcus-furiosus - a key role for NADPH. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 122, 245-250.

Macrellis, H. M., Trick, C. G., Rue, E. L., Smith, G., and Bruland, K. W., 2001. Collection and detection of natural iron-binding ligands from seawater. Mar. Chem. 76, 175-187.

Mahlert, F., Grabarse, W., Kahnt, J., Thauer, R. K., and Duin, E. C., 2002. The nickel enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase from methanogenic archaea: in vitro interconversions among the EPR detectable MCR-red1 and MCR-red2 states. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 7, 101-112.

Maldonado, M. T., 1999. Iron Acquisition by Marine Phytoplankton, McGill University.Maldonado, M. T., Allen, A. E., Chong, J. S., Lin, K., Leus, D., Karpenko, N., and

Harris, S. L., 2006. Copper-dependent iron transport in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 1729-1743.

Maldonado, M. T., Boyd, P., Harrison, P. J., and Price, N. M., 1999. Co-limitation of phytoplankton growth by light and Fe during winter in the NE subarctic Pacific Oean. Deep Sea Res. II 46, 2475-2485.

Maldonado, M. T. and Price, N. M., 1999. Utilization of iron bound to strong organic ligands by communities in the subarctic Pacfic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. II 46, 2447-2473.

Maldonado, M. T. and Price, N. M., 2001. Reduction and transport of organically bound iron by Thalassiosira oceanica (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 37, 298-309.

Mann, E. L., Ahlgren, N., Moffett, J. W., and Chisholm, S. W., 2002. Copper toxicity and cyanobacterial ecology in the Sargasso Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 976-988.

Mann, E. L. and Chisholm, S. W., 2000. Iron limits the cell division rate of Prochlorococcus in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 1067-1076.

Maret, W., 2001. Zinc biochemistry, physiolgy, and homeostasis- recent insights and current trend. BioMetals 14, 187-190.

Martell, A. E. and Smith, R. M., 1977. Critical Stability Constants. Plenum Press, New York.

Martell, A. E. and Smith, R. M., 1993. NIST Critical Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database.

Martin, J. F., SE; Gordon, RM; Hunter, CN; Tanner, SJ, 1993. Iron, primary production and carbon-nitrogen flux studies during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. Deep-Sea Res. II 40, 115-134.

Martin, J. H., 1985. Iron and Cobalt in NE Pacific Waters. EOS 66, 1291.Martin, J. H. and Fitzwater, S. E., 1988. Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in

the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331, 341-343.Martin, J. H., Fitzwater, S. E., and Gordon, R. M., 1990. Fe in Antarctic waters. Nature

345, 156-158.Martin, J. H. and Gordon, R. M., 1988. Northeast Pacific iron distribution in relation to

phytoplankton productivity. Deep-Sea Res 35, 177-196.

Martin, J. H., Gordon, R. M., Fitzwater, S., and Broenkow, W. W., 1989. VERTEX: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Res. 36, 649-680.

Martin, J. H. and Knauer, G. A., 1985. Lateral transport of Mn in the north-east Pacific Gyre oxygen minimum. Nature 314, 524-526.

Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Broenkow, W. W., 1987. VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep Sea Res 34, 267-285.

Martinez, J. S., Zhang, G. P., Holt, P. D., Jung, H.-T., Carrano, C. J., Haygood, M. G., and Butler, A., 2000. Self-assembling amphiphilic siderophores from marine bacteria. Science 287, 1245-1247.

McArdell, C., Stone, A., and Tian, J., 1997. Reaction of EDTA and Related Aminocarboxylate Chelating Agents with Co(III)OOH (Heterogenite) and Mn(III)OOH (Manganite), The Johns Hopkins University.

Measures, C. I., Yuan, J., and Resing, J. A., 1995. Determination of iron in seawater by flow injection analysis using in-line preconcentration and spectrophotometric detection. Mar. Chem. 50, 3-12.

Menzel, D. W. and Spaeth, J. P., 1962. Occurrence of vitamin B12 in the Sargasso Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7, 151-154.

Messerschimidt, A. and Wever, R., 1996. X-ray Structure of a vanadium-containing enzyme: chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvularia inarqulis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 392-396.

Mielke, H. W., Gonzales, C. R., Smith, M. K., and Mielke, P. W., 1999. The Urban Environment and Childern's Health: Soils as an Integrator of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A Environmental Research Section A 81, 117-129.

Mielke, H. W., Gonzales, C. R., Smith, M. K., and Mielke, P. W., 2000. Quantities andassociations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils. The Science of the Total Environment 246, 249-259.

Miller, J., McLachlan, A. D., and Klug, A., 1985. Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. The EMBO Journal 4, 1609-1614.

Miller, W. T., Hill, K. A. W., and Schimmel, P., 1991. Evidence for a "Cysteine-Histidine Box" Metal-Binding Site in an Escherichia coli Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase. Biochemistry 30, 6970-6976.

Millero, F. J., Steinberg, P., and Zhu, X., 1998. Carbonate system response to iron enrichment. Marine Chemistry 62, 31-43.

Mills, M. M., Ridame, C., Davey, M., Roche, J. L., and Geider, R. J., 2004. Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern Tropical Atlantic. Nature 429, 292-294.

Moffett, J. W., 1990. Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water. Nature 345, 421-423.

Moffett, J. W., 1994. A radiotracer study of cerium and manganse uptake onto suspended particles in Chesapeake bay. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 58, 695-703.

Moffett, J. W., 1995. Temporal and spatial variability of copper complexation by strong chelators in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research I. 42, 1273-1295.

Moffett, J. W., 1997. The importance of microbial Mn oxidation in the upper ocean: a comparison of the Sargasso Sea and equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res 44, 1277-1291.

Moffett, J. W., 2001. Transformations amongst different forms of iron in seawater. In: K. Hunter and D. Turner, e. (Ed.), Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater, IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems.

Moffett, J. W. and Brand, L. E., 1997. Production of strong, extracellular Cu chelators by marine cyanobacteria in response to Cu stress. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 388-395.

Moffett, J. W., Brand, L. E., Croot, P. L., and Barbeau, K., 1997. Cu speciation and cyanbacterial distribution in harbors subject to anthropogenic Cu inputs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 789-799.

Moffett, J. W., Bruland, K. W., Rue, E. L., Donat, J. R., and Skrabal, S. A., 2000a. Intercomparisonof voltammetric technigues to determine the chemical speciaition of dissolved copper in a coastal seawater sample. Analytica Chimica Acta 405, 99-113.

Moffett, J. W., Croot, P. L., and Brand, L. E., 2000b. Production of extracellular Cu Complexing Ligands by Eucaryotic phytoplanktonin response to Cu Stress. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 619-627.

Moffett, J. W., Croot, P. L., and Luther III, G. W., 1999. Polarographic determination of half-wave potenials for copper-organic complexes in seawater. Marine Chemistry 67, 219-232.

Moffett, J. W. and Ho, J., 1996. Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via a common microbially catalyzed pathway. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 60, 3415-3424.

Moffett, J. W. and Zika, R. G., 1983. Oxidation Kinetics of Cu(I) in Seawater: Implications for its Existence in the Marine Enviroment. Marine Chemistry 13, 239-251.

Moffett, J. W. and Zika, R. G., 1988. Measurement of Cu(I) in the surface waters of the subtropical Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 52, 1849-1857.

Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., Glover, D. M., and Fung, I. Y., 2002. Iron cycling and nutrient-limitation patterns in surface waters of the World Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 49, 463-507.

Moore, J. K., Doney, S. C., and Lindsay, K., 2004. Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, doi:10.1029/2004GB002220.

Morel, F., 1998. Proposal For a Center in Environmental Bioinorganic Chemistry (CEBIC). Princeton Environmental Institute.

Morel, F. and Hudson, R., 1984. The Geobiological Cycle of Trace Elements in Aquatic Systems: Redfield Revisited. In: - (Ed.).

Morel, F. M. M., 1987. Kinetics of Nutrient Uptake and Growth in Phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 23, 137-150.

Morel, F. M. M., Anderson, D. M., and Guillard, R. R. L., 1978. Growth limitation of a coastal diatom by low zinc ion activity. nature 276, 70-71.

Morel, F. M. M., Cox, E. H., Kraepiel, A. M. L., Lane, T. W., Milligan, A. J., Schaperdoth, I., Reinfelder, J. R., and Tortell, P. D., 2002. Acquisition of inorganic carbon by the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Funct. Plant Biol. 29, 301-308.

Morel, F. M. M. and Fish, W., 1985. Propagation of error in fulvic acid titration data: a comparison of three analytical methods. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, 1185-1193.

Morel, F. M. M. and Hering, J. G., 1993. Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

Morel, F. M. M., Hudson, R. J. M., and Price, N. M., 1991a. Limitation of productivity by trace metals in the sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1742-1755.

Morel, F. M. M. and Jones, G. J., 1988. Plasmalemma redox activity in the diatom thalassiosira. Plant Physiol 87, 143-147.

Morel, F. M. M., Keller, K., Tan, K., and Bradford, D. F., 2000. Carbon fix for a diatom. Nature 407, 959-960.

Morel, F. M. M., Milligan, A. J., and Saito, M. A., 2003. Marine Bioinorganic Chemistry: The Role of Trace of Metals in the Oceanic Cycles of Major Nutrients. In: K.K. Turekian, H. D. H. (Ed.), Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier Science Ltd, Cambridge.

Morel, F. M. M. and Price, N. M., 2003. The Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Metals in the Oceans. Science Reprint 300, 944-947.

Morel, F. M. M., Price, N. M., and Andersen, L. F., 1991b. Iron and nitrogen nutrition of equatorial Pacific plankton. Deep Sea Research 38, 1361-1378.

Morel, F. M. M., Reinfelder, J. R., Roberts, S. B., Chamberlain, C. P., Lee, J. G., and Yee, D., 1994. Zinc and carbon co-limitation of marine phytoplankton. Nature 369, 740-742.

Morel, F. M. M., Reinfelder, J. R., and Tortell, P. D., 1997a. Active uptake of bicarbonate by diatoms. nature 390, 243-244.

Morel, F. M. M. and Rich, H. W., 1990. Availability of well-defined iron colloids to the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissfloii. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 652-662.

Morel, F. M. M., Tortell, P. D., and Reinfelder, J. R., 1997b. Active uptake of bicarbonate by diatoms. nature 390, 243-244.

Mukund, S. and Adams, M. W. W., 1993. Characterization of a Novel Tungsten-containing Formaldehyde Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus litoralis. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13592-13600.

Murray, J. and Dillard, J., 1979. The oxidation of cobalt(II) adsorbed on manganese dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 781-787.

Noble, A. E., Saito, M. A., Maiti, K., and Benitez-Nelson, C., 2008. Cobalt, manganese, and iron near the Hawaiian Islands: A potential concentrating mechanism for cobalt within a cyclonic eddy and implications for the hybrid-type trace metals. In press Deep Sea Res II.

North, R. L., Guildford, S. J., Smith, R. E. H., Havens, S. M., and Twiss, M. R., 2007. Evidence for phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron colimitation of phytoplankton communities in Lake Erie. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 315-328.

Nriagu, J. O., Lawson, G., Wong, H. K. T., and Cheam, V., 1996. Dissolved trace metals in lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 178-187.

O'Halloran, T. V. and Fahrni, C. J., 1999. Aqueous coordination chemnistry of Quinoline-Based Fluorescence Probes for the Biological chemistry of Zinc. J. Am. Chem. Soc 121, 11448- 11458.

O'Halloran, T. V., Rae, T. D., Schmidt, P. J., Pufahl, R. A., Culotta, V. C., and O'Halloran, T. V., 1999. Undetectable Intracellular Free Copper: The Requirement of a Copper Chaperone for Superoxide Dismutase. Science 284, 805-808.

Obata, H., Karatani, H., and Nakayama, E., 1993. Automated determination of iron in seawater by chelating resin concentration and chemiluminescence. Anal. Chem. 65, 1524-1528.

Ogino, H. and Ogino, K., 1982. Redox Potentials and Related Paramaters of Cobalt(III/II) Complexes Containing Aminopolycarboxylates. Inorganic Chemistry 22, 2208-2211.

Outten, C. E. and O'Halloran, T. V., 2001. Femtomolar sensitivity of metalloregulatory Proteins Controlling Zinc Homeostasis. Science 292, 2488-2492.

Ozturk, M., 1995. Trends of trace metal (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) distributions at the oxic-anoxic interface and in sulfidic water of the Drammensfjord. Mar. Chem. 48, 329-342.

Palmiter, R. D., 1994. Regulation of metallothionein genes by heavy metals appears to be mediated by a zinc-selective inhibitor that interacts with a constitutively active transcription factor, MTF-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 91, 1219-1223.

Panzeca, C., Tovar-Sanchez, A., Agusti, S., Reche, I., Duarte, C. M., Taylor, G. T., and Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., 2006. B Vitamins as Regulators of Phytoplankton Dynamics. EOS 87, 593.

Parekh, P., Follows, M. J., and Boyle, E., 2004. Modeling the global ocean iron cycle. Global Biogeochem. cycles 18, 1-15.

Parthasarathy, N. and Buffle, J., 1994. Capabilities of supported liquid membranes for metal speciation in natural waters: application to copper speciation. Analytica Chimica Acta 284, 649-659.

Paulson, A., Herbert Curl, J., and Cokelet, E. D., 1991. Remobilization of Cu from marine particulate organic matter and from sewage. Marine Chemistry 33, 41-60.

Paustian, M. L., May, B. J., and Kapur, V., 2001. Pasteurella multocida gene expression in response to iron limitation. Infect. Immun. 69, 4109-15.

Payne, C. D. and Price, N. M., 1999. Effects of cadmium toxicity on Growth and Elemental Composition of Marine Phytoplankton. J. Phycol. 35, 293-302.

Payne, J. C., Horst, M. A. t., and Godwin, H. A., 1999. Lead Fingers: Pb2+ Binding to Structural Zinc-Binding Domains Determined Directly by Monitoring Lead-Thiolate Charge Transfer Bands. JACS 121, 6850-6855.

Peers, G., Quesnel, S., and Price, N. M., 2005. Copper requirements for iron acquisition and growth of coastal and oceanic diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr 50, 1149-1158.

Peng, T.-H. and Broecker, W. S., 1991a. Factors limiting the reduction of atmospheric CO2 by iron fertilization. Limnol Oreanogr 36, 1919-1927.

Peng, T. H. and Broecker, W. S., 1991b. Dynamical limitations on the Antarctic iron fertilization strategy. Nature 349, 227-229.

Pezeshk, A., Greenaway, F., and Vincow, G., 1978. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Low-Spin Cobalt(II) Complexes: Effect of Axial Ligation upon the Ground State. Inorganic Chemistry 17, 3421-3425.

Philpott, C. C., O. Protchenko, Y.W. Kim, Boretsky, Y., and Shakoury-Elizeh, M., 2002. The response to iron deprivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: expression of

siderophore-based systems of iron uptake. Biochemical Society Transactions 30, 698-702.

Pickering, I. J., Prince, R. C., George, G. N., Rauser, W. E., Wickramasinghe, W. A., Watson, A. A., Dameron, C. T., Dance, I. G., Fairlie, D. P., and Salt, D. E., 1999. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of cadmium phytochelatin and model systems. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1429, 351-364.

Posey, J. E. and Gherardini, F. C., 2000. Lack of a role for iron in the Lyme disease pathogen. Science 288, 1651-3.

Powell, R. T., King, D. W., and Landing, W. M., 1995. Iron distributions in surface waters of the south Atlantic. Mar. Chem. 50, 13-20.

Price, N. and Morel, F., 1998. Biological Cycling of Iron in the Ocean, Iron Transport and Storage in Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York

Price, N. M., Ahner, B. A., and Morel, F. M. M., 1994. The equatorial Pacific Ocean: Grazer-Controlled Phytoplankton populations in an iron-limited ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 520-534.

Price, N. M., Andersen, L. F., and Morel, F. M. M., 1991. Iron and nitrogen nutrition of equatorial Pacific plankton. Deep Sea Res. 38, 1361-1378.

Price, N. M., Harrison, G. I., Hering, J. G., Hudson, R. J., Nirel, P. M. V., Palenik, B., and Morel, F. M. M., 1988/1989. Preparation and chemistry of the artificial algal culture medium Aquil. Biol. Oceanogr. 6, 443-461.

Price, N. M. and Morel, F. M. M., 1990. Cadmium and cobalt substitution for zinc in a marine diatom. Nature 344, 658-660.

Price, N. M. and Morel, F. M. M., 1991. Colimitation of phytoplankton growth by nickel and nitrogen. Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1071-1077.

Quigg, A. F., Z.V. Irwin, A.J. Reinfelder, J.R. Rosenthal, Y. Ho,T-Y. Schofield, O. Morel, F.M.M. and Falkowski, P.G., 2003. The evolutionary inheritance of elemental stoichiometry in marine phytoplankton. Nature 425, 291-294.

Raux, E., Lanois, A., Rambach, A., Warren, M. J., and Thermes, C., 1998. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthesis: functional characterization of the Bacillus megaterium cbi genes required to convert uroporphyrinogen III into cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide. Journal of Biochemistry 335, 167-173.

Raven, J. A., 1988. The Iron and Molybdenum Use Efficiencies of Plant Growth with Different Energy, Carbon and Nitrogen Sources. Plant Phytol. 109, 279-287.

Raven, J. A., 1990. Predications of Mn and Fe use efficiencies of phototrophic growth as a function of light availability for growth and of C assimilation pathway. New Phytol. 116, 1-18.

Reid, R. T., Live, D. H., Faulkner, D. J., and Butler, A., 1993. A siderophore from a marine bacterium with an exceptional ferric ion affinity constant. Nature 366, 455-458.

Reuter, J. G., Hutchins, D. A., Smith, R. W., and Unsworth, N. I., 1992. Iron nutrition of Trichodesmium. In: E. J. Carpenter, D. G. C., and J. G. Reuter (ed.) (Ed.), Marine pelagic cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

Rich, H. and Morel, F., 1990. Availability of well-defined iron colloids to the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Limnology and Oceanography 35, 652-662.

Rickaby, R. E. M. and Elderfield, H., 1999. Planktonic foraminiferal Cd/Ca: Paleonutrients or Paleotemperature? Paleooceanogr. 14, 293-303.

Riebesell, U., Wolf-Gladrow, D. A., and Smetacek, V., 1994. Carbon dioxide limitation of marine phytoplankton growth rates. Nature 361, 249-251.

Roberts, S., Lane, T., and Morel, F. M. M., 1997. Carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae). Journal of Phycology 33, 845-850.

Robinson, N. J., Procter, C. M., Connolly, E. L., and Guerinot, M. L., 1999. A ferric-chelate reductase for iron uptake from soils. Nature 397, 694-697.

Rodionov, D. A., Hebbeln, P., Gelfand, M. S., and Eitinger, T., 2006. Comparative and Functional Genomic Analysis of Prokaryotic Nickel and Cobalt Uptake Transporters: Evidence for a Novel Group of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters.

Rodionov, D. A., Vitreschak, A. G., Mironov, A. A., and Gelfand, M. S., 2003. Comparative Genomics of the Vitamin B12 Metabolism and Regulation in Prokaryotes. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 41148-41159.

Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., Labeyrie, L., and Oppo, D., 1995. Glacial enrichments of authigenic Cd and U subantarctic sediments: A climatic control on the elements' oceanic budget. Paleoceanography 10, 395-413.

Roth, J. R., Lawrence, J. G., Rubenfield, M., Kieffer-Higgins, S., and Church, G. M., 1993. Characterization of the cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthetic genes of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 175, 3303-16.

Rowan, N., Storm, C., and Hunt, J., 1978. Synthesis and Further Characterization of Potassium (Ethylenediamine)dicarbonatocobaltate(III) and the Tetraaquo(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Ion. Inorganic Chemistry 17, 2853-2858.

Rozan, T. F., Benoit, G., and Luther III, G. W., 1999. Measuring Metal Sulfide Complexes in Oxic River Waters with Square Wave Voltammetry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3021-3026.

Rue, E. L. and Bruland, K. W., 1995. Complexation of iron(III) by natural ligands in the Central North Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method. Mar. Chem. 50, 117-138.

Rue, E. L. and Bruland, K. W., 1997. The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesocale iron addition experiment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 901-910.

Rue, E. R., Smith, G. J., Cutter, G. A., and Bruland, K. W., 1997. The response of trace element redox couples to suboxic conditions in the water column. Deep-Sea Res II 44, 113-134.

Rutgers van der Loeff, M., Helmers, E., and Kattner, G., 1997. Continuous transects of cadmium, coper, and aluminium in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean, 50N to 50S: Correspondence and contrast with nutrient-like behavior. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 61, 47-61.

Rutherford, J. C., Cavet, J. S., and Robinson, N. J., 1999. Cobalt-dependent Transcriptional Switching by a Dual-effector MerR-like Protein Regulates a Cobalt-exporting Variant CPx-type ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25827-25832.

Saagar, P. M., Baar, H. J. W. d., and Howland, R. J., 1992. Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu in the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 39, 9-35.

Saito, M. A. and Goepfert, T. J., 2008. Zinc-cobalt colimitation in Phaeocystis antarctica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 266-275.

Saito, M. A., Goepfert, T. J., and Ritt, J. T., 2008. Some thoughts on the concept of colimitation: three definitions and the importance of bioavailability. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 276-290.

Saito, M. A. and Moffett, J. W., 2001. Complexation of cobalt by natural organic ligands in the Sargasso Sea as determined by a new high-sensitivity electrochemical cobalt speciation method suitable for open ocean work. Mar. Chem. 75, 49-68.

Saito, M. A. and Moffett, J. W., 2002. Temporal and spatial variability of cobalt in the Atlantic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66, 1943-1953.

Saito, M. A., Moffett, J. W., Chisholm, S. W., and Waterbury, J. B., 2002. Cobalt limitation and uptake in Prochlorococcus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 1629-1636.

Saito, M. A., Moffett, J. W., and DiTullio, G., 2004. Cobalt and Nickel in the Peru Upwelling Region: a Major Flux of Cobalt Utilized as a Micronutrient. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB4030, doi:10.1029/2003GB002216.

Saito, M. A., Rocap, G., and Moffett, J. W., 2005. Production of cobalt binding ligands in a Synechococcus feature at the Costa Rica Upwelling Dome. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 279-290.

Saito, M. A. and Schneider, D. L., 2006. Examination of precipitation chemistry and improvements in precision using the Mg(OH)2 preconcentration ICP-MS method for high-throughput analysis of open-ocean Fe and Mn in seawater. Anal. Chim. Acta 565, 222-233.

Saito, M. A., Sigman, D., and Morel, F. M. M., 2003. The bioinorganic chemistry of the ancient ocean: The co-evolution of Cyanobacteria and biogeochemical cycles at the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Inorg. Chim. Acta 356, 308-318.

Sakamoto-Arnold, C. M., Jr., A. K. H., Huizenga, D. L., and Kester, D. R., 1987. Spatial and temporal variability of cadmium in Gulf Stream warm-core rings and associated waters. J. Mar. Res. 45, 201-230.

Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Gobler, C. J., Okbamichael, M., and Taylor, G. T., 2006. Regulation of phytoplankton dynamics by vitamin B12. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L04604, doi:10.1029/2005GL025046.

Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Kustka, A. B., Gobler, C. J., Hutchins, D. A., Yang, M., Lwiza, K., Burns, J., Capone, D. G., Raven, J. A., and Carpenter, E. J., 2001. Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. Nature 411, 66-69.

Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Olsen, K. A., Scelfo, J. M., Foster, T. D., and Flegal, A. R., 2002. Trace metal distributions off the Antarctic Penisula in the Weddell Sea. Mar. Chem. 77, 157-170.

Sauer, M., Hantke, K., and Braun, V., 1987. Ferric-coprogen receptor FhuE of Escherichia coli: processing and sequence common to all TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor proteins. J Bacteriol 169, 2044-9.

Schafer, G. and Kardinahl, S., 2003. Iron Superoxide dismutases: structure and function of an archaic enzyme. Biochemical Society Transactions 31, 1330-1334.

Schicho, R. N., Snowden, L. J., Mukund, S., and Park, J. B., 1993. Influence of tungsten on metabolic patterns in Pyrococcus-furiosus, a hyperthermophilic Archaeon. Arch. Microbiol. 159, 380-385.

Schoemann, V., Wollast, R., Chou, L., and Lancelot, C., 2001. Effects of photosynthesis on the accumulation of Mn and Fe by Phaeocystis colonies. Limnol. Oceanogr 46, 1065-1076.

Schreiber, D. R., Millero, F. J., and Gordon, A. S., 1989. Production of an Extracellular Copper-binding Compound by the Heterotrophic Marine Bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus. Marine Chemistry 27, 10.

Schroeder, I., Johnson, E., and Vries, S. d., 2003. Microbial ferric iron reductases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27, 427-447.

Schwyn, B. and Neilands, J. B., 1987. Universal chemical assay for the detection and determination of siderophores. Anal. Biochem. 160, 47-56.

Scott, A. I., 1990. Mechanistic and Evolutionary Aspects of Vitamin B12 Biosynthesis. Acc. Chem. Res. 23, 308-317.

Sedwick, P. N., DiTullio, G. R., and Mackey, D. J., 2000. Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters. J. Geophys. Res 105, 11321-11336.

Sedwick, P. N., Garcia, N., Riseman, S. F., and DiTullio, G. R., 2006. Iron growth requirements of Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea. Biogeochemistry in press.

Shaked, Y., Kustka, A. B., and Morel, F. M. M., 2005. A general kinetic model for iron acquisition by eukaryotic phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 872-882.

Shaked, Y., Kustka, A. B., Morel, F. M. M., and Erel, Y., 2004. Simultaneous determination of iron reduction and uptake by phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr., 137-145.

Shaked, Y., Xu, Y., Leblanc, K., and Morel, F. M. M., 2006. Zinc availability and alkaline phosphatase activity in Emiliania huxleyi: Implications for Zn-P co-limitation in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr 51, 299-309.

Shen, G. T. and Boyle, E. A., 1987. Lead in corals: reconstruction of historical industrial fluxes to the surface ocean. Earth and planetary science letters 82, 289-304.

Shen, G. T., Boyle, E. A., and Lea, D. W., 1987. Cadmium in corals as a tracer of historical upwelling and industrial fallout. Nature 328, 794-796.

Sherrell, R. M. and Boyle, E. A., 1992. The trace metal composition of suspended particules in the oceanic water column near Bermuda. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 111, 155-174.

Shi, Y. and Berg, J. M., 1995. Specific DNA-RNA Hybrid Binding by Zinc Finger Proteins. Science 268, 282-284.

Sigg, L., Kistler, D., and Xue, H., 1995. Competiton of copper and zinc for strong ligands in a eutrophic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1142-1152.

Simandi, L., Barna, T., Argay, G., and Simandi, T., 1995. Low-Energy Catechol to Cobalt(III) Electron Transfer in the Cobaloxime-Catalyzed Oxidation of 3,5-Di-tert-butylcatechol. Inorganic Chemistry 34, 6337-6340.

Simpson, S. L., Apte, S. C., and Batley, G. E., 1998. Sample Storage Artifacts Affecting the Measurement of Dissolved Copper in Sulfidic Waters. Anal. Chem. 70, 4202-4205.

Skrabal, S. A., Donat, J. R., and Burdige, D., 1997. Fluxes of copper-complexing ligands from estuarine. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 992-996.

Smith, B. B. and Sawyer, D., 1967. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Nitrilotriacetic Acid, N-Methylimiodiacetic Acid, and Iminodiacetic Acid

Complexes of Cobalt(III) and Rhodium(III) in Aqueous Solutions. Inorganic Chemistry 7, 922-928.

Smith, K. S. and Ferry, J. G., 2000. Prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24, 335-366.

Smith, K. S., Jakubzick, C., Whittam, T. S., and Ferry, J. G., 1999. Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes. PNAS 96, 15184-15189.

So, A. K. C., Espie, G. S., Williams, E. B., Shively, J. M., Heinhorst, S., and Cannon, G. C., 2004. A Novel Evolutionary Lineage of Carbonic Anhydrase (e Class) Is a Component of the Carboxysome Shell. J. Bacteriol. 186, 623-630.

Sommer, U., 1991. A comparison of the Droop and the Monod models of nutrient limited growth applied to natural populations of phytoplankton. Functional Ecology 5, 535-544.

Statham, P. J., Yeats, P. A., and Landing, W. M., 1998. Manganese in the eastern Atlantic Ocean: processes influencing deep and surface water distributions. Mar. Chem. 61, 55-68.

Sterner, R. W. and Elser, J. J., 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry: The Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.

Stone, A. and Ulrich, H.-J., 1989. Kinetics and Reaction Stoichiometry in the Reductive Dissolution of Manganese(IV) Dioxide and Co(III) Oxide by Hydroquinone, Johns Hopkins University.

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J., 1996. Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Su, Y. O., Kuwana, T., and Chen, S.-M., 1990. Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction by water-soluble iron porphyrins/Thermodynamic and kinetic advantage studies. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 288, 177-195.

Sunda, W., 1984. Measurement of manganese, zinc and cadmium complexation in seawater using chelex ion exchange equilibria. marine Chemistry 14, 365-378.

Sunda, W. and Gillespie, P., 1979. The response of a marine bacterium to cupric ion and its use to estimate cupric ion activity in seawater. Journal of Marine Research 37, 761-777.

Sunda, W. and Guillard, R. R. L., 1976. The relationship between cupric ion activity and the toxicity of copper to phytoplankton. J. Mar. Res. 34, 511-529.

Sunda, W. and Huntsman, S. A., 1992. Feedback interactions between zinc and phytoplankton in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37, 25-40.

Sunda, W. and Huntsman, S. A., 1995a. Cobalt and zinc interreplacement in marine phytoplankton: Biological and geochemical implications. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1404-1417.

Sunda, W. G., 1997. Control of dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean: A comment. Mar. Chem. 57, 169-172.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1988. Effect of sunlight on redox cycles of manganese in the southwestern Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research 35, 1297-1317.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1994. Photoreduction of manganese oxides in seawater. Mar. Chem. 46, 133-152.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1995b. Cobalt and Zinc interreplacement in marine phytoplankton: biological and geochemical implications. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 1404-1417.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1995c. Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton. Mar. Chem. 50.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1996. Antagonisms between cadmium and zinc toxicity and manganese limitation in a coastal diatom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 373-387.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1997. Interrelated influence of iron, light, and cell size on marine phytoplankton growth. Nature 390, 391-392.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 1998. Interactive effects of external manganese, the toxic metals copper and zinc, and light in controlling cellular manganese and growth in a coastal diatom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 1467-1475.

Sunda, W. G. and Huntsman, S. A., 2000. Effect of Zn, Mn, and Fe on Cd accumulation in phytoplankton: Implications for oceanic Cd cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 1501-1516.

Sunda, W. G., Huntsman, S. A., and Harvey, G. R., 1983. Photoreduction of manganese oxides in seawater and its geochemical and biological implications. Nature 301, 234-236.

Sundby, B., Anderson, L. G., Hall, P. O. J., Iverfeldt, A., Loeff, M. M. R. v. d., and Westerlund, S. F. G., 1986. The effect of oxygen on release and uptake of cobalt, manganese, iron and phosphate at the sediment-water interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 1281-1288.

Swift, D., 1981. Vitamin levels in the Gulf of Maine and ecological significance of vitamin B12 there. Journal of Marine Research 39, 375-403.

Swift, D. G., 1992. Multiple micronutrient effects in phytoplankton enrichment experiments: Influence of vitamin B12 , cobalt, and nitrate on responses to iron or aerosol addition. In: Jr., A. F. S. (Ed.),AGU 1992 Fall Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco CA.

Szpunar, J., 2004. Metallomics: a new frontier in analytical chemistry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378, 54-56.

Tabares, L. C., Bittel, C., Carrillo, N., Bortolotti, A., and Cortez, N., 2003. The Single Superoxide Dismutase of Rhodobacter capsulatus Is a Cambialistic, Manganese-Containing Enzyme. J. Bacteriol. 185, 3223-3227.

Taylor, S., III, G. L., and Waite, J. H., 1994. Polarographic and Spectrophotometric Investigation of Iron(III) Complexation to 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine-Containing Peptides and Proteins from Mytilus edulis. Inorganic Chemistry 33, 5819-5824.

Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M., 1985. The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston.

Tebo, B., 1998. Mn(II) Oxidation in Marine Environments is Likely Bacterial. Comment on "Comment on 'Oxidation of cobalt and manganese in seawater via a common microbially catalyzed pathway' by J.W. Moffett and J. Ho". Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 357-358.

Tebo, B., Nealson, K., Emerson, S., and Jacobs, L., 1984. Microbial meditation of Mn(II) and Co(II) precipitation at the O2/H2 interfaces in two anoxic fjords. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 1247-1258.

Tersol, V., Vink, S., Yuan, J., and Measures, C. I., 1996. Variations in iron, aluminum and beryllium concentrations in surface waters at station ALOHA. EOS 76, OS65.

Thamdrup, B., Glud, R. N., and Hansen, J. W., 1994. Manganese oxidation and in situ manganese fluxes from a coastal sediment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2563-2570.

Thompson, D. K., Beliaev, A. S., Giometti, C. S., Tollaksen, S. L., Khare, T., Lies, D. P., Nealson, K. H., Lim, H., III, J. Y., Brandt, C. C., Tiedje, J. M., and Zhou, J., 2002. Transcriptional and Proteomic Analysis of a Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) Mutant of Shewanella oneidesis: Possible Involvement of Fur in Energy Metabolism, Transcriptional Regulation, and Oxidative Stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 881-892.

Timmermans, K. R., Davey, M. S., Wagt, B. v. d., Snoek, J., Geider, R. J., Veldhuis, M. J. W., Gerringa, L. J. A., and Baar, H. J. W. d., 2001a. Co-limitation by iron and light of Chaetoceros brevis, C. dichaeta and C. calcitrans (Bacillariophyceae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 217, 287-297.

Timmermans, K. R., Snoek, J., Gerringa, L. J. A., Zondervan, I., and Baar, H. J. W. d., 2001b. Not all eucaryotic algae can replace zinc with cobalt: Chaetoceros calcitrans (Bacillariophyceae) versus Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 699-703.

Tolle, J., Michel, K. P., Kruip, J., Kahmann, U., and Preisfeld, A., E.K. Pistorius. Localization and function of the IdiA homologue Slr1295 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Microbiol. 148, 3293-3305.

Tortell, P., Maldonado, M., and Price, N., 1996. The role of heterotrophic bacteria in iron-limited ocean ecosystems. Nature 383, 330-332.

Tortell, P. D., 2000. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on inorganic carbon acquisition in phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 744-750.

Tovar-Sanchez, A., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Garcia-Vargas, M., Weaver, R. S., Popels, L. C. & Hutchins, D. A., 2003. A trace metal clean reagent to remove surface-bound iron from marine phytoplankton. Mar. Chem. 82, 91-9.

Tripp, B. C., Bell, C. B., Cruz, F., Krebs, C., and Ferry, J. G., 2004. A Role for Iron in an Ancient Carbonic Anhydrase. J. Biol.Chem 279, 6683-6687.

Tripp, B. C., Smith, K., and Ferry, J. G., 2001. Carbonic Anhydrase: New Insights for an Ancients Enzyme. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 48615-48618.

Tripp, B. C., Tu, C., and Ferry, J. G., 2002. Role of Arginine 59 in the g-Class Carbonic Anhydrases. Biochem. 41, 669-678.

Twiss, M. R., Auclair, J.-C., and Charlton, M., 2000. An investigation into iron-stimulated phytoplankton productivity in epipelagic Lake Erie duringt thermal stratification using trace metal clean techniques. Can. J. Fish, Aquat 57, 86-95.

Twiss, M. R., Campbell, P., and Auclair, J.-C., 1996. Regeneration, Recycling, and Trophic Transfer of Trace metals by Microbial Food Web Organisms in the Pelagic surface waters of Lake Erie Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1425-1437.

Twiss, M. R., Campbell, P., and Wilkinson, K., 1997. Accumulation of natural organic matter on the surfaces of living cells: implications for the interaction of toxic solutes with aquatic biota. Can. J. Fish, Aquat 54, 2543-2554.

Tyrrell, T., 1999. Iron, Nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean. Nature 402, 372.Van den Berg, C. M. G., 1991. Monitoring of Labile copper and zinc in estuarine waters

using using cathodic stripping chronopotentiometry. Marine Chemistry 34, 211-223.

van den Berg, C. M. G., 1995. Evidence for organic complexation of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 50, 139-157.

Van den Berg, C. M. G., 19881989. Electrooanalytical Chemistry of Sea- water. Chemical Oceanography 9, 197-229.

van den Berg, C. M. G. and Ellwood, M. J., 2000. Zinc speciation in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 68, 295-306.

van den Berg, C. M. G. and Fischer, E., 1999. Anodic stripping voltammetry of lead and cadmium using a mercury film electrode and thiocyanate. Analytica Chimica Acta 385, 273-280.

van den Berg, C. M. G. and Newton, M. P., 1987. Determination of Nickel, Cobalt, Copper and Uranium in water by Cathodic Stripping Chronopotentiometry with Continuous Analytica Chimica Acta 199, 59-76.

Van Green, A., Adkins, J. F., Boyle, E. A., Nelson, C. H., and Palanques, A., 1997. A 120 yr record of widespread contamination from mining of the iberian belt. Geology 25, 291-294.

Van Leeuwe, M. A., Scharek, R., De Baar, H. J. W., De Jong, J. T. M., and Goeyens, L., 1997. Iron enrichment experiments in the Southern Ocean: physiological responses of plankton communities. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 44, 189-207.

Van Leeuwen, H., 1987. Voltammetric Titrations Involving metal complexes: Effect of kinetics and diffusion Coefficients. The Science of the Total Environment 60, 45-55.

Van Schijndel, J. W. P. M., Barnett, P., Roelse, J., Vollenbroek, E. G. M., and Wever, R., 1994. The Stability and steady-state kinetics of vanadium chloroperoxidase from the fungus Curvuvlaria inaequalis. Eur. J. Biochem. 225, 151-157.

van Schijndel, J. W. P. M., Vollenbroek, E. G. M., and Wever, R., 1993. The chloroperoxidase from the fungus curvularia inaequalis; a novel vanadium enzyme. Biochimica et biophysica Acta 1161, 249-256.

Vega, M. and van den Berg, C. M. G., 1997. Determination of Cobalt in Seawater by Catalytic Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry. Anal. Chem. 69, 874-881.

Villa, A. J., Ramirez, B. E., Bilio, A. J. D., Mizoguchi, T. J., Richards, J. H., and Gray, H. B., 1997. Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy of Cobalt(II) and Copper(II) Derivatives of Pseudomonas aeruginosa His46Asp Azurin. Inorganic Chemistry 36, 4567-4570.

Vink, S. and Measures, C. I., 2001. The role of dust deposition in determining surface water distributions of Al and Fe in the South West Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 48, 2787-2809.

Voelker, B., Morel, F. M. M., and Sulzberger, B., 1997. Iron Redox cycling in surface waters: Effects of humic substances and light. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1004-1011.

Volker, C. and Wolf-Gladrow, D., 1998. Physical limits on iron uptake mediated by siderophores or surface reductases.

Vukomanovic, D., Page, J., and vanLoon, G., 1996. Voltammetric Reduction of Nickel and Cobalt Dimethylglyoximate. Analytical Chemistry 68, 829-833.

Webb, E. A., Moffett, J. W., and Waterbury, J. B., 2001. Iron Stress in Open Ocean Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus, Trichodesmium , and Crocosphaera): Identification of the IdiA protein. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 5444-5452.

Wells, M. L., 1999. Manipulating iron availability in nearshore waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 1002-1008.

Wells, M. L., Mayer, L. M., and Guillard, R. R. L., 1991a. A chemical method for estimating the availability of iron to phytoplankton in seawater. Marine Chemistry 33, 23-40.

Wells, M. L., Mayer, L. M., and Guillard, R. R. L., 1991b. Evaluation of iron as a triggering factor for red tide blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 69, 93-102.

Wells, M. L., Price, N. M., and Bruland, K. W., 1994. Iron Limitation and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus in equatorial Pacific waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1481-1486.

Westall, J., Jones, J., Turner, G., and Zachara, J., 1995. Models for Association of Metal Ions with Heterogeneous Environmental Sorbents. 1. Complexation of Co(II) by Leonardite Humic Acid as a Function of pH and NaClO4 Concentration. Environmental Science and Technology 29, 951-959.

Westall, J. C., Zachery, J. L., and Morel, F. M. M., 1976. MINEQL, A computer program for the calculation of Chemical Equilibrium Composition of Aqueous Systems. Civil Eng. Mass. Inst. Tech.

Westerlund, S. and Ohman, P., 1991. Cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, and zinc in the water column of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 55, 2127-2146.

Wilhelm, S., 1995. Ecology of iron- limited cyanobacteria: a review of physiological responses and implications for aquatic systems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 9, 295-303.

Wilhelm, S. and Trick, C. G., 1994. Iron-limited growth of cyanobacteria: Multiple siderophore production is a common respose. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39, 1979-1984.

Wilhelm, S. and Trick, C. G., 1995a. Physiolgical profiles of Synechococcus (Cyanophyceae) in Iron-limiting continuous cultures. J. Phycol. 31, 79-85.

Wilhelm, S. W., MacAuley, K., and Trick, C. G., 1998. Evidence for the importance of catechol-type siderophores in the iron limited growth of a cyanobacterium. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 992-997.

Wilhelm, S. W., Maxwell, D. P., and Trick, C. G., 1996. Growth, iron requirements, and siderophore production in iron-limited Synechococcus PCC 7002. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 89-97.

Wilhelm, S. W. and Suttle, C. A., 1999. Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea. BioScience 49, 781-783.

Wilhelm, S. W. and Trick, C. G., 1995b. Effects of vitamin B12 concentration on chemostat cultured Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Can. J. Microbiol. 41, 145-151.

Williams, R. J. P., 1981. Natural selection of the chemical elements. Proc. R. Soc. Lond B213, 361-397.

Williams, R. J. P. and da Silva, J. J. R. F., 1996. The Natural Selection of the Chemical Elements. Bath Press Ltd., Great Britain.

Williams, R. J. P. and da Silva, J. R. R. F., 2003. Evolution was Chemically Constrained. J. theor. Biol. 220, 323-343.

Witter, A. E., Hutchins, D. A., Butler, A., and III, G. W. L., 2000. Determination of conditional stability constants and kinetic constants for strong model Fe-binding ligands in seawater. Marine Chemistry 69, 1-17.

Witter, A. E. and III, G. W. L., 1998. Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 62, 241-258.

Wong, G., Pai, S., and Chung, S., 1995. Cobalt in the Western Philippine Sea. Oceanologica Acta 18, 631-638.

Wu, J., Boyle, E., Sunda, W., and Wen, L.-S., 2001. Soluble and Colloidal Iron in the Oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific. Science 293, 847-849.

Wu, J. and Boyle, E. A., 1997a. Low Blank Preconcentration Technique for the Determination of Lead, Copper, and Cadmium in Small-Volume Seawater Samples by Isotope Dilution ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 69, 2464-2470.

Wu, J. and Boyle, E. A., 1998. Determination of iron in seawater by high resolution isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after Mg(OH)2 coprecipitation. Anal. Chim. Acta 367, 183-191.

Wu, J. and Boyle, E. A., 2002. Iron in the Sargasso Sea: Implications for the processes controlling dissolved Fe distribution in the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 331-337.

Wu, J. and Luther, G., 1995. Complexation of Fe(III) by natural organic ligands in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean by a competitive ligand equilibration method and a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 50, 159-177.

Wu, J. and Luther III, G. W., 1996. Spatial and temporal distribution of iron in the surface water of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 60, 2729-2741.

Wu, J., Sunda, W., Boyle, E. A., and Karl, D. M., 2000. Phosphate Depletion in the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Science 289, 752-762.

Wu, J. F. and Boyle, E. A., 1997b. Lead in the western North Alantic Ocean: completed response to leaded gasoline phaseout. Geochim. Cosmo. Acta 61, 3279-3283.

Xu, B., Trawick, B., Krudy, G. A., Phillips, R. M., Zhou, L., and Rosevear, P. R., 1994. Probing the Metal Binding Sites of Escherichia coli Isoleucyl-tRNA Synthetase. Biochemistry 33, 398-402.

Xue, Y. and Traina, S., 1996. Oxidation Kinetics of Co(II)-EDTA in Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Goethite Suspensions. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 1975-1981.

Yamamoto, N., Kato, R., and Kuramitsu, S., 1996. Cloning, sequencing and expression of the uvr A from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus thermophilus HB8. Gene 171, 103-106.

Yang, M. and Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S., 1997. Cadmium and manganese distributions in the Hudson River estuary: interannual and seasonal variability. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 160, 403-418.

Yee, D. and Morel, F. M. M., 1996. In vivo substitution of zinc by cobalt in carbonic anhydrase of a marine diatom. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 573-577.

Yi, Y. and Guerinot, M. L., 1996. Genetic evidence that induction of root Fe(III) chelate reductase activity is necessary for iron uptake under iron deficiency. Plant J. 10, 835-844.

Zehr, J. P., Wyman, M., Miller, V., Duguay, L., and Capone, D. G., 1993. Modification of the Fe protein of nitrogenase in natural populations of Trichodesmium thiebautii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 669-676.

Zhang, H., Van den Berg, C. M. G., and Wollast, R., 1990. The Determination of Interactions of Cobalt (II) with Organic Compounds in Seawater using Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry. Marine Chemistry 28, 285-300.

Zhang, J. Z. and Millero, F. J., 1994. Investigation of metal sulfide complexes in seawater using cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry. Anal. Chim. Acta 284, 497-504.