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(Selected) Technology trends within water and waste water treatment
Harsha RatnaweeraProfessor in Water & Wastewater Technology
Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Outline• Market drivers
• Technological sectors – Particle separation (Membranes & sieves)– Biological processes – next generation– Disinfection (Advanced and safer oxidation)– Reuse of water and resources (energy)– Optimal transport (leakage minimisation)– Residuals management– Smart water systems (sensors, software, real-time control)
Ratio of wastewater treatment
71 main Indian cities produce 70 million m3 ww/day (132 mill m3/d in 2050), but the treatment capacity is 12 million m3/d…
Drivers and responses• With stricter nutrient standards,
–investment for filtration has increased in recent years• With strained water resources globally,
–water reuse has increased• increased pressure to move to inherently safer
technologies: –Innovative disinfection
• New legislations–Increased treatment requirements–Ballast water treatment ($30 billion global market)
Particle separation
• From nutrients to colloids• Distribute the loading on unit processes optimally
–Fine sieves to remove more particles reducing load on biological & chemical processes
–Membrane filtration to remove more and non-traditional pollutants cheaper and more efficiently
• Reducing the plant footprint, energy – chemical- manpower use
Particle removal
Fine Sieves:
• 40-60% of organic fraction of TSS are from toilet paper tissues
• Majority can be removed with sieves >500 microns.• Combination of sieves with chemicals
Salsnes/Trojan: 50% TSS & 20% BOD removal
Frank Rogalla, Aqualia
Reduction of plant footprint
BAF – Biological Aerated Filters: Biostyr
1 500 000 PE Biostyr
1 500 000 PE Activated Sludge
Advances in biological treatment
Nitrogen cycle revisited
• Short cut in N-removal• No need for external C-
source
• Must prevent NO2NO3
• Slow growing organisms
• High cost of aeration in Aerobic systems• Historically AN was not popular due to low concentrations
in municipal WW, slow growth etc.
• Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR): no gravity settling, small footprint and short HRT
Advances in biological treatment
Anaerobic WWTP revisited
Enzymology in Biological WWT
• Use of selective enzymes in biological WWT–Can shorten the space requirement by 50% in cold
climates–Faster start-up–Less odour–Controlling filamentous microorganisms
UV disinfection• CFD for optimised contact• Medium pressure lamps with quartz coating: >12000 hrs• LED technology: >100 000 hrs (>11 years)• Use of microwaves to energise the UV lamps without
electrodes: dramatically improvement in footprint• Better understanding of D10 doses for various
microorganisms
• Combatting reactivation• Disinfection by-products: no THMs, but more exotic
ones?
Reuse of water• Recycled water is becoming to be recognized as a
beneficial resource and not a waste lost in the ocean–Policy targets and mandatory reuse–20 to 100% recycling ratio of treated wastewater
(California, Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Spain)–satisfy up to 15-35% of water demand (Australia,
Singapore)
Membrane technologies
• Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment–reactor geometry, the hydrodynamics and placement
of membrane modules and the overall operating parameters.
• membranes for desalination–Pre- treatment methods–CFD to optimize module characteristics (mass
transport rates, limited fouling/scaling tendencies, less energy)
• Seawater desalination with solar-power
Nano technology
• Nanoadsorbents, magnetic nanoparticles, nanofiltration, nano zero valent iron, nanocatalysts, nanobiocides, nanofibers and mixed technology including catalytic wet air oxidation along with nanoparticles are the products and techniques which are evolved as a result of development in nanotechnology and are being used in wastewater treatment.
–Removal of highly toxic matter when present in very low concentrations (membranes doped with TiO2 photocatalysts activated by sunlight
Microfluidics- removal of toxins• In a microfluidic device, fluids flow through narrow
channels at high speeds- the particles flow single file within the channel: possible to select & separate.
• Membrane filtration systems
Phosphorus crisis
• Coagulation – reduces the plant availability of phosphorous
– After treatment of sludge– Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) production– Reduce Al/Fe use
• Thermal conversion– Gasification and pyrolysis (TS of 10-50% instead of 90%)– Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process (wet oxidation/
wet combustion): makes sludge highly soluble and homogeneous: small footprints, inert residuals, less sludge & emissions
– Steam explosion (Cambi)
• Biogas production
Real-time surveillance and control
• Predictive network modelling and optimisation capabilities to asses the effects of operational or physical changes in system performance and integrity
–Real-time network models–Real-time operational optimisation models (anomality
detection)
Smart IT technologies will become an integral component of modern water networks in the 21st century• earlier detection• Approximate location from data
simulations
Coping with climate change
• More and frequent rains–Overloaded sewers and WWTPs will have even more
challenges.
• How to cope with the need?–Infrastructure expansions–Soft approaches: real time control of sewers and
WWTPs (Regnbyge-3M)
Novel sensors and estimation tools
• Water quantity- using weather radar and physical measurements
• Models to estimate water quality with simpler measurements (flow, etc)
• Advanced data processing• Remote surveillance & control
• Image analysis• Novel technologies for cheaper and faster detection• Bioindicators
Optimal dosages and images of flocs
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.210
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Dose, mmole Al/l
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Floc features detection limit GLCM